Eastern Khanty language

Uralic language From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Eastern Khanty is a Uralic language, frequently considered a dialect of a Khanty language, spoken by about 1,000 people.[4][5][6][7] The majority of these speakers speak the Surgut dialect, as the Vakh-Vasyugan and Salym varieties have been rapidly declining in favor of Russian.[8] The former two have been used as literary languages since the late 20th century, with Surgut being more widely used due to its less isolated location and higher number of speakers.[8]

NativetoRussia
RegionKhanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Ethnicity<1,000 Eastern Khanty[1]
Native speakers
Vakh-Vasyugan: 100-500
Surgut: 500-1,000 (2019–2025)[2][3]
Quick facts Native to, Region ...
Eastern Khanty
қӑнтәк йасәӈ, ӄӑнтәк йасәӈ ḳăntək jasəṇ (Surgut)[note 1]
Ӄӑнтәӽ
ӄӑнтәк кӧԓ, қӑнтәк кӧԯ
Native toRussia
RegionKhanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Ethnicity<1,000 Eastern Khanty[1]
Native speakers
Vakh-Vasyugan: 100-500
Surgut: 500-1,000 (2019–2025)[2][3]
Dialects
  • Salym
  • Surgut
  • Vakh
  • Vasyugan
Cyrillic
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (all Khanty varieties)
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
1ok
 kca-eas
Glottologeast2774  Eastern Khanty
ELPEastern Khanty
Map of regions where those who speak the
Eastern Khanty language.(2020/21)
  65%-75%
  15%-65%
Eastern Khanty is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010)
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Classification

Dialects

Classification of Eastern Khanty dialects:[9]

The Vakh, Vasyugan, Alexandrovo and Yugan (Jugan) dialects have less than 300 speakers in total.[1]

Transitional

The Salym dialect can be classified as transitional between Eastern and Southern (Honti 1998 suggests closer affinity with Eastern, Abondolo 1998 in the same work with Southern). The Atlym and Nizyam dialects also show some Southern features.

Examples

  • Surgut; Љаљ, икита пэканәта катԓәмтәта мосәԓ. (Ljalj, ikita pekanəta katłəmtəta mosəł.) ― The war has begun, men must take up arms [11]
  • Vakh; Пÿкинит ӛсäт пäни Ӄоԓӄǝт ӛсäт ǝйтхынǝ вǝлвǝлт. (Pükinit jəsät päni Ḳołḳǝt jəsät ǝjthynǝ wǝlwǝlt.) [12]

Phonology

Eastern Khanty [k] corresponds to [x] in the northern and southern languages.

Vakh

Vakh has the richest vowel inventory, with five reduced vowels /ĕ ø̆ ə̆ ɑ̆ ŏ/ and full /i y ɯ u e ø o æ ɑ/. Some researchers also report /œ ɔ/.[13][14]

More information Bilabial, Dental ...
Vakh Khanty consonants[15]
Bilabial Dental Palatal/ized Retroflex Velar
Nasal m n nʲ ɳ ŋ
Plosive p t tʲ k
Affricate tʃ
Fricative s ɣ
Lateral l lʲ ɭ
Trill r
Semivowel w j
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Surgut

Surgut Khanty has five reduced vowels /æ̆ ə̆ ɵ̆ ʉ̞̆ ɑ̆ ɔ̆ ʊ̆/ and full vowels /i e a ɒ̝ o u ɯ/.[16][17]

