| Ethnicity |
Language(s) |
Primary homeland |
Subgroups, tribes & castes |
Religion(s) |
| Abenaki |
Algic → Algonquian → Western Abenaki Historically Algic → Algonquian → Eastern Abenaki |
Canada (Quebec), United States (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont) |
Western Abenaki (including Cowasuck, Missiquoi, Wabanaki Nation (Odanak, Wôlinak)), Eastern Abenaki (including Penobscot, Wolastoqiyik) |
Abenaki religion |
| Achi' |
Mayan → Quichean → Achi |
Guatemala (Baja Verapaz) |
Rabinal, Cubulco |
Christianity, Mayan religion |
| African-Americans |
Indo-European → Germanic → English → American English, Samaná English Indo-European → French-based creoles → Louisiana Creole Indo-European → English-based creoles → Gullah, Afro-Seminole Creole Francosign → ASLic → American Sign → Black American Sign |
United States, Mexico (Coahuila), Dominican Republic (Samaná Province) |
Black Southerners, Creoles of color, Black Native Americans (including Freedmen (including Black Seminoles (including Mascogos), Cherokee Freedmen, Choctaw Freedmen, Creek Freedmen)), Gullah (including Freshwater Gullah and Saltwater Gullah), Samaná Americans, Affrilachians, Afro-Romani Americans, Brandywine, along with significant populations in Canada |
Christianity → Protestantism → Black church Hoodoo, Islam |
| Afro-Anguillians |
Indo-European → Germanic → English Indo-European → English-based creoles → Antiguan and Barbudan Creole → Anguillian Creole |
Anguilla |
|
Christianity |
| Afro–Antiguans and Barbudans |
Indo-European → Germanic → English → Antiguan and Barbudan English Indo-European → English-based creoles → Antiguan and Barbudan Creole |
Antigua and Barbuda |
Antiguans, Barbudans |
Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism → Anglicanism, Methodism, Calvinism, Baptist |
| Afro-Arubans |
Indo-European → Portuguese-based creoles → Papiamento Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch, English Indo-European → Romance → Spanish |
Aruba |
|
Christianity |
| Afro-Bahamians |
Indo-European → Germanic → English → Bahamian English Indo-European → English-based creoles → Bahamian Creole |
The Bahamas |
|
Christianity |
| Afro-Barbadians |
Indo-European → Germanic → English → Bajan English Indo-European → English-based creoles → Bajan Creole |
Barbados |
|
Christianity |
| Afro-Bermudians |
Indo-European → Germanic → English → Bermudian English Indo-European → English-based creoles → Jamaican Patois → Bermudian Creole |
Bermuda |
|
Christianity |
| Afro–Costa Ricans |
Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Costa Rican Spanish Indo-European → English-based creoles → Limonese Creole |
Costa Rica (Puerto Limon, San Jose, Alajuela, Heredia) |
|
Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism |
| Afro-Cubans |
Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese, Spanish → Cuban Spanish Indo-European → Germanic → English Cuban Sign Language Atlantic–Congo → Yoruboid → Lucumí Atlantic–Congo and Indo-European → Kongo and Bozal Spanish → Habla Congo Historically Indo-European → Spanish-based creoles → Bozal Spanish |
Cuba |
Ganga-Longoba, Afro-Cuban Roma, Arará |
Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism Islam Afro-American religions: Abakuá, Arará, Cuban Vodú, Palo, Santería |
| Afro-Curaçaoans |
Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch, English Indo-European → Portuguese-based creoles → Papiamento Indo-European → Romance → Spanish |
Curaçao |
|
Christianity |
| Afro-Dominicans (Dominica) |
Indo-European → Germanic → English Indo-European → French-based creoles → Dominican Creole French |
Dominica |
|
Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism |
| Afro-Dominicans (Dominican Republic) |
Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Dominican Spanish Indo-European → Germanic → English → Samaná English |
Dominican Republic |
Samaná Americans |
Christianity → Protestantism, Catholicism Dominican Vudú |
| Afro-Grenadians |
Indo-European → English-based creoles → Grenadian Creole English Indo-European → French-based creoles → Grenadian Creole French |
