1981 in science
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| 1981 in science |
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| Paleontology |
| Extraterrestrial environment |
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The year 1981 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below.
- September – Pantanal Matogrossense National Park designated in Brazil.
- Publication of Stephen Jay Gould's critique of biological determinism, The Mismeasure of Man, in the United States.
Chemistry
- A German research team led by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research (GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung) in Darmstadt bombard a target of bismuth-209 with accelerated nuclei of chromium-54 to produce 5 atoms of the isotope bohrium-262
Computer science
- March 5 – The ZX81, a pioneering British home computer, is launched by Sinclair Research, going on to sell over 1.5 million units worldwide.
- April 3 – The Osborne 1, the first successful portable computer, is unveiled at the West Coast Computer Faire in San Francisco.
- July 9 – Nintendo releases the arcade game Donkey Kong featuring the debut of Mario.
- August 12 – The IBM Personal Computer is released.[1]
- September 12 – The Chaos Computer Club, a European association of hackers, is established in Berlin by Wau Holland and others.
Mathematics
- Alexander Merkurjev proves the norm residue isomorphism theorem for the case n = 2 and ℓ = 2.
Medicine
- April 26 – Dr. Michael R. Harrison of the University of California, San Francisco, performs the world's first human open fetal surgery.
- June 5 – AIDS pandemic begins when the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports an unusual cluster of Pneumocystis pneumonia in five homosexual men in Los Angeles.[2]
- Bruce Reitz leads the team that performs the first successful heart–lung transplant on Mary Gohlke at Stanford Hospital.[3]
- LeCompte maneuver first performed.[4]
- English psychiatrist Lorna Wing introduces the term "Asperger syndrome".[5]
Space exploration
- April 12 – The first launch of a Space Shuttle: Columbia launches on the STS-1 mission.
- October 6 – UoSAT-1, the first modern microsatellite, is launched into Low Earth orbit.[6]
Technology
- July 7 – Electric aircraft Solar Challenger, designed by an American team led by Paul MacCready and piloted by Stephen Ptacek, makes a 163-mile (262 km) crossing of the English Channel using only solar power from wing-mounted photovoltaic cells.
- July 17 – Hyatt Regency walkway collapse: Structural failure due to a late design change causes two internal suspended walkways at the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Kansas City, Missouri to collapse, killing 114.