Voiced dental and alveolar plosives

Voiced alveolar and dental plosives (or stops) are a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The alveolar is familiar to English-speakers as the "d" sound in "adore".

IPA number104

Entity (decimal)d

Unicode (hex)U+0064

X-SAMPAd

Quick facts d, IPA number ...

Voiced alveolar plosive

d

IPA number 104

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Entity (decimal) d

Unicode (hex) U+0064

X-SAMPA d

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IPA number104 408

Entity (decimal)d̪

Unicode (hex)U+0064 U+032A

X-SAMPAd_d

Quick facts d̪, IPA number ...

Voiced dental plosive

d̪

IPA number 104 408

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity (decimal) d̪

Unicode (hex) U+0064 U+032A

X-SAMPA d_d

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The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar plosives is ⟨d⟩; the diacritic in ⟨d̪⟩ can be used to distinguish the dental.

There are only a few languages that distinguish dental and alveolar stops (or often more precisely laminal and apical alveolar stops), among them Kota, Toda, Venda and some Irish dialects.

Features

Sagittal sections of voiced dental and alveolar plosives

Features of a voiced alveolar stop:

Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
There are three specific variants of [d]:
- Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
- Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Dental or denti-alveolar

More information Language, Word ...

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Albanian		derë	[dɛːɾ]	'door'
Arabic	Egyptian	دنيا / donya	[ˈdonjæ]	'world'	See Egyptian Arabic phonology
Armenian	Eastern^[1]	դեմք / demk'	[d̪ɛmkʰ]^ⓘ	'face'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Armenian	Western	տալ / dal	[d̪ɑl]	'to give'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Bashkir		дүрт / dürt	[dʏʷrt]^ⓘ	'four'
Basque		diru	[d̪iɾu]	'money'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Belarusian^[2]		падарожжа/padarožža	[päd̪äˈroʐːä]	'travel'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology
Bengali		দুধ/dūdh	[d̪ud̪ʱ]	'milk'	Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Bengali phonology
Catalan^[3]		drac	[ˈd̪ɾak]	'dragon'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Dinka^[4]		dhek	[d̪ek]	'distinct'	Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with alveolar /d/.
Dhivehi		ދެރަ/Dhera	[d̪eɾa]	'sad'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Dutch	Belgian	ding	[d̪ɪŋ]	'thing'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
English	Dublin^[5]	then	[d̪ɛn]	'then'	Laminal denti-alveolar.	Corresponds to [ð] in other dialects. In Dublin it may be [d͡ð].^[5]	See English phonology
	Southern Irish^[6]
	Geordie^[7]					Word-initial allophone of /ð/; may be realized as [ð] instead.^[7]
	Indian
	Ulster^[8]	dream	[d̪ɹim]	'dream'		Allophone of /d/ before /r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop.
Esperanto		mondo	[ˈmondo]	'world'	See Esperanto phonology.
French^[9]		dais	[d̪ɛ]	'canopy'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology
Georgian^[10]		კუდი	[ˈkʼud̪i]	'tail'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Georgian phonology
Hindustani^[11]	Hindi	दूध / dūdh	[d̪uːd̪ʱ]	'milk'	Laminal denti-alveolar. Hindustani contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.	Contrasts with aspirated form <ध>.	See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Hindustani^[11]	Urdu	دودھ / dūdh	[d̪uːd̪ʱ]	'milk'		Contrasts with aspirated form <دھ>.	See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Hungarian		adó	[ɒd̪oː]	'tax'	See Hungarian phonology
Irish		dorcha	[ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə]	'dark'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Irish phonology
Italian^[12]		dare	[ˈd̪äːre]	'to give'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology
Japanese^[13]		男性的 / danseiteki	[d̪ä̃ɰ̃se̞ːt̪e̞kʲi]	'masculine'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Japanese phonology
Kashubian^[14]		^{[example needed]}			Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kazakh		дос	[d̪os̪]	'friend'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kyrgyz^[15]		дос	[d̪os̪]	'friend'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Latvian^[16]		drudzis	[ˈd̪rud̪͡z̪is̪]	'fever'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology
Malayalam		ദിവസം/divasam	[d̪iʋɐsɐm]	'day'	See Malayalam phonology
Marathi		दगड/dagaḍ	[d̪əɡəɖ]	'stone'	Laminal denti-alveolar. Marathi contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Marathi phonology
Minangkabau	Padang	dakek	[d̪äke̞ʔ]	'near'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Nepali		दिन/din	[d̪in]	'daytime'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali Phonology
Odia		ଦଶ/daśa	[d̪ɔsɔ]	'ten'	Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Pashto		ﺪﻮﻩ/dwa	[ˈd̪wɑ]	'two'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Polish^[17]		dom	[d̪ɔm]^ⓘ	'home'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology
Portuguese^[18]	Many dialects	dar	[ˈd̪aɾ]	'to give'	Laminal denti-alveolar. May palatalize or lenite in certain environments, depending on dialect. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi	Gurmukhi	ਦਾਲ/dāl	[d̪ɑːl]	'lentils'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Punjabi	Shahmukhi	دال/dāl	[d̪ɑːl]	'lentils'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Russian^[19]		два/dva	[ˈd̪va]	'two'	Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with a palatalized alveolar variant. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic	Uist and Barra	leantail	[ˈʎɛnd̪al]	'following'	Allophone of [t̪] after nasals. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian^[20]		дуга / duga	[d̪ǔːgä]	'rainbow'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Sinhala		දවස	[d̪aʋəsə]	'day'
Slovene^[21]		danes	[ˈd̪àːnə́s̪]	'today'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovene phonology
Spanish^[22]		hundido	[ũn̪ˈd̪ið̞o̞]	'sunken'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology
Telugu		దయ	[d̪aja]	'Kindness'	Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. Aspirated form articulated as breathy consonant.
Turkish		dal	[d̪äɫ]	'twig'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian^[23]^[24]		дерево/derevo	[ˈd̪ɛrɛβ̞ɔ]	'tree'	Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology
Uzbek^[25]		sifatida	[siɸætidæ]	'as'	Laminal denti-alveolar.
Wu		唐/da	[d̪ɑ̃]	'the Tang dynasty'
Zapotec	Tilquiapan^[26]	dan	[d̪aŋ]	'countryside'	Laminal denti-alveolar.