Grenada |
|
Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism Afro-American religions, Traditional African religions, Islam |
| Afro-Guatemalans |
Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Guatemalan Spanish Indo-European → Germanic → English Arawakan → Ta-Arawakan → Garifuna |
Guatemala (Livingston, Puerto Barrios, and Santo Tomas) |
|
Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism |
| Afro-Haitians |
Indo-European → Romance → French → Haitian French Indo-European → French-based creoles → Haitian Creole |
Haiti |
|
Christianity → Catholicism Islam, Haitian Voudou |
| Afro-Jamaicans |
Indo-European → Germanic → English → Jamaican English Indo-European → English-based creoles → Jamaican Patois, Jamaican Maroon Creole |
Jamaica |
|
Christianity, Convince, Jamaican Maroon religion, Kumina, Rastafari, Myal |
| Afro–Kittitians and Nevisians |
Indo-European → Germanic → English Indo-European → English-based creoles → Antiguan and Barbudan Creole → Saint Kitts Creole |
Saint Kitts and Nevis |
|
Christianity, Rastafari |
| Afro-Mexicans |
Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Mexican Spanish |
Mexico (Guerrero, Lázaro Cárdenas, Huetamo, Oaxaca, Veracruz, Greater Mexico City, Guadalajara and Múzquiz Municipality), United States (Southwestern United States) |
Mascogos, Blaxicans |
Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism Afro-American religions |
| Afro-Nicaraguans |
Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Nicaraguan Spanish Indo-European → English-based creoles → Moskitian Creole, Rama Cay Creole |
Nicaragua |
|
Christianity → Catholicism |
| Afro-Panamanians |
Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Panamanian Spanish Indo-European → English-based creoles → Jamaican Patois → Bocas del Toro Creole Historically Indo-European → French-based creoles → San Miguel Creole |
Panama |
|
Christianity → Catholicism |
| Afro–Puerto Ricans |
Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Puerto Rican Spanish Indo-European → Germanic → Puerto Rican English Atlantic–Congo → Yoruboid → Lucumí (lithurgical language) Atlantic–Congo and Indo-European → Kongo and Bozal Spanish → Habla Congo Historically Indo-European → Spanish-based creoles → Bozal Spanish |
United States (Puerto Rico) |
|
Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism African diaspora religions, Animism |
| Afro–Saint Lucians |
Indo-European → French-based creoles → Saint Lucian Creole |
Saint Lucia |
|
Christianity, Kélé |
| Afro-Salvadorans |
Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Salvadoran Spanish |
El Salvador (Sonsonate, Ahuachapán, San Miguel, and La Unión) |
|
Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism African diaspora religions, Rastafari |
| Afro–Trinidadians and Tobagonians |
Indo-European → English-based creoles → Trinidadian Creole, Tobagonian Creole Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Caribbean Hindustani Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Trinidadian Spanish Indo-European → French-based creoles → Antillean Creole Indo-European → Germanic → English → Trinidadian and Tobagonian English |
Trinidad and Tobago |
Merikins, Cocoa panyols, Douglas |
Christianity → Catholicism and Protestantism Afro-American religions, Traditional African religions, Islam |
| Afro-Vincentians |
Indo-European → English-based creoles → Vincentian Creole |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
|
Christianity |
| Afro–Virgin Islanders |
Indo-European → English-based creoles → Virgin Islands Creole Indo-European → Zeelandic-based creole → Negerhollands |
Virgin Islands (United Kingdom, United States), SSS islands (Netherlands, France) |
|
Christianity |
| Ahtna |
Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Ahtna |
United States (Alaska) |
Taral Band, Klutina Band, Gakona Band, Mendeltna Band, Denali Band, Chistochina Band, Batzulnetas Band, Mentasta Band[3] |
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Alabamas |
Muskogean → Alabama–Koasati → Alabama[note 1] |
United States (Alabama–Quassarte Tribal Town, Alabama–Coushatta Reservation)[note 2] |