More information Front, Central ...
Vowels[16][17][18]
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
Close i[a] iː ⟨и/ы⟩ ɯː ⟨ы⟩ uː ⟨у⟩
Near-close ʉ̞̆ ⟨ӱ⟩ ʊ̆ ⟨ў⟩
Close-mid e[a] eː ⟨э/е⟩ ɵ̆ ⟨ӧ⟩ o[a] oː ⟨ө⟩
Mid ə̆ ⟨ә⟩[a]
Open-mid ɔ̆ ⟨ө̆⟩
Open æ̆ ~ ɛ ⟨ӓ⟩ ɐ[a] ɐː ⟨а⟩ ɑ̆ ⟨ӑ⟩ ɒ̝ː ⟨o⟩
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  1. [a]
    These vowels can be found in non-first syllable positions.
More information Bilabial, Dental / Alveolar ...
Consonants[17][18]
Bilabial Dental /
Alveolar		 Palatal/ized Post-
alveolar		 Velar Uvular
Nasal m ⟨м⟩ n̪ ⟨н⟩ nʲ ⟨њ⟩ ŋ ⟨ӈ⟩
Plosive / Affricate p ⟨п⟩ t̪ ⟨т⟩ tʲ ~ tɕ[a] ⟨ᲊ⟩ tʃ ⟨ҷ⟩ k[b] ⟨к⟩ q[b] ⟨ӄ/қ⟩
Fricative median s ⟨с⟩ (ʃ)[c] ⟨ш⟩ ʁ ~ ɣ ⟨ӽ/ҳ⟩
lateral ɬ[d] ⟨ԓ/ԯ⟩ ɬʲ ⟨љ⟩
Approximant w ~ β ⟨в⟩ l ⟨л⟩ j ⟨й⟩ (ʁ̞ʷ)[e] ⟨ӽв/ҳв⟩
Trill r ⟨р⟩
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  1. [a]
    /tʲ/ can be realized as an affricate [tɕ] in the Tremjugan and Agan sub-dialects.
  2. [b]
    The velar/uvular contrast is predictable in inherited vocabulary: [q] appears before back vowels, [k] before front and central vowels. However, in loanwords from Russian, [k] may also be found before back vowels.
  3. [c]
    The phonemic status of [ʃ] is not clear. It occurs in some words in variation with [s], in others in variation with [tʃ].
  4. [d]
    In the Pim sub-dialect, /ɬ/ has recently shifted to /t/, a change that has spread from Southern Khanty.
  5. [e]
    The labialized postvelar approximant [ʁ̞ʷ] occurs in the Tremjugan sub-dialect as an allophone of /w/ between back vowels, for some speakers also word-initially before back vowels. Research from the early 20th century also reported two other labialized phonemes: /kʷ~qʷ/ and /ŋʷ/, but these are no longer distinguished.

Alphabet

Bilingual Surgut Khanty-Russian sign at Lyantor museum, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug saying "МӘӇ НӘӇАТ МАЧ̡КOӼӘ ВOӼԒУВ"
Surgut alphabet[19] (ԯ ң typeface)
А а Ӑ ӑ Ӓ ӓ В в И и Й й К к Қ қ Л л
Љ љ Ԯ ԯ М м Н н Њ њ Ң ң О о Ө ө Ө̆ ө̆
Ӧ ӧ П п Р р С с Т т Ᲊ ᲊ У у Ў ў Ӱ ӱ
Ҳ ҳ Ҷ ҷ Ш ш Ы ы Э э Ә ә
Vakh-Vasyugan alphabet[20] (ԯ ң typeface)
А а Ӑ ӑ Ӓ ӓ В в И и Й й К к Қ қ Л л
Ԯ ԯ М м Н н Ң ң О о Ө ө Ө̆ ө̆ Ӧ ӧ П п
Р р С с Т т У у Ў ў Ӱ ӱ Ҳ ҳ Ҷ ҷ Ш ш
Ы ы Э э Ә ә Ӛ ӛ Я я Ю ю

The Khanty letters with a tick or tail at bottom, namely Қ Ԯ Ң Ҳ Ҷ, are sometimes rendered with a diagonal tail, i.e. ⟨Ӆ Ӊ⟩, and sometimes with a curved tail, i.e. ⟨Ӄ Ӈ Ԓ Ӽ⟩. However, in the case of Surgut such graphic variation needs to be handled by the font, because there are no Unicode characters to hard-code Ҷ with a diagonal tail, and Unicode has refused a request to encode a variant of Ҷ with a curved tail ( , approximated in unicode as Ч̡ч̡), the reasoning being that it would be an allograph rather than a distinct letter. (The same is true of the other curved-tail variants in Unicode; those were encoded by mistake.)[21]

Grammar

The Vakh dialect is divergent. It has rigid vowel harmony and a tripartite (ergative–accusative) case system, where the subject of a transitive verb takes the instrumental case suffix -нә-, while the object takes the accusative case suffix. The subject of an intransitive verb, however, is not marked for case and might be said to be absolutive. The transitive verb agrees with the subject, as in nominative–accusative systems.

Nouns

More information Number, Singular ...
Case and number inflection in Surgut Khanty of the word ӄот /qɒːt/ 'house'[22]
Number
Singular Dual Plural
Case
 Nominative ӄот
house		 ӄотӽән
two houses		 ӄотәт
houses
Dative + Lative ӄота
to the house		 ӄотӽәна
to the two houses		 ӄотәта
to the houses
Locative ӄотнә
in the house		 ӄотӽәннә
in the two houses		 ӄотәтнә
in the houses
Ablative ӄоты
from the house		 ӄотӽәны
from the two houses		 ӄотәты
from the houses
Aproximative ӄотнам
towards the house		 ӄотӽәннам
towards the two houses		 ӄотәтнам
towards the houses
Translative ӄотӽә
as the house		 ӄотӽәнӽә
as the two houses		 ӄотәтӽә
as the houses
Instructive ӄотат
with the house		 ӄотӽәнат
with the two houses		 ӄотәтат
with the houses
Comitative ӄотнат
with the house		 ӄотӽәннат
with the two houses		 ӄотәтнат
with the houses
Abessive ӄотԓәӽ
without the house		 ӄотӽәнԓәӽ
without the two houses		 ӄотәтԓәӽ
without the houses
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Pronouns

