1923 in Germany
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Events in the year 1923 in Germany.
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Incumbents
National level
- Chancellor - Wilhelm Cuno (Non-partisan) (to 12 August), Gustav Stresemann (German People's Party) (to 30 November), Wilhelm Marx (Centre) (from 30 November)
Events
- 11 January â French and Belgian troops enter the Ruhr in the Occupation of the Ruhr because of Germanyâs refusal to pay war reparations, causing strikes and a severe economic crisis.[1]
- 20 April â Julius Streicher's antisemitic newspaper Der Stürmer begins publication.[2]
- 13 August â The First Stresemann cabinet was sworn in.
- 15 September â Germany's bank rate is raised to 90% due to hyperinflation. See 1920s German inflation.
- 26 September:
- Chancellor Gustav Stresemann calls for an end to passive resistance and protests by Germans against the French and Belgian Occupation of the Ruhr.
- The German government declares a state of emergency under Article 48 of the German Weimar Constitution. It will last until February 1924.
- October â as part of the German October, German communists scheme to seize power in the Weimar Republic.
- 6 October â The Second Stresemann cabinet was sworn in.
- 21 October â A separatist government is formed in the Rhineland Palatinate and is quickly recognized by the French government.
- 23 October â The communist Hamburg Uprising begins with left-wing extremists' attacks against numerous police stations in Hamburg and the erection of barricades. By the end of 24 October, the uprising was defeated.
- 9 November â In the Beer Hall Putsch, key members of the Nazi Party and their sympathizers, including Adolf Hitler, Hermann Göring and Erich Ludendorff, attempt a coup against the German government. The coup attempt is crushed and fifteen Nazis are killed by the Bavarian Landespolizei. The killed would-be putschists are later designated as the movement's key "blood martyrs". The Blutfahne used during the coup attempt becomes a key artifact of Nazi party mythology.[3]
- 15 November â The value of the German Papiermark falls to 4.2Ã1012 mark to the United States dollar causing the German government to issue the Rentenmark as a replacement for the Papiermark to alleviate the hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic.
- 23 November â Gustav Stresemann resigns as German Chancellor after a vote of no confidence from members of the government.
- 30 November â The First Marx cabinet was sworn in.
- 1 December â Centre Party member Wilhelm Marx forms a new coalition government becoming the new German Chancellor.
- 8 December:
- Germany signs an economic treaty with the United States.
- The Reichstag passes an enabling act empowering the government to take all measures it deems necessary and urgent with regard to the state of emergency.
Popular culture
Arts and literature
- Hermann Oberth publishes Die Rakete zu den Planetenraumen (The Rocket into Interplanetary Space)
Art
- Max Beckmann made a self-portrait of himself holding a cigarette. The painting is currently housed at the Museum of Modern Art in New York.
- Wassily Kandinsky painted his Composition VIII while he was working at the Bauhaus school of art in Weimar. This completely non-representational work exemplifies his ground-breaking movement toward abstraction.
Births
- 8 January â Joseph Weizenbaum, German computer scientist (died 2008)
- 11 January â Ernst Nolte, German historian (died 2016)
- 16 January â Anton-Günther, Duke of Oldenburg (died 2014)
- 17 January â Horst E. Brandt, German film director (died 2009)
- 19 January
- Hellmut Lange, German actor (died 2011)
- Markus Wolf, German head of the Main Directorate for Reconnaissance (died 2006)
- 9 February â Heinz Drache, German actor (died 2002)
- 10 March â Hans Riegel, German entrepreneur (died 2013)
- 15 March â Willy Semmelrogge, German actor (died 1984)
- 25 March â Reimar Lüst, German astrophysicist
- 26 March â Gert Bastian, German politician (died 1992)
- 22 April â Gero Wecker, German film producer (died 1974)
- 23 April â Reinhart Koselleck, German historian (died 2006)
- 23 May â Walter Wolfrum, German World War II Luftwaffe fighter ace (died 2010)
- 26 May â Horst Tappert, German actor (died 2008)
- 27 May â Henry Kissinger, German-born United States presidential advisor (died 2023)
- 2 June â Margot Trooger, German actress (died 1994)
- 9 June â Gerald Götting, German politician (died 2015)
- 10 June â Georg Moser, German bishop of Roman-Catholic Church (died 1988)
- 14 June â Judith Kerr, German-born British writer and illustrator (died 2019)
- 7 August â Liane Berkowitz, German resistance fighter of the Red Orchestra organisation (died 1943)
- 26 August â Wolfgang Sawallisch, German conductor (died 2013)
- 10 September â Uri Avnery, German-born Israeli writer and founder of the Gush Shalom peace movement
- 20 October â Otfried PreuÃler, German writer (died 2013)
- 21 October â Erna de Vries, German Holocaust survivor (died 2021)
- 22 October â Bert Trautmann, German footballer and goalkeeper (died 2013)
- 4 November â Harry Valérien, German sports journalist (died 2012)
- 5 November â Rudolf Augstein, German journalist (died 2002)
- 12 November â Vicco von Bülow, German comedian, humorist, cartoonist, film director, actor and writer (died 2011)
- 15 November â Rüdiger von Wechmar, German diplomat (died 2007)
- 22 November â Hanna Maron, German-born Israeli actress
- 15 December:
- Uzi Gal, German-born Israeli gun designer, best remembered as the designer and namesake of the Uzi submachine gun (died 2002)
- Inge Keller, German actress (died 2017)
- 17 December â Jürgen Ponto, German bankier (died 1977)
- 25 December â Sonia Olschanezky, German-born French Jewish World War II heroine (executed by German) (died 1944
Deaths
- 1 February â Ernst Troeltsch, theologian and philosopher (born 1865)
- 3 February â Siegmund Guenther, German geographer, historian and naturalist (born 1848)
- 6 February â Gerdt von Bassewitz, German playwright and actor (born 1878)
- 10 February â Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, physicist (born 1845)
- 11 February â Helmuth von Maltzahn, German politician (born 1840)
- 22 February â Princess Marie Elisabeth of Saxe-Meiningen, German composer (born 1853)
- 23 April â Princess Louise of Prussia (born 1838)
- 24 April â William Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (born 1876)
- 11 March â Karl von Müller, German German Imperial captain (born 1873)
- 3 May â Ernst Hartwig, German astronomer (born 1851)
- 17 May â Duke Paul Frederick of Mecklenburg (born 1852)
- 21 May â Hans Goldschmidt, German chemist (born 1861)
- 5 June â Carl von Horn, German general (born 1847)
- 20 June â Princess Marie of Battenberg, German writer and translator (born 1852 in France)
- 12 July â Ernst Otto Beckmann, German chemist and pharmacist (born 1853)
- 4 September â Paul Friedländer, German chemist (born 1857)
- 29 September â Walther Penck, German geologist and geomorphologist (born 1888)
- 3 November â Carl Harries, German chemist (born 1866)
- 9 November â Theodor von der Pfordten, Nazi paramilitary (born 1873)
- 14 November â Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover (born 1845)
- 16 November â Guido Herzfeld, German actor (born 1851)
- 20 November â Rudolf Havenstein, German lawyer and president of the Reichsbank (born 1857)
- 17 December â Paul von Krause, German politician and jurist (born 1852)