Foreign relations of Turkey

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Foreign relations of Turkey refers to the diplomatic and trade ties between Turkey and other nations.[1] As of December 2024, Turkey maintains diplomatic relations with 189 member states of the United Nations.[2][3][4]

Turkish ambassador's residence in Embassy of Turkey, Washington, D.C.
Turkish ambassador's residence in Embassy of Turkey, Washington, D.C.

Prior to declaring war against the Axis powers on February 23, 1945,[5] Turkey's primary ally had been the United States, with both countries aiming to contain Soviet expansion.[6][7] In support of the United Nations, Turkey contributed personnel to the Korean War in 1950 and joined NATO in 1952.[8]

Turkey's relations with the Arab World and Iran have been strained due to its recognition of Israel in 1949 and its alliance with Israel during the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.[9][1] This subsequently led to overt Syrian support for Palestinian and Armenian militant operations against Turkish diplomats abroad until 1990.[10][11][12]

History

Historically, the foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire and later Turkey balanced regional and global powers against one another, forming alliances that best protected the interests of the incumbent regime.[13] The Soviet Union played a major role in supplying weapons and financing Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's faction during the Turkish War of Independence, but Turkey followed a course of relative international isolation during the period of Atatürk's reforms in the 1920s and 1930s. International conferences gave Turkey full control of the strategic straits linking the Black Sea and the Mediterranean through the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 and the Montreux Convention of 1936.[14]

In the late 1930s, Nazi Germany made a major effort to promote anti-Soviet propaganda in Turkey. In response, Britain and France negotiated a tripartite treaty with Turkey in 1939 in which they gave Turkey a line of credit to purchase war materials from the West and a loan to facilitate the purchase of commodities.[15] After threats from Germany and the Soviet Union, Turkey maintained neutrality.[16] It sold chrome—an important war material—to both sides, but by 1944, as the eventuality of German defeat grew more evident, chrome sales to Germany halted.[17][18][19]

After 1945

Northern Cyprus has been occupied by Turkey since 1974.[20]

Turkey became one of the early members of the Council of Europe in 1950. Turkey applied for full membership of the EEC in 1987, joined the European Union Customs Union in 1995, and started accession negotiations with the European Union in 2005.[21][22] In a non-binding vote on 13 March 2019, the European Parliament called on the EU governments to suspend EU accession talks with Turkey, citing violations of human rights and the rule of law. The negotiations, which have been effectively on hold since 2018, remain active as of 2025.[23]

According to the United States government, the other defining aspect of Turkey's foreign policy has been the country's long-standing strategic alliance with the United States.[24][25] The Truman Doctrine in 1947 enunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece during the Cold War, and resulted in large-scale U.S. military and economic support to the countries. In 1948, both Turkey and Greece were included in the Marshall Plan and the OEEC for rebuilding European economies.[26]

Turkey joined NATO in 1952, strengthening its bilateral ties with the United States. In the following decades, Turkey benefited from American political, economic, and diplomatic support—particularly on critical issues such as its longstanding bid for European Union membership.[27] In the post–Cold War era, Turkey's geostrategic importance shifted towards its proximity to the Middle East, the Caucasus, and the Balkans.[28]

The independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in 1991, with which Turkey shares a common cultural, historic and linguistic heritage, allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into Central Asia.[29] The International Organization of Turkic Culture (TURKSOY) was established in 1993, and the Organization of Turkic States (OTS) was established in 2009. The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline, a multi-billion-dollar oil and natural gas pipeline that extends from Baku in Azerbaijan to the port of Ceyhan in Turkey, is a part of Turkey's foreign policy goal to become an energy conduit from the Caspian Sea basin to Europe. Turkey sealed its land border with Armenia in a gesture of support to Azerbaijan (a Turkic state in the Caucasus region) during the First (1993) and Second (2020) Nagorno-Karabakh Wars. The border remains closed as of 2025, opening only twice to allow aid to pass through.[30][31] In 2022, Armenia and Turkey started diplomatic talks to normalize the relationship between the two countries. Turkey and Armenia have also restarted commercial flights between the two countries.[32]

Under the AKP government (2002–present), Turkey's economy has increased rapidly and the country's influence has expanded in the Middle East based on a strategic depth doctrine, though this doctrine has been accused of Neo-Ottomanism.[33][34] Debate on Turkey's foreign relations is controversial both within Turkey and internationally. In the West, there exists a divide between those who are worried about Turkey's perceived movement away from the West toward a less democratic, more Islamic or more pro-Russian and pro-Chinese[35] orientation and those who do not see Turkey's changing political structure, growing regional power, and diversification of relations with countries such as Russia as a threat.[36]

Relations with the European Union

See also: Turkey–European Union relations and Accession of Turkey to the European Union

On 14 April 1987, Turkey applied for membership to the European Economic Community (now the European Union). On 12 December 1999, at the Helsinki Summit, the European Council gives Turkey the status of candidate country for EU membership, following the Commission's recommendation in its second Regular Report on Turkey. On 3 August 2002, The Turkish parliament abolished the death penalty to pave the way for the start of EU accession negotiations. On 16 December 2004, the European Council decides to start accession negotiations for Turkey to become a full member of the European Union.[37] On 3 October 2005, the European Union decided to officially open accession negotiations with Turkey.[38] On 24 November 2016, the European Parliament votes to suspend accession negotiations with Turkey over human rights and rule of law concerns.[39] On 25 April 2017, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) unanimously adopted a call to place Turkey back under monitoring due to setbacks in democracy, human rights, the rule of law, freedom of expression, and judicial independence. Turkey last officially exited the monitoring process in 2004 when it began accession negotiations with the European Union. [40] On 26 June 2018, the EU's General Affairs Council stated that "the Council notes that Turkey has been moving further away from the European Union. Turkey's accession negotiations have therefore effectively come to a standstill and no further chapters can be considered for opening or closing and no further work towards the modernisation of the EU-Turkey Customs Union is foreseen." The Council added that it is "especially concerned about the continuing and deeply worrying backsliding on the rule of law and on fundamental rights including the freedom of expression."[41][42][43] On 19 May 2021, the European Parliament unanimously accepted the call for the suspension of accession negotiations between the European Union and Turkey.[44] While Turkey officially has diplomatic relations with 26 EU member states, it does not have diplomatic relations with 1 EU member state (Cyprus).