More information Singular, Dual ...
Personal Pronouns in Surgut Kanty[22]
Singular Dual Plural
1.2.3. 1.2.3. 1.2.3.
Nominative mɐː nʉŋ ɬʉβ, ɬʉɣ miːn niːn ɬiːn məŋ nəŋ, niŋ ɬəɣ, ɬiɣ
Accusative mɐːnt nʉŋɐt ɬʉβɐt

ɬʉβət

 miːnt

miːnɐt

 niːnɐt ɬiːnɐt məŋɐt nəŋɐt ɬəɣɐt
Dative mɐːntem nʉŋɐti ɬʉβɐti miːnɐtem

miːntem minɐti

 niːnɐti ɬiːnɐti məŋɐtem

məŋɐti

 nəŋɐti

niŋɐti

 ɬəɣɐti
Lative mɐːntemɐ nʉŋɐtinɐ

nʉŋɐtenɐ nʉŋɐtijɐ

 ɬʉβɐtiɬɐ

ɬʉβɐtinɐ ɬʉβɐtɐ

 miːnɐtemɐ

miːntemɐ

 niːnɐtinɐ

niːnɐtenɐ niːnɐtijɐ

 ɬiːnɐtiɬɐ

ɬiːnɐtinɐ

 məŋɐtinɐ

məŋɐtemɐ

 nəŋɐtinɐ

nəŋɐtenɐ nəŋɐtijɐ

 ɬəɣɐtiɬɐ

ɬəɣɐtinɐ

Locative mɐːntemnə

mɐːnə, mɐːnnə mɐːn

 nʉŋɐtinə

nʉŋnə nʉŋən, nʉŋn

 ɬʉβɐtiɬnə

ɬʉβɐtinə ɬʉβnə, ɬʉβən

 miːnɐtemnə

miːntemnə miːnnə, miːnən

 niːnɐtinnə

niːnən

 ɬiːnɐtiɬnə

ɬiːnɐtinnə ɬiːnnə, ɬiːnən

 məŋɐtemnə

məŋɐtinnə məŋnə, məŋən

 nəŋɐtinnə

nəŋən, niŋnə

 ɬəɣɐtiɬnə

ɬəɣɐtinnə ɬəɣnə, ɬəɣən

Ablative mɐːntemi

mɐːni

 nʉŋɐtini

nʉŋɐteni nʉŋi

 ɬʉβɐtiɬi

ɬʉβɐtini ɬʉβɐti, ɬʉβi

 miːnɐtemi

miːntemi miːnɐti, miːni

 niːnɐtini

niːnɐteni niːni

 ɬiːnɐtiɬi

ɬiːnɐtini ɬiːnɐti, ɬiːni

 məŋtemi

məŋɐtini məŋɐti, məŋi

 nəŋɐtini

nəŋɐteni niŋɐtiji, nəŋi

 ɬəɣɐtiɬi

ɬəɣɐtini ɬəɣɐti, ɬəɣi

Aproximative mɐːntemnɐm

mɐːnnɐm

 nʉŋɐtəɬnɐm

nʉŋɐtinɐm nʉŋɐtenɐm nʉŋnɐm

 ɬʉβɐtiɬnɐm

ɬʉβɐtinɐm ɬʉβnɐm

 miːnɐtemnɐm

miːnɐtimənɐ miːnɐm

 niːnɐtinɐm

niːnɐtenɐm niːnɐnɐm

 ɬiːnɐtiɬnɐm

ɬiːnɐtinɐm ɬiːnɐtijɐt

 məŋɐtemnɐm

məŋɐtinɐm məŋnɐm

 nəŋɐtinɐm

niŋɐtinɐm nəŋɐtenɐm nəŋɐtijɐ

 ɬəɣɐtiɬnɐm

ɬəɣɐtinɐm ɬəɣnɐm

Translative mɐːntemɣə

mɐːnɣə

 nʉŋɐtinɣə

nʉŋɐtiɣə nʉŋɐtenɣə nʉŋkə

 ɬʉβɐtiɬɣə

ɬʉβɐtinɣə ɬʉβɐtiɣə ɬʉβkə

 miːnɐtemɣə miːnɐtikkə miːnɣə niːnɐtinɣə niːnɐtiɣə niːnɐtikkə niːnɣə ɬiːnɐtiɬɣə ɬiːnɐtinɣə ɬiːnɐtikkə ɬiːnɣə məŋtemɣə məŋɐtinɣə məŋɐtikkə məŋkə nəŋɐtinɣə nəŋɐtiɣə nəŋɐtikkə nəŋkə ɬəɣɐtiɬɣə ɬəɣɐtinɣə ɬəɣɐtikkə ɬəɣkə
Instructive mɐːntemɐt nʉŋɐtinɐt nʉŋɐtenɐt nʉŋɐtijɐt ɬʉβɐtinɐt ɬʉβɐtiɬɐt ɬʉβɐtijɐt miːntemɐt niːnɐtinɐt niːnɐtenɐt niːnɐtijɐt ɬiːnɐtinɐt ɬiːnɐtiɬɐt ɬiːnɐtijɐt məŋɐtemɐt məŋɐteβɐt nəŋɐtinɐt nəŋɐtenɐt nəŋɐtijɐt ɬəɣɐtinɐt ɬəɣɐtiɬɐt ɬəɣɐtijɐt
