Voiced alveolar lateral affricate
Consonantal sound
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A voiced alveolar lateral affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨d͡ɮ⟩ (often simplified to ⟨dɮ⟩), and in Americanist phonetic notation it is ⟨λ⟩ (lambda). It is rarely a phoneme of its own, usually being in free variation with or an allophone of [ɮ], [t͡ɬ] or [l].
| Voiced alveolar lateral affricate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| dɮ | |||
| | |||
| IPA number | 104 + 149 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | d͡ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0064 U+0361 | ||
| X-SAMPA | dK\ | ||
| |||
Features
Features of a voiced alveolar lateral affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most speech sounds.
Occurrence
Voiced alveolar lateral affricates are rare. Sandawe has been transcribed with [dɮ], but the sound is more post-alveolar or palatal than alveolar. Consonants transcribed with ⟨dl⟩ in Athabaskan and Wakashan languages are often tenuis affricates [t͜ɬ] or have a lateral release [tˡ] or [dˡ], but some such as Chipewyan have a truly voiced affricate.[1] In the Nguni languages [d͡ɮ] occurs after nasals: /nɮ̤/ is pronounced [nd͡ɮ̤], with an epenthetic stop, in at least Xhosa[2] and Zulu.[3]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | Levantine | تدليل tadlil | [tæd͡ɮiːl] | 'pampering' | Allophone of /dl/ in some speakers |
| Avá-Canoeiro[4] | Tocantins[4] | [ˌtaːˈpid͡ɮɐ] | 'Tapirus terrestris' | Possible realisation of /l/. In the speech of people aged 40 to 80 years, the consonant is in free variation with [dl], [dʎ], [ʎ], [ɖ], [ɮ] and [l].[4] | |
| Cherokee[5] | ᏜᎺᎭ dlameha | [d͡ɮaːmeːhá] | 'bat' | Syllable onset and intervocalic allophone of /t͡ɬ/. See Cherokee phonology | |
| Deg Xinag[6] | sichidl | [sət͡ʃʰəd͡ɮ] | 'my younger brother' | Syllable-final realization of /t͡ɬ/.[6] | |
| Hebrew | דלעת dlaʻat | [d͡ɮaʔat] | 'gourd' | Allophone of /dl/ sequence in some speakers | |
| Kamkata-viri[7] | Kamviri dialect | uḍlʹoa- | [uˈdɮoː] | to drive away | Apical alveolar. Phonemically a sequence /ɖl/.[7] |
| Xhosa | indlovu | [ind͡ɮ̤ɔːv̤u][missing tone] | 'elephant' | Allophone of /ɮ̤/ after /n/ | |
| Pa Na[8] | [d͡ɮau˩˧] | 'deep' | |||