Diplomatic relations

Despite being one of the first countries to recognize Armenia's independence, Turkey has never established formal diplomatic relations with it.[45] Turkey formerly maintained diplomatic relations with Cyprus and Taiwan.

List of countries with which Turkey maintains diplomatic relations:

More information #, Country ...
# Country Date
1 Albania 15 December 1923[46]
2 United Kingdom 2 February 1924[47]
3 Italy 1 March 1924[48]
4 Romania 20 April 1924[49]
5 Hungary 7 May 1924[50]
6 Japan 6 August 1924[51]
7 Spain 27 September 1924[52]
8 France 7 October 1924[48]
9 Czech Republic 11 October 1924[53]
10 Russia 8 November 1924[54]
11 Austria 11 November 1924[55]
12 Finland 9 December 1924[56]
13 Denmark 26 January 1925[57]
14 Belgium 10 February 1925[58]
15  Switzerland 23 March 1925[48]
16 Greece 1 April 1925[48]
17 Egypt 8 May 1925[59]
18 Sweden 1 August 1925[55]
19 Netherlands 5 August 1925[55]
20 Chile 30 January 1926[60]
21 Afghanistan 24 February 1926[49]
22 Portugal 28 May 1926[61]
23 Argentina 29 June 1926[62]
24 Serbia 21 July 1926[58]
25 Bulgaria 30 October 1926[48]
26 United States 17 February 1927[63]
27 Brazil 8 September 1927[64]
28 Iraq 16 January 1928[65]
29 Mexico 12 July 1928[66]
30 Iran 21 October 1928[55]
31 Poland 25 October 1928[67]
32 Saudi Arabia 3 August 1929[68]
33 Norway 8 October 1930[58]
34 Uruguay 8 December 1933[69]
35 Canada 25 November 1943[70]
36 Yemen 4 March 1946[71]
37 Lebanon 8 March 1946[72]
38 Syria 8 March 1946[72][73]
39 Luxembourg 10 July 1946[74]
40 Jordan 31 March 1947[75]
41 India 15 August 1947[76]
42 Pakistan 30 November 1947[77]
43 Sri Lanka 4 February 1948[78]
44 Philippines 13 June 1949[79]
45 Israel 10 January 1950[58]
46 Indonesia 12 February 1950[80]
47 Bolivia 21 September 1950[81]
48 Costa Rica 21 September 1950[82]
49 Dominican Republic 21 September 1950[83]
50 Ecuador 21 September 1950[84]
51 El Salvador 21 September 1950[85]
52 Honduras 21 September 1950[86]
53 Nicaragua 21 September 1950[87]
54 Panama 21 September 1950[88]
55 Peru 21 September 1950[89][90]
56 Venezuela 21 September 1950[81]
57 Ireland 2 October 1951[91]
58 Germany 21 June 1952[92]
59 Cuba 25 November 1952[93]
60 Libya 30 December 1952[94]
61 Paraguay 11 September 1953[95]
62 Morocco 17 April 1956[96]
63 South Korea 8 March 1957[97]
64 Sudan 20 July 1957[98]
65 Tunisia 22 July 1957[48]
66 Iceland 25 November 1957[99]
67 Ethiopia 23 December 1957[48]
68 Thailand 12 May 1958[100]
69 Laos 20 June 1958[101]
70 Liberia 1 August 1958[102]
71 Myanmar 2 September 1958[103]
72 Guatemala 16 September 1958[104]
73 Ghana 30 October 1958[105]
74 Haiti 14 November 1958[106]
75 Colombia 10 April 1959[107]
— Holy See 25 January 1960[108]
— Cyprus (suspended) 16 August 1960[109]
76 Nigeria 16 February 1961[110]
77 Cameroon 11 October 1962[111][112]
78 Guinea 11 October 1962[112]
79   Nepal 15 November 1962[113]
80 Togo 6 December 1962[114]
81 Madagascar 30 January 1963[115]
82 Gabon 1 February 1963[116]
83 Mali 17 April 1963[117]
84 Algeria 30 June 1963[118]
85 Tanzania 5 July 1963[119]
86 Senegal 17 October 1963[120]
87 Kuwait 10 January 1964[121]
88 Malaysia 17 June 1964[122]
89 Ivory Coast 14 July 1964[123]
90 Somalia 13 December 1965[124]
91 Gambia 1965[125]
92 Australia 28 February 1967[126]
93 Niger 30 March 1967[127]
94 Malta 10 October 1967[128]
95 Kenya 30 March 1968[129]
96 Singapore 12 February 1969[130]
97 Cambodia 3 May 1969[131]
98 Mongolia 24 June 1969[132]
99 Malawi 4 August 1969[133]
100 Uganda 18 September 1969[134]
101 Chad 27 January 1970[135]
102 Burkina Faso 6 April 1970[136]
103 Mauritania 14 April 1970[137]
104 Sierra Leone 15 February 1971[138]
105 Zambia 25 February 1971[139]
106 Jamaica 30 March 1971[140]
107 China 4 August 1971[141]
108 Trinidad and Tobago 22 May 1972[142]
109 Barbados 20 September 1972[143]
110 Qatar 20 March 1973[144]
111 United Arab Emirates 21 March 1973[145]
112 Bahrain 12 April 1973[146]
113 Guyana 2 May 1973[147]
114 Oman 18 June 1973[148]
115 Bangladesh 22 February 1974[149]
116 Benin 29 March 1974[150]
117 Bahamas 5 November 1974[151]
118 Grenada 8 May 1975[152]
119 Democratic Republic of the Congo 22 October 1975[153]
120 Fiji 17 November 1975[154]
121 Guinea-Bissau 1975[155]
122 Tonga 26 January 1976[156]
123 Nauru 27 April 1976[157]
124 Suriname 29 June 1976[158]
125 Mauritius 18 October 1976[159]
126 Vietnam 7 June 1978[160]
127 New Zealand 12 December 1978[161]
128 Solomon Islands 8 March 1979[162]
129 Samoa 12 April 1979[163]
130 Maldives 28 May 1979[164]
131 Papua New Guinea 30 May 1979[165]
132 Cape Verde 24 June 1979[166]
133 Djibouti 25 June 1979[167]
134 Tuvalu 19 July 1979[168]
135 Comoros 22 August 1979[169]
136 Central African Republic 29 January 1980[170]
137 Rwanda 18 February 1980[171]
138 Burundi 30 April 1980[172]
139 Angola 9 July 1980[173]
140 Equatorial Guinea 16 September 1980[174]
141 Lesotho 1980[175]
142 Botswana 20 January 1981[176]
143 Eswatini 20 January 1981[177]
144 Mozambique 20 January 1981[178]
145 Republic of the Congo 9 November 1981[179]
146 São Tomé and Príncipe 1981[180]
147 Zimbabwe 2 July 1982[181]
— Northern Cyprus 1983[182]
148 Brunei 27 June 1984[183]
149 Belize November 1987[184]
150 Namibia 27 March 1990[185]
151 Lithuania 3 September 1991[186]
152 Latvia 22 October 1991[187]
153 Estonia 23 October 1991[188]
— State of Palestine 19 December 1991[189]
154 Azerbaijan 14 January 1992[190]
155 Kyrgyzstan 29 January 1992[191]
156 Tajikistan 29 January 1992[192]
157 Moldova 3 February 1992[193]
158 Turkmenistan 29 February 1992[194]
159 Kazakhstan 2 March 1992[195]
160 Ukraine 3 March 1992[196]
161 Uzbekistan 4 March 1992[197]
162 Belarus 25 March 1992[198]
163 Georgia 21 May 1992[199]
164 Croatia 26 August 1992[200]
165 North Macedonia 26 August 1992[201]
166 Slovenia 26 August 1992[202]
167 Bosnia and Herzegovina 29 August 1992[203]
168 Liechtenstein 2 October 1992[204]
169 South Africa 12 October 1992[205]
170 Slovakia 1 January 1993[206]
171 Eritrea 19 July 1993[207]
172 Seychelles 22 June 1995[208]
173 Vanuatu 14 July 1995[209]
174 Andorra 8 October 1998[210]
175 Antigua and Barbuda June 1999[211]
176 North Korea 27 June 2001[212]
177 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4 April 2002[213]
178 Timor-Leste 20 May 2002[214]
179 Saint Lucia 25 May 2005[215]
180 San Marino 12 October 2005[216]
181 Dominica 13 April 2006[217]
182 Palau 2 May 2006[218]
183 Montenegro 3 July 2006[219]
184 Federated States of Micronesia 6 December 2006[220]
— Kosovo 18 February 2008[221]
185 Marshall Islands 11 April 2008[222]
186 Monaco 28 May 2008[223]
187 Kiribati 20 June 2008[224]
— Cook Islands 20 October 2008[225]
188 Saint Kitts and Nevis 3 June 2010[226]
189 South Sudan 9 July 2011[227]
190 Bhutan 26 September 2012[228]
— Niue 7 June 2014[229]
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Bilateral relations

