1903 in science
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The year 1903 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Aeronautics
- June 27â19-year-old American socialite Aida de Acosta becomes the first woman to fly a powered aircraft solo when she pilots Santos-Dumont's motorized dirigible, "No. 9", from Paris to Château de Bagatelle in France.[1]
- December 17 â First documented, successful, controlled, powered flight of a heavier-than-air aircraft with a petrol engine by Orville Wright in the Wright Flyer at Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina.
- Konstantin Tsiolkovsky begins a series of papers discussing the use of liquid fuel rockets to reach outer space, space suits, and colonization of the Solar System.
Biology
- The type specimen of the vampire squid (Vampyroteuthis infernalis) is described by Carl Chun.[2]
- Fauna and Flora International is founded as the Society for the Preservation of the Wild Fauna of the Empire by a group of British naturalists and American statesmen in Africa.
Chemistry
- Peter Cooper Hewitt demonstrates the mercury-vapour lamp.
- Mikhail Semyonovich Tsvet invents chromatography, an important analytic technique.
- The International Committee of Atomic Weights publishes the inaugural atomic weights report.
Mathematics
- October â Frank Nelson Cole demonstrates that the Mersenne number 267-1, or M67, is composite by factoring it as 193,707,721 * 761,838,257,287.[3]
- Fast Fourier transform algorithm presented by Carle David Tolmé Runge.[citation needed]
- Edmund Georg Hermann Landau gives considerably simpler proof of the prime number theorem.
Physics
- George Darwin and John Joly claim that radioactivity is partially responsible for the Earth's heat.
- Prosper-René Blondlot claims to have detected N rays.
Physiology and medicine
- MarchâApril â David Bruce identifies the parasitic Trypanosoma protist as the source of African trypanosomiasis ("sleeping sickness").[4]
- May 10 â Antoni LeÅniowski publishes the first article implicating what will later be known as Crohn's disease, in the Polish weekly medical newspaper Medycyna.[5]
- Alfred Walter Campbell divides the cytoarchitecture of the human brain into 14 areas.[6]
- Ernest Fourneau synthesizes and patents Amylocaine, the first synthetic local anesthetic, under the name Stovaine at the Pasteur Institute.[7]
- Willem Einthoven discovers electrocardiography (ECG/EKG)
- Percy Furnivall carries out the first known case of cardiac surgery in Britain.
- The 12th and final edition of Dr Richard von Krafft-Ebing's Psychopathia Sexualis: eine Klinisch-Forensische Studie ("Sexual Psychopathy: a Clinical-Forensic Study") published during the author's lifetime introduces the term paedophilia erotica.
- Formal opening of the Johnston Laboratories at the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England.
Technology
- November â Windscreen wiper for automobiles is first patented by Mary Anderson in the United States.
- December 15 â Italo Marchiony from New York City patents an improved design of apparatus for baking ice cream cones.[8]
- The first diesel-powered ships are launched, both for inland waters: Petite-Pierre in France, powered by Dyckhoff-built diesels, and the tanker Vandal in Russia, powered by Swedish-built diesels with an electrical transmission.
- Norwegian engineer Ãgidius Elling builds the first gas turbine to generate power, using a centrifugal compressor.[9]
- Laminated glass is invented by Edouard Benedictus.
- Baker valve gear for steam locomotives is first patented in the United States.[10]
- The Lune Valley boiler is patented by John G. A. Kitchen and Ludlow Perkins.[11]
Institutions
- June 28 â Deutsches Museum founded in Munich.[12]
Awards
Births
- January 22 â Fritz Houtermans (died 1966), Danzig-born Dutch physicist.
- January 27 â John Eccles (died 1997), Australian-born psychologist.
- January 28 â Kathleen Lonsdale, née Yardley (died 1971), Irish-born crystallographer.
- February 2 â Bartel Leendert van der Waerden (died 1996), Dutch mathematician.[14]
- February 22 â Frank P. Ramsey (died 1930), English mathematician.
- April 6 â "Doc" Harold Eugene Edgerton ("Papa Flash", died 1990), American electrical engineer.
- April 9 â Gregory Goodwin Pincus (died 1967), American biologist, co-inventor of the combined oral contraceptive pill.
- April 25 â Andrey Kolmogorov (died 1987), Russian mathematician.
- May 2 â Benjamin Spock (died 1998), American pediatrician and writer.
- May 18 â Frits Warmolt Went (died 1990), Dutch-born American botanist.
- June 14 â Alonzo Church (died 1995), American mathematician.
- July 16 â Irmgard Flügge-Lotz (died 1974), German-American mathematician and aerospace engineer
- August 7 â Louis Leakey (died 1972), British East African paleoanthropologist.
- October 4 â Cyril Stanley Smith (died 1992), English-born metallurgist.
- October 5 â M. King Hubbert (died 1989), American geophysicist.
- October 10 â Bei Shizhang (died 2009), Chinese biologist and founder of the Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
- October 11 â Kazimierz Kordylewski (died 1981), Polish astronomer.
- November 7 â Konrad Lorenz (died 1989), Austrian zoologist.
- November 27 â Lars Onsager (died 1976), Norwegian-born chemist.
- December 19 â George Davis Snell (died 1996), American mouse geneticist and basic transplant immunologist.[15]
- December 28 â John von Neumann (died 1957), Hungarian-born mathematician.
Deaths
- February 1 â Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet (born 1819), Anglo-Irish mathematician and physicist.
- February 7 â James Glaisher (born 1809), English meteorologist and balloonist.
- March 28 â Ãmile Baudot (born 1845), French telegraph engineer.
- April 28 â J. Willard Gibbs (born 1839), American physical chemist.
- June 14 â Carl Gegenbaur (born 1826), German anatomist.[16]
- July 21 â Henri Alexis Brialmont (born 1821), Belgian military engineer.
- August 2 â Edmond Nocard (born 1850), French veterinarian and microbiologist.
- August 27 â Kusumoto Ine (born 1827), pioneering Japanese woman physician.
- November 8 â Vasily Dokuchaev (born 1846), Russian geologist.