Glenoe dialect

RegionGlenoe district in East Antrim

Germanic
- West Germanic
  - North Sea Germanic
    - Anglo-Frisian
      - Anglic
        Scots
        Ulster Scots
        Glenoe dialect

Glenoe dialect
Native to	Northern Ireland
Region	Glenoe district in East Antrim
Language family	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic North Sea Germanic Anglo-Frisian Anglic Scots Ulster Scots Glenoe dialect
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None
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The Glenoe dialect is an Ulster Scots dialect spoken in the Glenoe district in East Antrim, Northern Ireland.^[1]

Consonants

Consonant phonemes^[2]
			Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal			m		n	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive / affricate		voiceless	p		t	tʃ	k
Plosive / affricate		voiced	b		d	dʒ	ɡ
Fricative		voiceless	f	θ	s	ʃ	x	h
Fricative		voiced	v	ð	z	ʒ
Approximant	median	voiced			r	j	w
	median	voiceless					ʍ
	lateral				l	ʎ

/n, t, d/ are realized as interdental [n̪, t̪, d̪] before /r/ and /ər/, as in try [t̪ɾɑe] 'try', cooter [ˈkʉt̪əɹ] 'coulter' and bederel [ˈbɛd̪əɾəl] 'bed-ridden invalid'. Before [t̪, d̪], /l/ also becomes interdental [l̪], as in helter [ˈhɛl̪t̪əɹ] 'halter'.^[2] As these allophones are fully predictable, the diacritic is omitted elsewhere in the article.
/p, t, k/ in word-medial and word-final positions, may be pronounced with a simultaneous glottal stop [ʔ] among speakers.^[2]
/tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ/ are phonetically alveolo-palatal sibilants articulated with spread lips [tɕ, dʑ, ɕ, ʑ].^[2]
/x/ has two allophones:
- Normally, it is a voiceless post-velar fricative with a simultaneous voiceless uvular trill [x̠͡ʀ̥] (hereafter written with a plain ⟨x⟩), much like Northern Dutch ⟨g⟩ in the word geel [x̠͡ʀ̥eɪl]^ⓘ 'yellow'.^[2]^[3]
- After front vowels (such as /i/), it is realized as a voiceless post-palatal fricative [ç˗] (hereafter represented without the diacritic), similar to the German Ich-Laut, but slightly more back. This consonant also occurs as an allophone of the initial sequence /hj/, so that huge /hjʉdʒ/ 'huge' may be pronounced [çʉdʒ].^[2]
/r/ is normally an approximant [ɹ]. After /t, d, θ/, it is realized as a tap [ɾ]. This is also the case in the sequence /CərV/ (where /C/ stands for any of /n, t, d, θ, ð, l/), as in footery [ˈfʉtəɾe] 'clumsy'. In initial clusters after consonants other than /t, d, θ/, Gregg describes a realization intermediate between an approximant [ɹ] and a tap [ɾ], i.e. a brief non-sibilant fricative [ɾ̞] (as in brush [bɾ̞ʌʃ] 'brush').^[2] Elsewhere in the article, this allophone is written with a plain ⟨ɾ⟩.
/l/ is clear [l]. The velarized [ɫ] found in many English dialects does not exist in Glenoe.^[2]

Vowels

Monophthong phonemes^[2]
	Front	Central		Back
	Front	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
Close	i	ɨ	ʉ		o
Close-mid	e	ə
Open-mid	ɛ			ʌ	ɔ
Open		ɐ		ɑ
Diphthongs	əi əʉ ɔe ɑe

Vowel length is governed by the Scottish vowel length rule and is therefore non-phonemic. /ɨ, ɐ, ʌ/ and the unstressed-only /ə/ are always short, whereas /e, ɛ, a, ɔ, o/ are normally long but can be shortened due to the SVLR. Conversely, both /i/ and /ʉ/ are normally short, but can be lengthened due to the SVLR.^[2]
/i, e, ɛ/ are slightly lower than the corresponding cardinal vowels, but the difference is not very big.^[2]
/ɨ/, a phonologically central vowel, is further front and more open than cardinal [ɨ]: [ɨ̟˕]. Before /r/, it is lengthened and slightly lowered to [ɘ̟ː] (transcribed with ⟨ɨː⟩ in this article).^[2]
/ʉ/, a phonologically central vowel, is further front than cardinal [ʉ] but not quite as front as the German /ʏ/ and /yː/. The long allophone is almost fully close [ʉ̟ː], but the short allophone is somewhat lower: [ʉ̟˕]. Before /r/, a long open [ʉ̟˕ː] is found to the exclusion of [ʉ̟ː].^[2] For simplicity, both long allophones are written with ⟨ʉː⟩ in this article, whereas the short allophone is written with ⟨ʉ⟩.
/o/ is more strongly rounded and closer than the cardinal [o]: [o̹˔]. It is similar in quality to Swedish and Norwegian /uː/.^[2]
In certain fused verb forms, /e/ is realized as [ɪ]. An example of that is hae tae [ˈhɪtə] 'have to' (cf. hae [heː] 'have'). It also occurs as an allophone of /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables (in e.g. Pawlish [ˈpɔːlɪʃ] 'Polish'). Its phonetic quality is similar to that of /ɨ/ but more front. It is close to the KIT vowel (/ɪ/) in RP.^[2]
/ə/ is close-mid [ɘ].^[2]
/ʌ, ɔ/ are near-back [ʌ̟, ɔ̟].^[2]
/ɐ/ is near-open near-front [ɐ̟]. It corresponds to English /ɪ/, which in most English dialects is much closer [ɪ]. However, a similar sound of an [ɐ̟] quality is used by some speakers of Ulster English.^[2]
/ɑ/ is near-back: [ɑ̟], much like RP /ɑː/.^[2]

Consonants

Vowels

References

Bibliography

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