|
Christianity → Protestantism Ethnic religion |
| Alaskan Creoles |
Indo-European → Slavic → Russian → Alaskan Russian Indo-European → Germanic → English → American English |
United States (Alaska) |
|
Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy |
| Alutiiq |
Eskaleut → Yupik → Alutiiq |
United States (Alaska) |
Chugach |
Christianity |
| Amish |
Indo-European → Germanic → Pennsylvania Dutch |
United States |
Old Order Amish (including Swiss Amish, Nebraska Amish, Swartzentruber Amish, Buchanan Amish, Andy Weaver Amish, Troyer Amish, Byler Amish, Renno Amish, Holmes Old Order Amish, Elkhart-LaGrange Amish, Lancaster Amish, Tobe Amish, and Michigan Amish), New Order Amish, Amish Mennonites (including Beachy Amish (including Old Beachy Amish), Kauffman Amish Mennonites, Egli Amish, Stuckey Amish), Para-Amish groups (including Lobelville Believers in Christ, Le Roy Plain Community, Manton Plain Community, Ghent Plain Community, Christian Communities, Vernon Community, Caneyville Christian Community) |
Christianity → Anabaptism |
| Amuzgos |
Oto-Manguean → Amuzgoan → Amuzgo |
Mexico (Guerrero, Oaxaca) |
|
Christianity → Catholicism |
| Anglo-Americans |
Indo-European → Germanic → English → United States English, Canadian English, Bahamian English Indo-European → English-based creoles → Bahamian Creole Francosign → ASLic → American Sign |
Anglo-America (Canada (except Quebec and Inuit Nunangat), United States, Commonwealth Caribbean (Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago), British Overseas Territories in the North America (Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Montserrat, Turks and Caicos Islands and Bermuda) |
English Americans (including New England Americans, Middle Atlantic Americans, Midwestern Americans, Appalachians, Southern Americans, Florida Conchs, High Tiders, Western Americans, Okies, West Coast Americans, Mormons[4], Anglo-Alaskans), Anglo-Canadians (including Ontarians, Anglo-Quebecers, Nova Scotians, New Brunswickers, Manitobans, British Columbians, Prince Edward Islanders, Saskatchewanians, Albertans, Newfoundlanders, Labradorians, Northwest Territorians, Yukoners, Anglo-Nunavummiut), Bahamas Conchs |
Christianity → Catholicism, Mormonism, Protestantism → Anglicanism, Methodism, Calvinism, Evangelicalism, Baptists |
| Apache |
Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Apachean[note 3][note 4] |
United States (Apacheria) |
Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lipan, Mescalero, Salinero, Plains Apache, Western Apache |
Native American religions → Native American Church |
| Arapaho |
Algic → Algonquian → Arapaho |
United States (Colorado, Wyoming) |
|
Christianity, Native American Church |
| Assiniboine |
Siouan → Western Siouan → Assiniboine |
Canada (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta), United States (North Dakota, Montana) |
Bizebina, Insaombi, Wokpanbi |
Traditional Assiniboine religion |
| Atikamekw |
Algic → Algonquian → Atikamekw |
Canada (Nitaskinan) |
|
Christianity → Catholicism, Ethnic religion |
| Bay Islanders |
Indo-European → Germanic → English → Bay Islands English Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Honduran Spanish Bay Islands Sign Language |
Honduras (Bay Islands, Atlántida, Colón) |
|
Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism |
| Békés |
Indo-European → Romance → French |
Martinique, Guadeloupe |
|
Christianity → Catholicism |
| Belizean Creoles |
Indo-European → English-based creoles → Belizean Creole Indo-European → Germanic → English → Belizean English Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Belizean Spanish |
Belize |
|
Rastafari, Christianity → Protestantism |
| Black Canadians |
Indo-European → Germanic → English → Canadian English Indo-European → Romance → French → Canadian French |
Canada (Ontario, Quebec, Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia) |
Black Ontarians (including Black Torontonians), Black Montrealers, Black New Brunswickers, Black Nova Scotians |
Christianity, Islam |
| Blackfoot |
Algic → Algonquian → Blackfoot |
