La Trinidad, Benguet

Spanish period

The valley encompassing La Trinidad was originally called "Benguet", a thriving community of Ibaloi migrants from Tinek.^[1] Natives traded local products, which included gold, with nearby lowland towns that already had Dominican and Augustinian missions established. In around 1616, Procurator-General of Manila, Hernándo de los Ríos Coronel, became interested in the mountains' gold and proposed to expedite its search to King Philip IV of Spain. He wrote in December 1618 to both Alonso Fajardo, the Governor of Manila, and Miguel García Serrano, the Archbishop of Manila, that it was the solution to both the abandoned missions as well as the depleted colonial treasury. Fajardo requested feedback from the religious orders on this matter; whether waging a war against the Igorots was just. Only the Jesuits objected to the war, preferring only that their "mines be occupied in the name of His Majesty".^[9]

In 1620, Fajardo sent the first expedition under Captain García Aldana y Cabrera, Governor of Pangasinan. Aldana and his men took the route from Aringay, crossing the Naguilian River to Duplas (now in La Union), then followed the Bornotan (Santo Rosario) River eventually reaching Takdian. Upon arriving at the mining community of Bua, the men found only a recently burned village, suggesting the natives fled with nothing for them to plunder. Aldana examined the Antamok mines and was able to gather some gold.^[9]

A second expedition was sent in 1623 under the command of Sergeant Major Antonio Carreño de Valdés. Carreño was able to repel some Igorot assaults, building two forts; 'Fort Santiago' overlooking the present Santo Nino mines, and 'Fort del Rosario' in the Antamok-Itogon area. The Igorots submitted to Spanish authorities, only to strike back when the rainy season made it difficult to send manpower and new supplies, prompting the Spaniards to retreat.^[9]

Finally, in 1624, Fajardo sent Captain Alonso Martín Quirante, a master of strategy, logistics and tactics. In February of that year, Quirante took off with a huge expedition of 1,903 soldiers, carpenters, miners, smiths, slaves, clerks and some requisite clergy. He divided his large force into three; the first to clear the road, the second to follow, and the third with rations and arms. This ensured they would reach the mining area after clearing out an Igorot fort along the way. Quirante was able to reach the mining areas, and discovered about two hundred abandoned houses, implying the locals fled beforehand. He rebuilt Fort Santiago, and examined five mines, four of which showed signs of having been abandoned by the Igorots: Arisey Bugayona, Baranaban, Antamog, and Conog. The fifth mine called Galan was still operational. Quirante ordered baskets of ore gathered from each mine, labeled and ready for assaying. The results showed no evidence of deposits rich enough to yield attractive profit, prompting Quirante to return to Manila with 400 baskets of ore to be sent to Mexico for further assaying.^[9]

Meanwhile, the Real Audiencia had become concerned at the expense of the project which had already cost 33,982 pesos. Don Gerónimo Silva took over the government, convening the council to decide on the issue. The Real Audiencia decided to abandon the project because of mounting expenses, loss of life and the continued hostility of the Igorots and their land.^[9]

In 1829, another expedition was sent to Benguet under Guillermo Galvey.^[1]

Although the District of Benguet was established in La Trinidad by 1846, it was only on April 21, 1874, under Commandant Manuel Scheidnagel, the Valle de Benguet was renamed Valle de La Trinidad (La Trinidad Valley). Despite popular acceptance that it was named as "a fitting tribute to Galvey’s wife - Doña Trinidad de Galvey" – recent research has revealed that credit should have probably gone to Scheidnagel, having been inspired by the three prominent adjacent hills evoking the Holy Trinity overlooking the Población church, where the Cabecera (seat of government) was established.^[10]

Together with 40 smaller surrounding rancherías, La Trinidad was placed under the jurisdiction of the newly established Benguet commandancia político-militar in 1846^[11][12] and was established as its administrative headquarters during the Spanish Conquest of the Philippines.^[1][13][14]

American period

During the Philippine Revolution, in July 1898, Filipino revolutionary forces under the Ibaloi chieftain Juan Cariño and Pedro Paterno liberated La Trinidad from the Spaniards and took over the government, proclaiming Benguet as province of the new Philippine Republic, and La Trinidad as its capital.^[15][1]

In 1900, the American colonizers arrived, and La Trinidad was established as one of the 19 townships under the Benguet province upon the issuance of Act No. 48.^[13][16] For a brief period, Baguio was the capital of Benguet when appointed Benguet province civil governor H.P. Whitmarsh moved the seat of government from La Trinidad to Baguio in 1901. La Trinidad was again the provincial capital in 1909 after Baguio was converted from a township into a chartered city.^[1]

Second World War

On May 3, 1945, Filipino soldiers of the 66th Infantry Regiment, Philippine Commonwealth Army, USAFIP-NL, liberated La Trinidad for Imperial Japanese occupation.^[1][17]

Modern history

La Trinidad was transformed into a full-fledged town from its former status as municipal district by virtue of Republic Act No. 531, approved June 16, 1950.^[18]

On June 23, 2016, La Trinidad was highlighted in the media when the first and largest community artwork in the Philippines, the STOBOSA Hillside Homes Artwork was unveiled, featuring hillside houses in the sitios of Stonehill, Botiwtiw and Sadjap of Barangay Balili, all painted with sunflowers and multicoloured abstract designs.^[19][20]

Climate

La Trinidad has a dry-winter subtropical highland climate (Köppen climate classification: Cwb), featuring a menacing wet season.

La Trinidad belongs under the Type I climate by the Coronas System of classification with distinct wet and dry seasons. The dry season lasts from November to April, while the wet season occurs during the rest of the year. The climate is cool, with temperatures ranging from 11.7 °C (53.1 °F) during the month of December at its coldest and 23.2 °C (73.8 °F) at its warmest during the months of March, April and May. The average daily temperature is 18.55 °C (65.39 °F), and its wind velocity is 1.43. During the rainiest month of August, the rainfall average is 850.70 millimetres (33.492 in).^{[citation needed]}

Barangays

La Trinidad is politically subdivided into 16 barangays.^[24], with 11 classified as urban and 5 as rural.^[24] Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

As of 2015, the most populous is Pico with 23,282 people, while Bineng, with 1,624 people, has the least.^[25] Wangal is the largest in terms of land area,^[26] while Cruz is the smallest.^[27] Balili was the most densely populated, and Bineng was the least. Bineng has the most number of sitios, while Betag has the least with only 4.

Languages

The residents of La Trinidad speak Ibaloi and Kankanaey. Ilocano is also used as a lingua franca in the municipality.

Local government

La Trinidad, belonging to the lone congressional district of the province of Benguet, is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and the councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years.

Elected officials

Public schools

As of 2014, La Trinidad has 23 public elementary schools and 7 public secondary schools.^[77][78][79]

The main campus of Benguet State University, the first university in the province, is located in the municipality.

Private schools

There are 11 private schools according to the Department of Education - Schools Division of Benguet.^[80]

Local

• Danao, Bohol^[82]
• Quezon City^[83]

International