Multilateral

More information Organization, Formal Relations Began ...
Organization Formal Relations Began Notes
European UnionSeptember 1963 See European Union–Turkey relations and Accession of Turkey to the European Union
President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Vilnius, July 2023
NATOFebruary 1952 See Turkey in NATO
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Africa

There has been a revival in Turkey's relationships within Africa after 1998, and civil society is the leading factor in this process.[230] Initially, this revival came as a passive attempt, but after 2005 it became an offensive interest in developing relations with the continent. The Turkey–Africa Cooperation Summit in 2008 marked a new stage in Turkey's interest in developing relations with Africa.[231] Turkey, since its involvement in Somalia in 2011, is eager to be considered as a political actor in the continent.[232][233]

Northern Africa

More information Country/Region, Relations began ...
Country/Region Relations began Notes Free trade agreement
Algeria30 June 1963[234]See Algeria–Turkey relations X
Egypt8 May 1925[238]See Egypt–Turkey relations ✓[243]
Libya30 December 1952[244]See Libya–Turkey relations
  • Libya has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Tripoli.[245] and a consulate general in Misurata.[246]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.87 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.50/0.37 billion USD).[247]
  • 188,312 Libyan tourists visited Turkey in 2018.[247]
 X
Mauritania14 April 1970[137]See Mauritania–Turkey relations X
Morocco17 April 1956[249]See Morocco–Turkey relations
  • Morocco has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Rabat.[250]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 2.71 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.99/0.72 billion USD).[251]
  • 114,155 Moroccan tourists visited Turkey in 2017.[251]
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Rabat.
 ✓[243]
Sudan20 July 1957[98]See Sudan–Turkey relations X
Tunisia1956[252]See Tunisia–Turkey relations ✓[243]
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Sub–Saharan Africa

Since 2008, economic and diplomatic relations with Africa have flourished due to a strong sentiment of fellowship among Turkish people towards Africans. Foreign trade between sub-Saharan Africa and Turkey increased from US$581 million[255] in 1998 to US$5.08[256] billion in 2015.

Dating back to 1800, Turkey's relations with sub-Saharan Africa flourished from the 1860s—when the Ottoman Empire started sending trained imams to the region—until 1885, when other European colonial powers blocked Ottoman influence.[257] Relations were restored in the 1950s,[258] and gained momentum when Emperor Haile Selassie visited Turkey in March 1967 and December 1969.[259]

Since 2008, Turkey has contributed to the region through participation in peacekeeping missions, including the UN Mission in Ivory Coast (UNOC), the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Central African Republic, Chad.[260]

Turkey has also dramatically increased financial aid to the region,[255] providing a total of US$6.38 billion to the region just between 2006 and 2011[261] including the 2011 donation of US$200 million to fight the famine in East Africa.[260]

