Yongkang dialect
Wu dialect of Yongkang, China
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The Yongkang dialect (simplified Chinese: 永康话; traditional Chinese: 永康話) is a Wu Chinese dialect. It is spoken in the city of Yongkang in Zhejiang province. The Yongkang dialect can roughly be divided into accents, commonly known as Shangjiaoqiang (上角腔) and Xiajiaoqiang (下角腔), spoken in northeastern Yongkang and south Yongkang respectively.
| Yongkang dialect | |
|---|---|
| 永康话/永康話 | |
| Native to | People's Republic of China |
| Region | Yongkang, Zhejiang Province |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
Phonology
Initials
The Yongkang dialect has 35 initials, including the zero-initial consonant.[1][2]
| Labial | Alveolar | Alveolo-Palatal | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m 莫 |
n 納 |
ɲ̟ 尼 |
ŋ 呆 |
||||
| Plosive | voiceless | tenuis | p 剝 |
t 德 |
c 糾 |
k 該 |
ʔ[a] | |
| aspirated | pʰ 撲 |
tʰ 脫 |
cʰ 丘 |
kʰ 開 | ||||
| voiced | b 薄 |
d 特 |
ɟ 奇 |
ɡ 葵 |
||||
| Affricate | voiceless | tenuis | ʦ 資 |
ʨ 支 |
||||
| aspirated | ʦʰ 雌 |
ʨʰ 癡 |
||||||
| voiced | ʣ 直 |
ʥ 池 |
||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f 福 |
s 私 |
ɕ 施 |
ç 希 |
h 海 | ||
| voiced | v 服 |
z 慈 |
ʑ 時 |
ɦ 孩 | ||||
| Approximant | plain | j 野 |
||||||
| labial | ɥ 圓 |
|||||||
| Lateral | l 肋 |
|||||||
Finals
The Yongkang dialect has 39 rimes.[1]
| Medial | Rime | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ∅ | a | ɑ | o | ᴇ | ə | ɯ | ɯɤ | ai | ei | əi | au | əu | aŋ | əŋ | oŋ | |
| ∅ | ɿ 資 |
a 晏 |
ə 北 |
ɯ (colloquial) 鋸 |
ɯɤ 安 |
ai 壓 |
ei 哀 |
aŋ 骯 |
əŋ 恩 |
oŋ 翁 |
au 襖 |
əu 歐 | ||||
| i | i 衣 |
ia 挨 |
ĭᴀ 也 |
iᴇ 煙 |
ĭɜ 益 |
iau 妖 |
iəu 優 |
iaŋ 央 |
iəŋ 英 |
|||||||
| u | u 烏 |
ŭa 碗 |
uɑ 鴨 |
uo 倭 |
ŭʌ 滑 |
uai 歪 |
uəi 威 |
uaŋ 汪 |
uəŋ 溫 |
|||||||
| y | y 迂 |
ya 閱 |
yo 鬱 |
yᴇ 怨 |
y̆ɜ 役 |
yaŋ 裝 |
yəŋ 永 |
yoŋ 癰 | ||||||||
The Yongkang dialect also has /ŋ̍/ (as in 兒) in colloquial speech.
Tones
The Yongkang dialect has 6 tones.[1]
| Middle Chinese tone | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| píng 平 | shǎng 上 | qù 去 | |
| yīn 阴 | ˦˦ (44) | ˧˧˥ (35) | ˥˧ (52) |
| yáng 阳 | ˨˨ (22) | ˩˨˧ (13) | ˨˦/˨˦˩ (24/241) |
The checked tone of Middle Chinese has disappeared in the Yongkang dialect.[3]
The Yongkang dialect uses tone sandhi to form diminutives.[3]
| Middle Chinese tone | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| píng 平 | shǎng 上 | qù 去 | |
| yīn 阴 | ˧˨˦ (324) | ˥˧ (53) | ˧˧ (33) |
| yáng 阳 | ˧˨˦ (324) | ˨˦ (24) | ˩˩ (11) |