Comitative mɐːntemnɐt mɐːnnɐt nʉŋɐtinɐt nʉŋɐtenɐt nʉŋnɐt ɬʉβɐtiɬnɐt ɬʉβɐtəɬnɐt ɬʉβɐtinɐt ɬʉβnɐt miːnɐtemnɐt miːntemnɐt miːnnɐt niːnɐtinɐt niːnɐtenɐt niːnnɐt ɬiːnɐtiɬɐt ɬiːnɐtinɐt ɬiːnnɐt məŋɐtinɐt məŋɐtemnɐt məŋɐtiβnɐt məŋnɐt nəŋɐtinɐt nəŋɐtenɐt nəŋnɐt ɬəɣɐtiɬnɐt ɬəɣɐtinɐt ɬəɣnɐt
Abessive mɐːntemɬəɣ nʉŋɐtiɬəɣ nʉŋɐtinɬəɣ ɬʉβɐtiɬəɣ
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More information possessee, singular ...
Posessive in Surgut Kanty[23]
possessee
singular dual plural
possessor
 1st
person		 singular -əm -ɣəɬɐm -ɬɐm
dual -imen -ɣəɬəmən -ɬəmən
plural -iβ -ɣəɬəβ -ɬəβ
2nd
person		 singular -ən, -ɐ, -ɛ -ɣəɬɐ -ɬɐ
dual -n -ɣəɬən -ɬən
plural -in -ɣəɬən -ɬən
3rd
person		 singular -əɬ -ɣəɬ -ɬɐɬ
dual -in -ɣəɬən -ɬən
plural -iɬ -ɣəɬ -ɬɐɬ
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Verbs

A table of verb suffixes in Khanty

Eastern Khanty verbs must agree with the subject in person and number. There are two paradigms for conjugation. Subjective conjugation agrees only with the subject, and objective conjugation agrees with both the subject and the object. In a sentence with both a subject and an object, the subjective conjugation puts the object in focus, and the objective conjugation puts the object as a topic.[24]

Vocabulary

Numerals

More information No., Surgut Khanty numerals ...
No. Surgut Khanty numerals Vakh Khanty numerals
1 әй (attributive), оԓәӈ (non-attributive) ӛй
2 кат (attributive), катӽән (non-attributive) кӓт, кӓ (attributive), кӓтӄӛн (non-attributive)
3 ӄөԓәм коԓәм
4 њәԓә нӛԓ, ньӛлӛ
5 вӓт вет
6 ӄут кут, ӄут
7 ԓапәт лӓвӛт
8 њыԓәӽ њыләӽ
9 ирйэӈ ӛйӛрйöӈ
10 йэӈ йöӈ
11 йэӈ ӱрәккә әй
12 йэӈ ӱрәккә катӽән
20 ӄөс ӄос
25 ӄөс ӱрәккә вӓт
30 ӄөԓәм йэӈ
31 ӄөԓәм йэӈ әй
40 њәԓә йэӈ
42 њәԓә йэӈ катӽән
80 њыԓсот
100 сот сат
255 кат сотӽән вӓт йэӈ вӓт
800 њыԓәӽ сот
1000 ᲊорас тьәрәс
30943 ӄөԓәм йэӈ ᲊорас ирйэӈ сот њәԓә йэӈ ӄөԓәм
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Sample

More information English, Surgut Khanty ...
English Surgut Khanty Vakh Khanty
Hello! Пәҷа вө̆ԓа! Пӛтьä вәла!
What is your name? - -
name нӓм нэм
fish ӄуԓ ӄул
house ӄот ӄут
woman нэ, ими ими
man ӄө, ики ики
child њэврэм ньӛӈи-ӄыи
river йӑвән йоӽәнʼ
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References

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