More information Country/Region, Relations began ...
Country/Region Relations began Notes Free trade agreement
Angola9 July 1980[262]See Angola–Turkey relations X
Benin29 March 1974[265]See Benin–Turkey relations
  • Benin closed its embassy in Ankara in 2021.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Cotonou.[266]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 142 million USD in 2019.[266]
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Cotonou since 2014.[266]
 X
Botswana20 January 1981[267]
  • Permanent Representation of Botswana in the UN Geneva Office is also accredited to Turkey.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Gaborone.[268]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 2.9 million USD in 2019.[268]
 X
Burkina Faso6 April 1970[269]See Burkina Faso–Turkey relations X
Burundi30 April 1980[271]See Burundi–Turkey relations
  • Burundi has an embassy in Ankara.[272]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Bujumbura.[272]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 3.1 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.6/0.5 million USD).[272]
 X
Cameroon9 August 1963[273]See Cameroon–Turkey relations
  • Cameroon has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Yaoundé.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 205 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 151/54 million USD).[274]
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Yaoundé.
 X
Cape Verde24 June 1979[275]See Cape Verde–Turkey relations X
Central African Republic18 February 1980[277]See Central African Republic–Turkey relations X
Chad27 January 1970[279]See Chad–Turkey relations
  • Chad has an embassy in Ankara.[280]
  • Turkey has an embassy in N'Djamena.[280]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 72.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 39.9/32.5 million USD).[280]
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to N'Djamena since 12 December 2013.[280]
 X
Comoros22 August 1979[281]See Comoros–Turkey relations X
Congo9 November 1981[179]See Republic of the Congo–Turkey relations
  • Congo has an embassy in Ankara.[283]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Brazzaville.[283]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 57.25 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 55.8/1.47 million USD).[283]
 X
Côte d'Ivoire14 July 1964[123]See Ivory Coast–Turkey relations X
Democratic Republic of Congo22 October 1975[153]See Democratic Republic of the Congo–Turkey relations X
Djibouti25 June 1979[167]See Djibouti–Turkey relations X
Eritrea19 July 1993[207]See Eritrea–Turkey relations
  • The ambassador of Eritrea in Doha to Qatar is also accredited to Turkey.[287]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Asmara.[287]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 13.9 million USD in 2019.[287]
 X
Equatorial Guinea16 September 1980[174]See Equatorial Guinea–Turkey relations X
Eswatini20 January 1981[289] X
Ethiopia30 January 1926, severed in 1936, re-established 23 December 1957[291]See Ethiopia–Turkey relations
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Ankara.[292]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Addis Ababa.[292]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 398.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 378.3/27.5 million USD).[292]
 X
Gabon1 February 1963[293]See Gabon–Turkey relations X
Gambia1965[125]See Gambia–Turkey relations X
GhanaSee Ghana–Turkey relations Pending Ratification[243]
GuineaSee Guinea–Turkey relations X
Guinea BissauSee Guinea-Bissau–Turkey relations X
Kenya30 March 1968[129]See Kenya–Turkey relations X
Lesotho1980[175]
  • The Embassy of Lesotho in Rome is also accredited to Turkey.[299]
  • The Turkish ambassador in Pretoria to South Africa is also accredited to Lesotho.[299]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.65 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.62/0.03 million USD).[299]
 X
Liberia1 August 1958[102]See Liberia–Turkey relations X
MadagascarSee Madagascar–Turkey relations
  • Embassy of Madagascar in Rome to Italy is also accredited to Turkey.[301]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Antananarivo.[301]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 76.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 71.3/5.2 million USD).[301]
 X
Mali17 April 1963[302]See Mali–Turkey relations
  • Mali has an embassy in Ankara.[303]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Bamako.[303]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 57 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 48.4/8.6 million USD).[303]
 X
Malawi4 August 1969[133]See Malawi–Turkey relations
  • The Embassy of Malawi in Berlin to Germany is also accredited to Turkey.[304]
  • The Turkish ambassador in Lusaka to Zambia is also accredited to Malawi.[304]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 21 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 4.67/16.4 million USD).[304]
 X
Mauritius18 October 1976[159]See Mauritius–Turkey relations ✓[243]
Mozambique20 January 1981[306]See Mozambique–Turkey relations X
Namibia27 March 1990[185]See Namibia–Turkey relations
  • Turkey has an embassy in Windhoek.[308]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 11.84 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 9.40/2.44 million USD).[308]
 X
Niger30 March 1967[127]See Niger–Turkey relations X
Nigeria16 February 1961[310]See Nigeria–Turkey relations X
Rwanda18 February 1980[312]See Rwanda–Turkey relations
  • Rwanda has an embassy in Ankara.[313]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Kigali.[313]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 32.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 32.2/0.2 million USD).[313]
 X
São Tomé and Príncipe X
Senegal17 October 1963[315]See Senegal–Turkey relations X
Seychelles22 June 1995[317]See Seychelles–Turkey relations
  • The Embassy of Seychelles in Paris is also accredited to Turkey.[318]
  • The Turkish ambassador in Nairobi to Kenya is also accredited to the Seychelles.[318]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 25.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 17.7/7.7 million USD).[318]
 X
Sierra Leone15 February 1971[138]See Sierra Leone–Turkey relations X
Somalia13 December 1965[124]See Somalia–Turkey relations X
South Africa12 October 1992[321]See South Africa–Turkey relations X
South Sudan9 July 2011[227]See South Sudan–Turkey relations X
Tanzania5 July 1963[324]See Tanzania–Turkey relations X
Togo6 December 1962[326]See Togo–Turkey relations
  • Turkey has an embassy in Lomé (planned).[327]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 106 million USD in 2019.[327]
 X
Uganda18 September 1969[134]See Turkey–Uganda relations X
Zambia25 February 1971[139]See Turkey–Zambia relations
  • Zambia has an embassy in Ankara.[329]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Lusaka.[329]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 23.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 17.8/5.9 million USD).[329]
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Lusaka since 14 December 2018.[329]
 X
Zimbabwe2 July 1982[181]See Turkey–Zimbabwe relations
  • Zimbabwe has an embassy in Ankara.[330]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Harare.[330]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 17.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 5.9/11.8 million USD).[330]
 X
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Americas

