Walter Greaves (cyclist)

Greaves was born in 1907, his birth was registered in the North Bierley district, Yorkshire. He lived with his mother in Newlands Place, Undercliffe, Bradford.^[2] He lost an arm in a road accident when he was 14.^[2] One account says his father owned a car with running boards. His father was driving after drinking and Greaves opened the door, stood on the running board ready to jump, but was hit by a tram. His arm was so damaged that it was amputated below the elbow.^[3] Other accounts said that he had hung the arm out of a train window.

He developed an interest in communism which did little to help him find work as an engineer. According to the historian John Naylor, Greaves was unemployed and according to some, almost destitute. Unemployment in Bradford was high but "his reputation as a lefty troublemaker made employers reluctant to take him on".^[4] Tim Teale, a Leeds cyclist who knew Greaves said "Walter tried to make you sign up for the young communists but nobody took much notice".^[5]

Greaves was an outspoken teetotaller, a practice which had a sequel when he broke the record.

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In 1911 the weekly magazine Cycling began a competition for the highest number of 100 mile rides or "centuries" in a single year.^[6] The winner was Marcel Planes with 332 centuries in which he covered 34,366 miles (55,307 km).^[6] The inspiration for the competition was said to be the efforts of Harry Long, a commercial traveller who rode a bicycle on his rounds covering every part of England and Scotland and who covered 25,376 miles (40,839 km) in 1910.^[6] The world record for distance cycled in a year began in an era when bicycle companies competed to show their machines were the most reliable. The record has been officially established nine times.^[7] A tenth claim, by the English rider Ken Webb, was later disallowed.^{[n 1]}

World Endurance record for a single year

Year	Record holder	Country	Distance	Ref
1911	Marcel Planes	France	34,366 miles (55,307 km)	[8]
1932	Arthur Humbles	Great Britain	36,007 miles (57,948 km)	[8]
1933	Ossie Nicholson	Australia	43,966 miles (70,756 km)	[9]
1936	Walter Greaves	Great Britain	45,383 miles (73,037 km)	[10]
1937	Bernard Bennett	Great Britain	45,801 miles (73,710 km)
1937	René Menzies	France	61,561 miles (99,073 km)	[11]
1937	Ossie Nicholson	Australia	62,657 miles (100,837 km)	[12]
1939	Bernard Bennett	Great Britain	65,127 miles (104,812 km)
1939	Tommy Godwin	Great Britain	75,065 miles (120,805 km)	[13]

The record that Greaves attempted had been set three years earlier by the Australian professional Ossie Nicholson. John Naylor said:

[Nicholson] completed his ride in fine Australian weather, on good roads, with the best equipment and even a back-up vehicle. Much of it was even done on a smooth track, using a special bike. He had a masseur, and a manager who did all the planning, booking and ordering. The contrast with Walter Greaves couldn't be more stark.^[4]

Greaves appealed to the cycle trade for sponsorship but had little success. Three Spires Cycles of Coventry provided a bicycle and a small weekly sum^[4] in return for advertising rights.^{[n 2]} Cyclists around the country offered him accommodation but help from the cycle trade came only once his ride had started.

A report said Greaves was so short of money that he wore clothes "little more than worn-out rags" and lay awake worrying the ride would not continue for lack of funds.^[4]

The Three Spires bicycle had a modified handlebar and twist-grip gear-change to fit Greaves and his single arm. A single lever operated both brakes. But it was not ready when the attempt was due to start on 1 January 1936 and arrived five days later. The record had to be started on 1 January and completed by 31 December. The delay increased the daily distance Greaves was obliged to ride.

Unlike Nicholson's machine, Greaves' bicycle was heavy, with thick tyres to cope with snow and pitted roads. He rode with mudguards, lamps and a saddlebag. His bike had a three-speed derailleur with ratios of 59, 71 and 79 inches (2,000 mm). He later increased the gears to 65, 73 and 78.^[4] John Naylor said:

How on earth he rode a heavy, loaded bike up all those hills on a 59-inch (1,500 mm) gear and with only one arm is beyond me. And much of the riding was in the Pennines, up long steep gradients. According to his friend, Billy Woods, a special adaptation was made some time into the ride, a kind of cup for the arm-stump which fitted on to a handlebar extension. This allowed his left hand to put its weight on the bike and balance things out a bit. It must have been a tremendous relief, yet still wouldn't have helped him to pull on the bars when climbing.^[4]