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Alveolar

More information Language, Word ...

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe		дахэ/daahė	[daːxa]	'pretty'
Assyrian		ܘܪܕܐ werda	[wεrda]	'flower'	Predominant in the Urmia, Jilu, Baz, Gawar and Nochiya dialects. Corresponds to [ð̞] in other varieties.
Bengali		ডাব/ḍab	[dab]	'green coconut'	True alveolar in eastern dialects. But all Bengali speakers allophone of /d/ after and before denti-alveolar, alveolo-palatal and postalveolar /t̪, t̪ʰ, d̪, d̪ʱ, tɕ, tɕʰ, dʑ, dʑʱ, ʃ/. See Bengali phonology
Catalan^[27]		susdit	[sʊzˈd̻it̪]	'said before'	Laminal alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Czech		do	[do]	'into'	See Czech phonology
Dutch^[28]		dak	[dɑk]	'roof'	See Dutch phonology
English	Most speakers	dash	[ˈdæʃ]	'dash'	See English phonology
Finnish		sidos	[ˈsido̞s]	'bond'	See Finnish phonology
Greek		ντροπή / dropí	[dro̞ˈpi]	'shame'	See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew		דואר/ do'ar	[ˈdo̞.äʁ̞]	'mail'	See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hmong	White Hmong	𖬈𖬲𖬞𖬰 / dej	[de˥˨]	'water'	In Green Hmong, it'll be 𖬈𖬲𖬭𖬰 / dlej [dle˥˨]
Hungarian		holdra	[ˈholdra]	'onto the moon'	Allophone of [d̪] before [r] or [ɾ]. See Hungarian phonology
Kabardian		дахэ/ daahė	[daːxa]	'pretty'
Khmer		ដប / dab	[dɑp]	'bottle'
Korean		아들 / adeul	[ɐdɯl]	'son'	See Korean phonology
Kurdish	Northern	diran	[dɪɾä:n]	'tooth'	See Kurdish phonology
	Central	ددان/ dadân	[dædä:n]
	Southern	دیان/dîân	[diːä:n]
Luxembourgish^[29]		brudder	[ˈb̥ʀudɐ]	'brother'	More often voiceless [t].^[29] See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay	Standard (incl. Malaysian)	dahan	[dähän]	'branch'	See Malay phonology
	Indonesian^[30]				See Malay phonology
	Kelantan-Pattani		[dahɛː]		See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
Malayalam		എന്റെ/ente	[ende]	'my' or 'mine'	See Malayalam phonology
Maltese		dehen	[den]	'wit'
Tagalog		dalaga	[dɐˈlaɰɐ]	'maiden'	See Tagalog phonology
Thai		ดาว/ dāw	[daːw]	'star'
Welsh		diafol	[djavɔl]	'devil'	See Welsh phonology
West Frisian		doarp	[ˈdwɑrp]	'village'
Yi		ꄿ/dda	[da˧]	'competent'
Yonaguni		与那国 / dunan	[dunaŋ]	'Yonaguni'

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Postalveolar

Quick facts d̠, Audio sample ...

Voiced postalveolar plosive
d̠
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To distinguish from the voiced dental and alveolar plosives, a voiced postalveolar plosive can be transcribed as ⟨d̠⟩. A more explicit (though convoluted) transcription ⟨d͇˗⟩, using a combination of extIPA and obsolete diacritics, can also be used.^[31]

More information Language, Word ...

Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Bengali^[32]	ডাকাত	[d̠akat̪]	'robber'	Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.^[32] See Bengali phonology
Hindustani^[33]^[34]	डालना/ڈالنا	[d̠aːlnaː]	'to put'	Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.^[34] See Hindustani phonology
Nepali	डर	[d̠ʌr]	'fear'	See Nepali phonology
Odia	ଡଙ୍ଗା/ḍaṅgā	[d̠ɔŋga]	'boat'	Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.

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Variable

More information Language, Word ...

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Arabic		دين/dīn	[diːn]	'religion'	Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the dialect. See Arabic phonology.
English	Broad South African^[35]	dawn	[doːn]	'dawn'	Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.^[35]^[36]^[37]
	Scottish^[36]		[dɔn]
	Welsh^[37]		[dɒːn]
German	Standard^[38]	oder	[ˈoːdɐ]^ⓘ	'or'	Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.^[38] See Standard German phonology
Norwegian	Urban East^[39]	dans	[d̻ɑns]	'dance'	Partially voiced or fully voiceless [t]. Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.^[39] See Norwegian phonology
Persian^[40]		اداره/edāre	[edaːre]	'office'	Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.^[40] See Persian phonology
Slovak^[41]^[42]		do	[d̻ɔ̝]^ⓘ	'into'	Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.^[41]^[42] See Slovak phonology
Swedish	Central Standard^[43]	dag	[dɑːɡ]	'day'	Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, with the former being predominant.^[43] May be an approximant in casual speech. See Swedish phonology

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Notes

References

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Voiced dental and alveolar plosives

Features

Occurrence

Dental or denti-alveolar

Alveolar

Postalveolar

Variable

See also

Notes

References

External links

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