Canada (Alberta), United States (Montana) |
Kainai, Piegan (including Northern Piegan, Southern Piegan), Siksika |
Native American Church, Christianity |
| Bokota |
Chibchan → Buglere |
Panama (Bocas del Toro) |
|
Native American religion |
| Boruca |
Chibchan → Boruca, Brunca Sign Language |
Costa Rica (Puntarenas) |
|
Native American religion |
| Bribri |
Chibchan → Talamanca → Bribri, Bribri Sign |
Costa Rica (Cordillera de Talamanca) |
|
Talamancan mythology |
| Cabécar |
Chibchan → Isthmus → Cabécar |
Costa Rica (Cordillera de Talamanca) |
|
Christianity |
| Caddo |
Caddoan → Caddo |
United States (Oklahoma) |
|
Peyote religion, Christianity |
| Cahuilla |
Uto-Aztecan → Cupan → Cahuilla |
United States (California) |
Pass Cahuilla (including Agua Caliente Cahuilla, Morongo Cahuilla), Mountain Cahuilla (including Cahuilla Band of Indians, Los Coyotes Cahuilla, Ramona Cahuilla, Santa Rosa Cahuilla), Desert Cahuilla (including Augustine Cahuilla, Cabazon Cahuillla, Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla) |
Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism → Moravian Ethnic religion |
| Cayuga |
Iroquoian → Northern Iroquoian → Cayuga |
Canada (Ontario), United States (New York, Oklahoma) |
|
Longhouse Religion |
| Chatinos |
Oto-Manguean → Zapotecan → Chatino[note 3] |
Mexico (Oaxaca) |
|
Christianity → Catholicism |
| Chehalis |
Historically Salishan → Coast Salish → Lower Chehalis, Upper Chehalis |
United States (Washington) |
Lower Chehalis, Upper Chehalis |
Ethnic religion |
| Cherokee |
Iroquoian → Southern Iroquoian → Cherokee[note 1] |
United States (North Carolina, Tennessee)[note 2] |
Cherokee Nation, Eastern Band, United Keetoowah Band, Cherokee Freedmen |
Christianity, Four Mothers Society |
| Cheyennes |
Algic → Algonquian → Cheyenne Plains Indian Sign[note 1] |
United States (Montana, Oklahoma) |
|
Native American religion, Native American Church, Christianity |
| Chichimeca Jonaz |
Oto-Manguean → Oto-Pamean → Chichimeca Jonaz |
Mexico (Guanajuato, and San Luis Potosi) |
|
Christianity → Catholicism, Shamanism |
| Chickasaw |
Muskogean → Western Muskogean → Chickasaw |
United States (Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee)[note 2] |
|
Ethnic religion, Christianity → Protestantism |
| Chipewyan |
Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Chipewyan |
Canada (Saskatchewan, Northwest Territories, Alberta, Manitoba, British Columbia) |
|
Christianity, Animism |
| Choctaw |
Muskogean → Choctaw[note 1] |
United States (Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana)[note 2] |
Choctaw Freedmen, Nation of Oklahoma, Mississippi Band, Jena Band |
Christianity, Choctaw religion |
| Ch'ol |
Mayan → Cholan → Ch'ol |
Mexico (Chiapas Highlands) |
|
Christianity, Mayan religion |
| Chontal Maya |
Mayan → Cholan → Chontal Maya |
Mexico (Chontalpa) |
Nacajuca, Tamulte, Macuspana, Centla |
Christianity, Mayan religion |
| Ch'orti' |
Mayan → Cholan → Ch'orti' |
Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras |
|
Christianity → Catholicism, Maya religion |
| Chuj |
Mayan → Q'anjobalan → Chuj |
Guatemala (Huehuetenango Department), Mexico (Chiapas) |
|
Christianity, Mayan religion |
| Chumash |
Chumashan languages[note 3][note 5] |
United States (California) |
|
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Clatsop |
Chinookan, Wakashan, and Indo-European → Lower Chinook, Nootka Jargon, Germanic, and Romance → Chinook Jargon historically Chinookan → Lower Chinook → Clatsop |
United States (Oregon) |
|
Native American religion |
| Cocopah |
Yuman → Cocopah |
Mexico (Baja California, Sonora), United States (Arizona) |
|
Native American religion |
| Coeur d'Alene |
Salishan → Interior Salish → Coeur d'Alene |
United States (Washington) |
|
Native American religion |
| Comanche |
Uto-Aztecan → Numic → Comanche, Indo-European → Germanic → English |
United States (Comancheria) |
|
Native American Church, Christianity |
| Cora |
Uto-Aztecan → Corachol → Cora |
Mexico (Nayarit, Jalisco, Durango), United States (Colorado, Nevada, Utah, Arizona) |
|
