List of largest volcanic eruptions

In explosive eruptions, the eruption of magma is driven by the rapid release of pressure, often involving the explosion of gas previously dissolved within the material. The most famous and destructive historical eruptions are mainly of this type. An eruptive phase can consist of a single eruption, or a sequence of several eruptions spread over several days, weeks or months. Explosive eruptions usually involve thick, highly viscous, silicic or felsic magma, high in volatiles like water vapor and carbon dioxide. Pyroclastic materials are the primary product, typically in the form of tuff. Eruptions the size of that at Lake Toba 74,000 years ago, at least 2,800 cubic kilometres (670 cu mi), or the Yellowstone eruption 640,000 years ago, around 1,000 cubic kilometres (240 cu mi), occur worldwide every 50,000 to 100,000 years.^{[1][n 1]}

Effusive eruptions involve a relatively gentle, steady outpouring of lava rather than large explosions. They can continue for years or decades, producing extensive fluid mafic lava flows.^[43] For example, Kīlauea on Hawaiʻi continuously erupted from 1983 to 2018, producing 2.7 km³ (1 cu mi) of lava covering more than 100 km² (40 sq mi).^[44] Despite their ostensibly benign appearance, effusive eruptions can be as dangerous as explosive ones: one of the largest effusive eruptions in history occurred in Iceland during the 1783–1784 eruption of Laki, which produced about 15 km³ (4 cu mi) of lava and killed one fifth of Iceland's population.^[43] The ensuing disruptions to the climate may also have killed millions elsewhere.^[45] Still larger were the Icelandic eruptions of Katla (the Eldgjá eruption) circa 934, with 18 km³ (4 cu mi) of erupted lava, and the Þjórsárhraun eruption of Bárðarbunga circa 6700 BCE, with 25 km³ (6 cu mi) lava erupted, the latter being the largest effusive eruption in the last 10,000 years.^[46] The lava fields of these eruptions measure 565 km² (Laki), 700 km² (Eldgjá) and 950 km² (Þjórsárhraun).

Highly active periods of volcanism in what are called large igneous provinces have produced huge oceanic plateaus and flood basalts in the past. These can comprise hundreds of large eruptions, producing millions of cubic kilometers of lava in total. No large eruptions of flood basalts have occurred in human history, the most recent having occurred over 10 million years ago. They are often associated with breakup of supercontinents such as Pangea in the geologic record,^[48] and may have contributed to a number of mass extinctions. Most large igneous provinces have either not been studied thoroughly enough to establish the size of their component eruptions, or are not preserved well enough to make this possible. Many of the eruptions listed above thus come from just two large igneous provinces: the Paraná and Etendeka traps and the Columbia River Basalt Group. The latter is the most recent large igneous province, and also one of the smallest.^[45] A list of large igneous provinces follows to provide some indication of how many large eruptions may be missing from the lists given here.

• Extinction event
• List of flood basalt provinces
• List of large Holocene volcanic eruptions
• List of volcanic eruptions in Iceland
• List of impact craters on Earth
• Lists of earthquakes
• Supervolcano § Massive explosive eruptions
• Types of volcanic eruptions