Alan Magson, in a description of the bicycle, said: "It looks like a fairly standard road bike - not that different from today's machine outwardly at least. Not much in the way of brakes - but then he was trying to break a record and roads were considerably quieter then."^[14]

Records had to be attempted during a single calendar year, but Greaves started his ride five days late because of the delay in delivering his bicycle. He rode in one of the hardest winters for years, with snow and ice lying until the end of February. He covered 500 miles (800 km) in the first five days but fell off 19 times, including eight times in a day while riding through snow on high roads. A report in the Bradford Telegraph and Argus, written by a reporter who followed him by car, records that Greaves fell twice in the first 10 miles (16 km) of the day as cars forced him off the road. In Leeds, he was blinded by a cloud of steam from a steam-powered vehicle, slipped on tram lines and fell off. He got up, cycled out of the city through lying snow and maintained his average 15 mph (24 km/h).^[4]

The Telegraph and Argus report was headlined Persistence on a bicycle and began "W.W. Greaves, the one-armed Bradford cyclist, is a hero."

Greaves averaged 120 miles (190 km) a day by the end of February. The snow and ice were replaced by gales, hail and rain but Greaves increased his daily rate to 134 miles (216 km). It rained through the summer and then turned foggy all November.

The cycling importer and patron, Ron Kitching, said:

Walter used to ride over to Harrogate and I asked him how he was managing with all the ice and snow. Apparently he just kept riding round and round the streets until they were cleared in order to get the miles in. I remember he used to ride with a feeding bottle with milk in it, and eat apples. He was a true vegetarian. And tough!^[15]

Greaves collided with a car^{[n 3]} at Yarm in July and an abscess developed as a result. Greaves lost two weeks in hospital. He rode 160 miles (260 km) a day while recovering from the operation. From 20 September to 8 October he rode 180 miles (290 km) a day. He rode into Hyde Park, London on 13 December and rode laps of the Serpentine to match Nicholson's record. He was joined by thousands of other cyclists, including the holder of the 1932 record, Albert Arthur Humbles.^[16]

A reception was held in a hotel that evening. Greaves had been a vegetarian since he was 20 and was a fervent teetotaller. Journalists at the reception offered him champagne to celebrate, making comments such as "Go on... We won't tell!" Greaves said:

"When I want to poison myself, I'll do it with arsenic."^[4]

Greaves rode from 8 October until the end of the year to push himself further ahead Nicholson. He nevertheless rode 130 miles (210 km) a day, finishing his year at midnight on New Year's Eve at the steps of the town hall in Bradford. The Telegraph and Argus reported "astonishing scenes reminiscent of those associated with the public appearances of famous film stars." The mayor gave him cheques and two trophies.

Greaves' greatest distance in a day was 275 miles (443 km). His longest without sleep was 374 miles (602 km). The shortest day, 67 miles (108 km), finished early because he fell off and had to repair his bicycle.

Greaves record was set to fall even as he reached Bradford town hall. Next day another amateur rider, Bernard Bennett, set off to ride 45,801 miles (73,710 km). The record fell twice more the same year, the second time to René Menzies - who matched the record at Alexandra Palace with Greaves beside him^[17][18]

Cycling reported:

Bernard Bennett was reported to say that he was attempting the record just for fun. He set the new record figure of 45,801 miles (73,710 km) and also setting a new world record of 100,000 miles (160,000 km) in 642 days. As all this competition was going on in the United Kingdom, a year's race had commenced between two widely separated contestants, Ossie Nicholson from Down Under who had already tasted success, and a newcomer, René Menzies, a 48-year-old Frenchman of Scottish descent. René rode in the UK and on the Continent, searching for the hotter weather... Many miles away, Nicholson had found better weather and financial support; at the end of his year he had collected an amazing 62,567 miles (100,692 km) thus time tasting more than glory as he had also pedalled his way clear of beating the 100,000 miles (160,000 km) record, this time in 532 days.^[7]

Tommy Godwin set the record at 75,065 miles (120,805 km) in 1939 with the support of a bicycle factory, a manager and pacers. He went on to ride 100,000 miles (160,000 km) in 499 days.

Walter Greaves' achievements were celebrated in 1937 when Cycling Weekly awarded him his own page in the Golden Book of Cycling.^[10]