Southern Cone

More information Country/Region, Relations began ...
Country/Region Relations began Notes Free trade agreement
Argentina29 June 1926[62]See Argentina–Turkey relations
President Erdoğan with then-president Mauricio Macri in Buenos Aires.
 X
Chile30 January 1926[60]See Chile–Turkey relations
President Erdoğan and Sebastián Piñera
  • Chile has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Santiago.
  • Both countries are members of OECD and WTO.
  • Chile–Turkey Free Trade Agreement was signed on 14 July 2009 and has been in effect since 1 March 2011.[332]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 579 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 344/236 million USD.[332]
  • 18,509 Chilean tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • Chile was the first country in Latin America torecognized Turkey.
 ✓[243]
Paraguay11 September 1953[95]See Paraguay–Turkey relations
  • Paraguay has an embassy in Ankara.[333]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Asunción.[333]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 82.1 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 47.1/35 million USD).[333]
  • 1,328 Paraguayan tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
 X
Uruguay8 December 1933[69]See Turkey–Uruguay relations
  • Uruguay has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul.[334]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Montevideo.[334]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 341.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 42.8/298.6 million USD).[334]
  • 7,191 Uruguayan tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
 X
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North America

More information Country, Relations began ...
Country Relations began Notes Free trade agreement
Canada25 November 1943[70]See Canada–Turkey relations X
Mexico12 July 1928[66]See Mexico–Turkey relations
President Erdoğan visiting Mexico with former Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto
 X
United States13 September 1831, relations broke off 20 April 1917, re-established 17 February 1927[340]See Turkey–United States relations
Presidents Erdoğan and Trump with the First Ladies.
 X
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Caribbean

More information Country/Region, Relations began ...
Country/Region Relations began Notes Free trade agreement
Antigua and BarbudaJune 1999[211] X
Bahamas5 November 1974[151]See Bahamas–Turkey relations X
Barbados20 September 1972[143] X
Cuba25 November 1952[93]See Cuba–Turkey relations
  • Turkey has an embassy in Havana.[344]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 54.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 42.9/11.8 million USD).[344]
  • The Ottoman Empire Embassy to Cuba opened in 1873.[345]
 X
Dominica13 April 2006[217] X
Dominican Republic28 November 1951[347]See Dominican Republic–Turkey relations
  • Turkey has an embassy in Santo Domingo.[348]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 132.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 118.6/14.1 million USD).[348]
 X
Grenada8 May 1975[152] X
Haiti1950[350]See Haiti–Turkey relations X
Jamaica30 March 1971[140]See Jamaica–Turkey relations
  • The Turkish ambassador in Havana to Cuba is also accredited to Jamaica.[351]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 90.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 90/0.5 million USD).[351]
 X
St. Kitts and Nevis X
St. Lucia25 May 2005[215] X
St. Vincent and Grenadines4 April 2002[354]See Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–Turkey relations X
Trinidad and Tobago22 May 1972[142]See Trinidad and Tobago–Turkey relations
  • Turkey has an embassy in Port of Spain.[356]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 120.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 68.4/52.4 million USD).[356]
 X
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Central America

More information Country/Region, Relations began ...
Country/Region Relations began Notes Free trade agreement
BelizeNovember 1987[357]See Belize–Turkey relations X
Costa Rica21 September 1950[82]See Costa Rica–Turkey relations
  • Costa Rica has an embassy in Ankara.[359]
  • Turkey has an embassy in San Jose.[359]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 100 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 58.9/41.8 million USD).[359]
 X
El Salvador21 September 1950[85]
  • El Salvador has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in San Salvador.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 17.1 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 14.8/2.3 million USD).[360]
 X
Guatemala1952[361]See Guatemala–Turkey relations X
Honduras4 April 1950[363]
  • The Turkish ambassador in Guatemala City to Guatemala is also accredited to Honduras.[364]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 19.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 15/4.8 million USD).[364]
 X
Nicaragua21 September 1950[85]See Nicaragua–Turkey relations
  • Turkey has an embassy in Managua.[365]
  • Nicaraguan Embassy in Berlin to Germany is also accredited to Turkey.[365]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 11.6 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 11.1/0.5 million USD).[365]
 X
Panama14 April 1950[366]See Panama–Turkey relations
  • Panama has an embassy in Ankara.[367]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Panama.[367]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 260.9 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 248.8/12.1 million USD).[367]
 X
Close

Latin America, rest of

More information Country/Region, Relations began ...
Country/Region Relations began Notes Free trade agreement
Bolivia26 July 1950[368]See Bolivia–Turkey relations
  • Turkey has an embassy in La Paz.[369]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 130 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 22/108 million USD).[369]
  • 2,491 Bolivian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
 X
Brazil8 September 1927[370]See Brazil–Turkey relations
Prime Minister Erdoğan meets with President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.
  • Brazil has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.[371]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate general in São Paulo.[371]
  • Both countries are members of G20 and WTO.
  • There are daily direct flights from Istanbul to São Paulo.[371]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 3.1 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.48/2.6 billion USD).[371]
  • 101,164 Brazilian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
 X
Colombia10 April 1959[107]See Colombia–Turkey relations
  • Colombia has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Bogotá.
  • Both countries are members of OECD and WTO.
  • Flights from Istanbul to Bogotá commenced in May 2016.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.7 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.25/1.46 billion USD).[372]
  • 70,974 Colombian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.[373]
 X
Ecuador11 December 1959[374][375]See Ecuador–Turkey relations
  • Ecuador has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Quito and a consulate general in Guayaquil.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 117 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 59/58 million USD).[376]
  • 8,416 Ecuadorian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
 X
Guyana2 May 1973[147] X
Peru1952[378]See Peru–Turkey relations
  • Peru has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.[379]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Lima.[379]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 250 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 177.4/72.6 million USD).[379]
  • 11,430 Peruvian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
 X
Suriname29 June 1976[380]See Suriname–Turkey relations X
Venezuela29 December 1950[citation needed]See Turkey–Venezuela relations
  • Turkey has an embassy in Caracas and an honorary consulate in Maracaibo.[382]
  • Venezuela has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 150 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 130/20 million USD).[383][382]
 X
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Asia and Oceania