Native American religion, Peyotism, Christianity → Catholicism |
| Coushatta |
Muskogean → Alabama–Koasati → Koasati |
United States (Coushatta Indian Reservation, Alabama–Coushatta Reservation, Alabama–Quassarte Tribal Town) |
|
Christianity |
| Cree |
Algic → Algonquian → Cree[note 3][note 6] |
Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador) |
James Bay Cree, Moose Cree, Swampy Cree, Woodland Cree, Papaschase |
Christianity |
| Crow |
Siouan → Western Siouan → Crow |
United States (Montana) |
|
Christianity, Crow religion |
| Dakota |
Siouan → Sioux → Dakota |
United States (South Dakota, North Dakota, Minnesota, Nebraska, Montana), Canada (Saskatchewan, Manitoba) |
Santee, Yankton-Yanktonai |
Native American Religions |
| Dane-zaa |
Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Dane-zaa |
Canada (British Columbia, Alberta) |
|
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Deg Xit'an |
Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Deg Xinag |
United States (Alaska) |
|
Christianity |
| Dena'ina |
Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Dena'ina |
United States (Alaska) |
|
Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Animism |
| Dominickers |
Indo-European → Germanic → English → American English |
United States (Holmes County, Florida) |
|
Christianity |
| Duwamish |
Salishan → Coast Salish → Lushootseed |
United States (Washington) |
|
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Eyak |
Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Eyak Indo-European → Germanic → English |
United States (Alaska) |
|
Christianity |
| Fox |
Algic → Algonquian → Fox |
United States (Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, formerly Michigan, Wisconsin) |
Sac and Fox Nation (Oklahoma), Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska, Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa |
Native American religion |
| Franco-Americans |
Indo-European → Romance → French → American French Indo-European → French-based creoles → Louisiana Creole Francosign → French Sign and American Sign → Quebec Sign Indo-European → Germanic → English → Cajun English historically Indo-European → French-based creoles → Alabama Creole |
French America (Canada, United States (Louisiana, Alabama, Missouri, Mississippi), Saint Pierre and Miquelon) |
Saint-Pierrais and Miquelonnais, French Canadians (including Quebecois, Acadians (including Chiac), Franco-Terreneuvians, Franco-Ontariens, Franco-Manitobains, Fransaskois, Franco-Albertains, Franco-Colombiens, Franco-Yukonnais, Franco-Tenois, Franco-Nunavois, Brayons, Muskrat French, French-Canadian Americans), French Louisianians (including Louisiana Creoles (including Louisiana Cajuns and Louisiana Creoles of color), Alabama Creoles (including Alabama Cajuns), Arkansas Creoles, and Missouri Creoles) |
Christianity → Catholicism Louisiana Voodoo |
| Gabrieleños |
Indo-European → Germanic → English, Indo-European → Romance → Spanish, Uto-Aztecan → Takic → Gabrieleno[note 7] |
United States (California) |
|
Native American religion, Christianity |
| Garifunas |
Arawakan → Ta-Arawakan → Garifuna Indo-European → English-based creoles → Vincentian Creole, Belizean Creole |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,[note 8] Honduras, Belize, Guatemala, Nicaragua |
Significant populations in the United States |
Christianity → Catholicism |
| Gitxsan |
Tsimshianic → Nass–Gitksan → Gitxsan |
Canada (Skeena Country) |
|
Native American religion |
| Gros Ventre |
Algic → Algonquian → Gros Ventre |
United States (Montana) |
|
Sun Dance |
| Guna |
Chibchan → Isthmus → Guna[note 3] |
Panama (Guna Yala) |
|
Native American religion |
| Gwich'in |
Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Gwich'in |
Canada (Yukon Territory, Northwest Territories), United States (Alaska) |
|
Native American religion |
| Haida |
Haida languages,[note 3] historically Haida Jargon |
Canada (Haida Gwaii), United States (Prince of Wales Island) |
Kaigani Haida |
Haida Traditional Faith |
| Haisla |
Wakashan → Northern → Haisla |
Canada (British Columbia) |
|
