Vaiphei language
Sino-Tibetan language on India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Vaiphei is a Sino-Tibetan language belonging to the Zo-Mizo linguistic subbranch of the Tibeto-Burman group of languages. It is spoken mainly in the Indian state of Manipur and minutely in Mizoram, Assam, Meghalaya, and Tripura. The dialect spoken in Manipur exhibits a least partial mutual intelligibility with the other Zo-Mizo dialects of the area including Thadou, Hmar, Paite, Simte, Mizo and Gangte languages.[2]
-
(Tibeto-Burman)
- Zo-Mizo
- Northern
- Vaiphei
- Northern
- Zo-Mizo
Geographical distribution
Vaiphei is spoken in more than 30 villages of Lamka District, Southern Manipur (Ethnologue).[full citation needed] There are also speakers in Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura.[citation needed]
Orthography
There is no official single spelling system, but many use the orthography of Mizo. Some writers use the circumflex ⟨ˆ⟩, but its meaning is inconsistent.[3] /ɔ/ is represented by ⟨o⟩ in open syllables and ⟨aw⟩ in closed syllables in the orthography.[4] The glottal stop /ʔ/ is represented by the letter ⟨h⟩.[5]
Phonology
Consonants
Vaiphei has the following consonants, with the first symbol being its orthographical form and the second one its representation in the IPA:[6]
/p, t, k/ are heard as unreleased [p̚, t̚, k̚] in word-final position. The aspirated and voiced stops /pʰ, tʰ, kʰ, b, d, ɡ/ are restricted to syllable-initial position.[7]
The glottal stop occurs only in syllable-final position, always occurs with low tone, and can be deleted.[5]
The fricatives and the affricate do not occur word-finally.[8]
The voiceless plosives, nasals, and laterals can all be the first members in a vowel sequence, and all phonemes except the glottal stop can be the second.[9] Consonant clusters can be found in some loanwords, e.g., /ilektrik/ 'electric'.[10] /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l/ can all form geminates, e.g., /seppatni/ 'Monday'.[11]
Vowels
Monophthongs
Vaiphei has five phonemic monophthongs.[12]
Diphthongs
Vaiphei has eight diphthongs, /ai, ei, ui, ɔi, au, eu, iu, ɔu/. These can all occur in word-medially and word-finally, but /au, eu, iu, ɔu/ cannot occur word-initially.[15]
Tone
Vaiphei is a tonal language with three contrastive tones, two contour tones and a low tone. Suantak (2013) uses numerals, where 1 is lowest and 5 is highest, and provides Chao tone letters.[16]
| Tone | Chao tone letter | IPA | gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low (21) | ˨˩ | /sa²¹/ | 'sing' |
| Rising (23) | ˨˧ | /sa²³/ | 'hot, meat' |
| Falling (52) | ˥˨ | /sa⁵²/ | 'thick' |
All three tones can occur on any vowel. All tones can occur with /m, n, ŋ, l, p, t, k/ though the rising and falling tones do not co-occur with the glottal stop /ʔ/.[18]
Tone sandhi occurs in compound words; for example, a low tone becomes a rising tone when preceded by a rising tone (e.g., /in²³/ 'house' + /tsuŋ²¹/ 'above' → [in²³tsuŋ²³] 'roof').[19]
Syllable structure
The syllable structure in Vaiphei is (C)V(C). The maximal syllable is CVC.[20]
| Syllable | IPA | Gloss |
|---|---|---|
| V | /u/ | 'elder (brother/sister' |
| VC | /in/ | 'house' |
| CV | /pa/ | 'father' |
| CVC | /gam/ | 'land' |