Turkic states

More information Country/Region, Relations began ...
Country/Region Relations began Notes Free trade agreement
Azerbaijan14 January 1992[384]See Azerbaijan–Turkey relations X
Kazakhstan2 March 1992[386]See Kazakhstan–Turkey relations X
Kyrgyzstan29 January 1992[388]See Kyrgyzstan–Turkey relations X
Turkmenistan29 February 1992[391]See Turkey–Turkmenistan relations X
Uzbekistan4 March 1992[393]See Turkey–Uzbekistan relations X
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Asia-Pacific

More information Country/Region, Relations began ...
Country/Region Relations began Notes Free trade agreement
Afghanistan1 March 1921[395]See Afghanistan–Turkey relations X
Australia1967[397]See Australia–Turkey relations X
BangladeshSee Bangladesh–Turkey relations
  • Bangladesh has an embassy in Ankara.[399]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Dhaka.[399]
  • Both countries are members of OIC.[399]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 934 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 427/509 million USD).[400]
 X
Bhutan26 September 2012[401]
  • Bhutan and Turkey cooperate through their respective embassies in New Delhi.[402]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.58 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.1/1.48 million USD).[403]
 X
Brunei Darussalam27 June 1984[404]See Brunei–Turkey relations X
Cambodia1959[407]See Cambodia–Turkey relations
  • Cambodia has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Phnom Penh.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 108.4 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 13.7/94.7 million USD).[408]
 X
China1971[409]See China–Turkey relations X
Cook Islands28 October 2008[414] X
East Timor20 May 2002[415]See East Timor–Turkey relations X
Fiji17 December 1975[416] X
India15 August 1947[76]See India–Turkey relations
Prime Minister Erdoğan meets with Narendra Modi in India.
  • India has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in New Delhi and Consulate General in Hyderabad and Mumbai.[76]
  • Both countries are members of G20 and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 7.80 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.17/6.64 billion USD).[417]
  • 230,131 Indian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
 X
Indonesia1950[418]See Indonesia–Turkey relations
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Ankara.[419]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Jakarta.[419]
  • Both countries are members of D-8, G20, MIKTA, OIC and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.85 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.21/1.64 billion USD).[420]
  • 127,149 Indonesian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • 2,400 Indonesian citizens reside in Turkey.[419]
 X
Japan1890[421]See Japan–Turkey relations X
Kiribati2008[425] X
Laos1958[426]See Laos–Turkey relations
  • The Embassy of Laos in Vienna is also accredited to Turkey.[426]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Vientiane.[426]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 2.92 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.44/1.48 billion USD).[427]
 X
Maldives1979[428]See Maldives–Turkey relations
  • The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Maldives to the United Nations Office in Geneva is also accredited to Turkey.[428]
  • The Turkish ambassador in New Delhi to India is also accredited to the Maldives.[428]
  • Both countries are members of OIC.[428]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 46.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 28.2/18.3 million USD).[429]
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Malé since 24 November 2012.
 X
Malaysia1964[430]See Malaysia–Turkey relations ✓
Marshall Islands9 April 2008[432]See Marshall Islands–Turkey relations X
Micronesia6 August 2007[433] X
Mongolia24 June 1969[435]See Mongolia–Turkey relations X
Myanmar1958[437]See Myanmar–Turkey relations
  • The Burmese Embassy in Cairo, Egypt is also accredited to Turkey.[437]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Yangon.[437]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 38.7 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 30.7/8 million USD).[438]
 X
Nauru X
New Zealand12 December 1978[440]See New Zealand–Turkey relations
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Ankara.[441]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Wellington.[441]
  • Both countries are members of OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 152.8 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 90.1/62.7 million USD).[442]
  • 20,912 New Zealanders visited Turkey in 2019.
  • 1,700 Turkish citizens reside in New Zealand.[441]
 X
Niue7 June 2014[443]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.
 X
North Korea15 January 2001[444]See North Korea–Turkey relations X
Pakistan1947[445]See Pakistan–Turkey relations X
Palau10 May 2007[450]
  • Turkish ambassador in Tokyo to Japan is also accredited to Palau.[450]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 3.7 million USD in 2014.[450]
 X
Papua New Guinea30 May 1979[451] X
Philippines13 June 1949[452]See Philippines–Turkey relations
  • Philippines has an embassy in Ankara.[452]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Manila.[452]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 219.7 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 104/115.7 million USD).[453]
  • 139,126 Filipino tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • 2,200 Philippine nationals are residing in Turkey.[452]
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Manila since March 2015.[452]
 X
Samoa12 April 1979[454]See Samoa–Turkey relations X
Singapore12 February 1969[455]See Singapore–Turkey relations ✓
Solomon Islands8 March 1979[457]See Solomon Islands–Turkey relations X
South Korea11 August 1949[458]See South Korea–Turkey relations
  • South Korea has an embassy in Ankara.[458]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Seoul.[458]
  • Both countries are members of G20, MIKTA, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 6.53 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.88/5.64 billion USD).[459]
  • 212,970 South Korean tourists visited Turkey in 2019.[459]
  • Free Trade Agreement between the two countries entered into force on 1 May 2013 and was updated on 1 August 2018 to include an Investment Agreement.[459]
  • Turkey ranks third in number of martyrs among the 16 countries that participated in the Korean War. United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Busan honors 462 of the 966 Turkish soldiers who died during the war.
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Seoul.
 ✓
Sri Lanka4 February 1948[460]See Sri Lanka–Turkey relations
  • Sri Lanka has an embassy in Ankara.[460]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Colombo.[460]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 185.7 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 84.3/101.4 million USD).[461]
 X
TaiwanStarted in 1934, Ended in 1971See Taiwan–Turkey relations
  • Diplomatic recognition was withdrawn in 1971 by the establishment of diplomatic relations between Turkey and China.
 X
Tajikistan29 January 1992[462]See Tajikistan–Turkey relations X
Thailand1958[464]See Thailand–Turkey relations
  • Thailand has an embassy in Ankara.[464]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Bangkok.[464]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.34 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.26/1.09 billion USD).[465]
  • 62,192 Thai tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • Negotiations on a bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA) began in 2017.[464]
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Bangkok and Phuket.[464]
 X
Tonga26 January 1976[466]See Tonga–Turkey relations X
Tuvalu19 July 1979[467] X
Vanuatu10 April 1987[468] X
Vietnam1978[469]See Turkey–Vietnam relations X
Close