Native American religion |
| Hän |
Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Han |
Canada (Yukon Territory), United States (Alaska) |
|
Native American religion |
| Heiltsuk |
Wakashan → Northern Wakashan → Heiltsuk–Oowekyala → Heiltsuk |
Canada (Central Coast Regional District) |
|
Native American religion |
| Hispanic Americans |
Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → American Spanish |
Hispanic North America (Mexico, Guatemala, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, United States (Puerto Rico, Texas, New Mexico, California, Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Louisiana), Belize) |
Mexicans (including Northeastern Mexicans, Northwestern Mexicans, Baja Californians, Western Mexicans, Abajeno, Central Mexicans, Southern Mexican, Coastal Mexican, Chiapaneco, Yucateco, Basque-Mexican, Mexican-American), Guatemalans (Guatemalan-American), Cubans (including Cuban Americans), Dominicans (Dominican-American), Honduran (Honduran-American), Nicaraguan (Nicaraguan-American), Salvadoran (Caliche, Salvadoran-American), Costa Rican (Costa Rican-American), Panamanians (including Panamanian Americans), Isleños, Hispanic-Belizean, Puerto Ricans, Hispanic Americans in the United States (including Chicanos, Nuyoricans), colonial-era Hispanos in the US and their modern descendants (Tejanos, Californios, Nuevomexicanos, Floridanos, Louisiana Isleños, Louisiana Spanish-Creoles), Spanish Americans (Asturian Americans, Basque Americans, Catalan Americans, Canarian Americans, Galician Americans), along with the Latin American diaspora |
Christianity → Catholicism |
| Ho-Chunk |
Siouan → Western Siouan → Ho-Chunk |
United States (Wisconsin, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota) |
Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin, Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska |
Native American religion, Native American Church, Christianity |
| Holikachuk |
Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Holikachuk |
United States (Alaska) |
|
Christianity, Animism |
| Hopi |
Uto-Aztecan → Northern → Hopi |
United States (Hopi Reservation) |
|
Christianity, Native American Church |
| Huave |
Huave[note 3] |
Mexico (Oaxaca) |
San Dionisio del Mar Huave, San Francisco del Mar Huave, San Mateo del Mar Huave, San María del Mar Huave |
Native American religion, Christianity → Catholicism |
| Huichols |
Uto-Aztecan → Corachol → Huichol |
Mexico (Nayarit, Jalisco, Durango, Zacatecas and San Luis Potosi), United States (California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas) |
|
Native American religion, Peyotism, Christianity → Catholicism |
| Hutterites |
Indo-European → Germanic → Hutterite German |
Great Plains (United States, Canada) |
Schmiedeleut, Lehrerleut, Dariusleut |
Christianity → Protestantism → Anabaptism |
| Indo-Caribbeans |
Indo-European → Germanic → English → English Creole; Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Caribbean Spanish; Indo-European → Romance → French → French Creole; Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch → Surinamese Dutch; Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Hindustani → Caribbean Hindustani; Dravidian → Tamiloid → Tamil |
Caribbean |
Indo-Barbadians, Indo-Dominicans, Indo-Grenadians, Indo-Guadeloupeans, Indo-Haitians, Indo-Jamaicans, Indo-Martiniquais, Indo-Kittitians and Indo-Nevisians, Indo-Saint Lucians, Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians, Indo-Vincentians, Indo-Belizeans, with significant populations in the United States |
Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Baháʼí |
| Innu |
Algic → Algonquian → Innu-aimun, Naskapi |
Canada (Nitassinan) |
Naskapi (including Kawawachikamach Naskapi, Mushuau Naskapi), Nutashkuan Innu, Ekuanitshit Innu, Mushuau Innu, Sheshatshiu Innu, Matimekush-Lac John Innu, Uashat–Mani-Utenam Innu, Essipit Innu, Pekuakamiulnuatsh Innu, Pessamit Innu, Pakuashipi Innu, Unamenshipit Innu |
Animism |
| Inughuit |
Eskaleut → Inuit → Inuktun |
Danish Realm (Avannaa) |
|
Christianity, Inuit religion |
| Inuktitut |