Western Asia

More information Country/Region, Relations began ...
Country/Region Relations began Notes Free trade agreement
ArmeniaSee Armenia–Turkey relations X
Bahrain12 April 1973[471]See Bahrain–Turkey relations X
Cyprus ✓
Northern Cyprus1983[182]See Northern Cyprus–Turkey relations Free Trade
Georgia21 May 1992[474]See Georgia–Turkey relations ✓[243]
Iran1835[477]See Iran–Turkey relations X
Iraq16 January 1928See Iraq–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 January 1928 when has been accredited the first Iraqi ambassador to Turkey Salih Nishat. The first Turkish ambassador, Lütfi Tokay, also presented his letters of credence in Baghdad on 21 December 1929.[480]

  • Iraq has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Gaziantep and Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Baghdad and a consulate general in Erbil.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 9.77 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 8.35/1.42 billion USD).[481]
  • 1,374,896 Iraqi tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
 X
Kurdistan Region 2001 See Kurdistan Region–Turkey relations
IsraelSee Israel–Turkey relations
See also: History of the Jews in Turkey
 ✓[243]
Jordan11 January 1947[484]See Jordan–Turkey relations X
Kuwait10 January 1964[487]See Kuwait–Turkey relations
  • Kuwait has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Kuwait City.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 678 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 534/144 million USD).[488]
  • 374,191 Kuwaiti tourists visited Turkey in 2018.
 X
Lebanon8 March 1946See Lebanon–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1946.[489]

 Pending Ratification[243]
Oman18 June 1973[491]See Oman–Turkey relations
  • Oman has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Muscat.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 489 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 422/67 million USD).[492]
 X
Palestine15 November 1988[493]See Palestine–Turkey relations ✓[243]
Qatar20 March 1973[144]See Qatar–Turkey relations X
Saudi Arabia3 August 1929[68]See Saudi Arabia–Turkey relations
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.[497]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate general in Jeddah.[498][499]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 4.96 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.64/2.32 billion USD).[500]
  • 564,816 Saudi tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
 X
Syria8 March 1946 See Syria–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1946.[489]

 ✓[243]
United Arab Emirates1971[501]See Turkey–United Arab Emirates relations
  • United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate general in Dubai.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 6.92 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.14/3.78 million USD).[502]
 X
Yemen4 March 1946[71]See Turkey–Yemen relations X
Close

Europe

More information Country/Region, Relations began ...
Country/Region Relations began Notes Free trade agreement
Albania15 December 1923[504]See Albania–Turkey relations ✓[243]
Andorra8 October 1998[506]
  • The Turkish ambassador in Madrid to Spain is also accredited to Andorra.[506]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 478 thousand USD in 2010 (Turkish exports/imports: 476/1.4 thousand USD).[506]
 ✓[243]
Austria1526[507]See Austria–Turkey relations ✓[243]
Belarus25 March 1992[513]See Belarus–Turkey relations
  • Belarus has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.[514]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Minsk.[514]
  • Both countries are members of OSCE.[515]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 691 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 531/160 million USD).[513]
  • 258,419 Belarusian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
 X
Belgium1838[516]See Belgium–Turkey relations ✓[243]
Bulgaria1908[519]See Bulgaria–Turkey relations ✓[243]
Bosnia and Herzegovina29 August 1992[524]See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Turkey relations ✓[243]
Croatia6 August 1992[526]See Croatia–Turkey relations ✓[243]
Czech Republic1924[528]See Czech Republic–Turkey relations
  • Czech Republic has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Prague.[529]
  • Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 3.65 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1/2.65 billion USD).[528]
  • 4,500 Turkish citizens reside in the Czech Republic.[528]
  • 311,359 Czech tourists visited Turkey in 2019.[528]
 ✓[243]
Denmark1756[530]See Denmark–Turkey relations
  • Denmark has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Copenhagen.[531]
  • Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.88 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.1/0.81 billion USD).[532]
  • 70 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Denmark.[532] See Turks in Denmark
  • 335,877 Danish tourists visited Turkey in 2018.[532]
 ✓[243]
Estonia1924[533]See Estonia–Turkey relations
  • Estonia has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Tallinn.[534]
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 312 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 92/220 million USD).[533]
  • 77,041 Estonian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.[533]
  • 575 Turkish citizens live in Estonia.[533]
 ✓[243]
Finland1924[535]See Finland–Turkey relations
  • Finland has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Helsinki.[536]
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • Turkey did not support Finland's accession to NATO until March 2023, but accepted its participation.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.32 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.34/0.98 billion USD).[535]
  • 13 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Finland.[535] See Turks in Finland
  • 135,192 Finnish tourists visited Turkey in 2018.[535]
 ✓[243]
France1483[537]See France–Turkey relations ✓[243]
Germany1790[545]See Germany–Turkey relations ✓[243]
Greece24 August 1833[560]See Greece-Turkey relations
Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou and Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Ankara, November 2009
  • Greece has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Edirne, Istanbul and İzmir.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Athens[561] and Consulates General in Komotini,[562] Piraeus,[563] Rhodes[564] and Thessaloniki.[565]
  • Both countries are members of BSEC, OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 4.18 billion USD in 2018.[566]
  • 150 thousand muslims that Turkey claims are "ethnic Turks" reside in Western Thrace, Greece.[567]
  • 836,882 Greek tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • Turkey and Greece have clashed for decades over the status of Aegean islands and over the extent of territorial waters and airspace. In February 1999, the discovery that Greek authorities had been aiding and abetting Abdullah Öcalan, Turkey's most wanted criminal, caused a diplomatic crisis. When Abdullah Öcalan was captured by Turkish authorities, he was found holding Greek and Cypriot passports, and he later revealed that he had been hiding in the Greek Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya. Relations have since improved, particularly following the earthquakes that struck both countries in 1999.
 ✓[243]
Holy See1960[568]See Holy See–Turkey relations X
Hungary1521[569]See Hungary–Turkey relations ✓[243]
Iceland17 June 1944[572]See Iceland–Turkey relations
  • Bilateral relations between Turkey and Iceland are being coordinated by the Embassy of the Republic of Turkey in Oslo and the Embassy of Iceland in Copenhagen.[573]
  • Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO.[573]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 51 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 24/27 million USD).[573]
  • 100 Turkish citizens reside in Iceland.[573]
 ✓[243]
Ireland2 October 1951[574]See Ireland–Turkey relations ✓[243]
Italy25 September 1856[578]See Italy–Turkey relations ✓[243]
Kosovo18 February 2008[582]See Kosovo–Turkey relations ✓[243]
Latvia1925[584]See Latvia–Turkey relations
  • Latvia has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Riga.[585]
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • 200 Turkish citizens reside in Latvia.[584]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 291 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 126/165 million USD).[584]
  • 86,051 Latvian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
 ✓[243]
Liechtenstein2 October 1992[204]
  • Bilateral relations between Turkey and Liechtenstein are being coordinated by the Embassies of the Republic of Turkey and Liechtenstein in Bern.[586]
  • Both countries are members of WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 7 million USD in 2017.[587]
 ✓[243]
Lithuania1930[588]See Lithuania–Turkey relations
  • Lithuania has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Vilnius.[589]
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 687 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 277/410 million USD).[588]
  • 229,704 Lithuanian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.
  • 350 Turkish citizens reside in Lithuania.[588]
 ✓[243]
Luxembourg10 July 1946[590]See Luxembourg–Turkey relations
  • Luxembourg has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Luxembourg.[591]
  • Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 160 million USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 36/124 million USD).[592]
  • 900 Turkish citizens reside in Luxembourg.[592]
 ✓[243]
Malta10 October 1967[593]See Malta–Turkey relations
  • Malta has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Valletta.[594]
  • Both countries are members of WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 593 million USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 541/52 million USD).[595]
 ✓[243]
Moldova3 February 1992[596]See Moldova–Turkey relations ✓[243]
Monaco1954[600]See Monaco–Turkey relations
  • Bilateral relations between Turkey and Monaco are being coordinated by the Consulates General of Turkey and Monaco in Marseille.[600]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 15.1 million USD in 2017.[600]
 ✓[243]
Montenegro3 July 2006[601]See Montenegro–Turkey relations ✓[243]
Netherlands1612[603]See Netherlands–Turkey relations ✓[243]
North Macedonia26 August 1992.[609]See North Macedonia–Turkey relations
  • North Macedonia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Skopje and a consulate general in Bitola.
  • Both countries are members of NATO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 503 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 396/107 million USD).[610]
  • 209,519 Macedonian tourists visited Turkey in 2018.[610]
  • Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Skopje.
 ✓[243]
Norway1926[611]See Norway-Turkey relations
  • Norway has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.28 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 513/765 million USD).[611]
  • 20 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Norway .[611]
  • 208,330 Norwegian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.[611]
 ✓[243]
Poland1414[612]See Poland–Turkey relations
  • Poland has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Warsaw.[613]
  • Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 6.45 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.34/3.34 billion USD).[614]
  • 880,839 Polish tourists visited Turkey in 2018.[614]
 ✓[243]

See also Polonezköy

Portugal1843[615]See Portugal–Turkey relations ✓[243]
Romania22 October 1879[618]See Romania–Turkey relations ✓[243]
Russia1699[622]See Russia–Turkey relations
President Erdoğan meets with Russian President Vladimir Putin in July 2024
 X
Serbia1879[628]See Serbia–Turkey relations ✓[243]
Slovakia1993[631]See Slovakia–Turkey relations
  • Slovakia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Bratislava.[632]
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 1.29 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 532/767 million USD).[631]
  • 207,108 Slovak tourists visited Turkey in 2019.[631]
 ✓[243]
Slovenia6 February 1992[633]See Slovenia–Turkey relations ✓[243]
Spain1782[635]See Spain–Turkey relations ✓[243]
Sweden1603[639]See Sweden–Turkey relations
  • Sweden has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Stockholm.[640]
  • Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO.
  • Turkey did not support Sweden's accession to NATO until January 2024, but accepted its participation.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 3.2 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.5/1.7 billion USD).[639]
  • 115 thousand people of Turkish origin reside in Sweden.[639] See also Turks in Sweden
  • 444,285 Swedish tourists visited Turkey in 2019.[639]
 ✓[243]
 Switzerland1899[641]See Switzerland–Turkey relations ✓[243]
Ukraine3 February 1992[646]See Turkey–Ukraine relations Pending Ratification[649]
United Kingdom2 September 1924[47]See Turkey–United Kingdom relations
Prime Minister Keir Starmer with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Ankara, October 2025.

Both countries share common membership of the Coalition of the Willing, the Council of Europe, the G20, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the United Nations, the World Health Organization, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement,[651] an Investment Agreement,[652] and a Trade Agreement.[653] Both countries are negotiating a new Free Trade Agreement.

 ✓[243]
Close

International organizations

Main article: Turkey and International Organizations

Turkey is a founding member of the UN (1945),[655] the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (1961),[656] the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (1969),[657] the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) (1973),[658] and the G20 industrial nations (1999). Turkey is a member state of the Council of Europe (1949) and NATO (1952) as well as being in full accession negotiations with the European Union since 2005, having been an associate member since 1963. Turkey was also an associate member of the Western European Union from 1992 to 2011, and signed the E.U. Customs Union agreement in 1995.[659]

Turkey entered NATO in 1952 and serves as a strategic eastern anchor. Its strategic importance lies in its control of the Turkish Straits, which lead from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and its borders with Syria, Iraq, and Iran. A NATO headquarters is located in İzmir and the United States has maintained a military presence via the Incirlik Air Base in the province of Adana.[660]

Turkey is also a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 1995. It has signed free trade agreements with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), Israel, and many other countries. In 1992, Turkey and 10 other regional nations formed the BSEC to expand regional trade and economic cooperation. In 2017, ASEAN-Turkey Sectoral Dialogue Partnership[661] was recognized by the 50th ASEAN Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Manila, Philippines.[662]

See also

References

Further reading

External links

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