Eskaleut → Inuit → Inuktitut |
Canada (Nunavut) |
Iglulingmiut |
Christianity, Inuit religion |
| Inupiat |
Eskaleut → Inuit → Inupiaq |
United States (North Slope Borough, Northwest Arctic Borough, Nome Census Area) |
Sivunmiut, Qawiaraq Inupiat, Nunamiut, Malimiut, Taġiuġmiut |
Christianity, Inuit religion |
| Inuvialuit |
Eskaleut → Inuit → Inuvialuktun |
Canada (Inuvialuit Settlement Region) |
Sallirmiut, Kangiryuarmiut, Uummarmiut |
Christianity, Inuit religion |
| Iowa |
Siouan → Western Siouan → Chiwere |
United States (Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma) |
Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma, Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska |
Native American religion, Native American Church, Christianity |
| Itza |
Mayan → Yucatecan → Itza' |
Guatemala (Petén Department) |
|
Christianity, Mayan religion |
| Ixcatec |
Oto-Manguean → Popolocan → Ixcatec |
Mexico (Oaxaca) |
|
Christianity → Catholicism; Native American religion |
| Ixil |
Mayan → Mamean → Ixil |
Guatemala (Ixil Community), Mexico (Campeche, Quintana Roo) |
Chajuleño, Nebajeño |
Christianity, Mayan religion |
| Jamaican Maroons |
Indo-European → Germanic → English → Jamaican Patois, Jamaican Maroon Creole |
Jamaica |
|
Kumfu |
| Kalaallit |
Eskaleut → Inuit languages → Kalaallisut |
Danish Realm (Kitaa) |
|
Christianity, Inuit religion |
| Kablunângajuit |
Indo-European → Germanic → English → Newfoundland English |
Canada (Nunatsiavut) |
|
Christianity |
| Kalapuya |
Kalapuyan[note 3] |
United States (Oregon) |
Tualatin, Yamhill, Ahantchuyuk, Luckiamute, Santiam, Chepenefa, Chemapho, Tsankupi, Mohawk (Oregon), Chafan, Chelamela, Winefelly, Yoncalla |
Native American religion |
| Kalinago |
Indo-European → Germanic → English[note 9] Arawakan → Ta-Arawakan → Kalinago → Garifuna Indo-European → English-based creoles → Vincentian Creole |
Lesser Antilles |
|
Christianity → Catholicism |
| Kangiryuarmiut |
Eskaleut → Inuit → Kangiryuarmiutun |
Canada (Victoria Island) |
|
Christianity, Inuit religion |
| Kaqchikel |
Mayan → Quichean → Kaqchikel |
Guatemala (Chimaltenango, Sololá, Sacatepéquez, Guatemala Department), Mexico (Chiapas, Campeche) |
|
Christianity, Mayan religion |
| Karuks |
Karuk language |
United States (California) |
|
Christianity |
| Kaska Dena |
Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Kaska |
Canada (British Columbia, Yukon Territory) |
|
Native American religion |
| Kaw |
Siouan → Western Siouan → Dhegihan → Kansa |
United States (Oklahoma, Kansas) |
|
Christianity, Native American Church, Native American religion |
| Keres |
Keresan languages,[note 3] Keresan Sign Language |
United States (Sandoval County and Cibola County, New Mexico) |
Eastern Keres (including Dámáyámʾé, Dîiwʾamʾé, Katishtya, Kʾúutìimʾé, Tsʾíiyʾamʾé) Western Keres (including Áakʾùumʾé, Kʾáwáigamʾé) |
Syncretised form of Christianity and Pueblo religion |
| K'iche' |
Mayan → Quichean → K'iche' |
Guatemala (Quiche, Totonicapan, Quetzaltenango, Solola, Suchitepequez, Retalhuleu), Mexico (Chiapas) |
Central, East, North, West, South |
Christianity, Maya religion |
| Kickapoo |
Algic → Algonquian → Kickapoo |
United States (Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas), Mexico (Coahuila, Sonora, Durango) |
Tribu Kikapú, Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas, Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas, Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma |
Native American Church, Christianity |
| Kikiallus |
Salishan → Coast Salish → Lushootseed |
United States (Washington) |
|
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Kiowa |
Tanoan → Kiowa |
United States (Oklahoma) |
|
Christianity, Native American Church |
| Klallam |
Salishan → Coast Salish → Klallam |
United States (Olympic Peninsula, Kitsap Peninsula), Canada (Vancouver Island) |
Lower Elwha Klallam, Jamestown S'Klallam, Port Gamble S'Klallam, Scia'new Klallam |
Christianity, Shamanism |
| Koyukon |
Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Koyukon |
United States (Alaska) |
|
Christianity, Animism |
| Kwakwaka'wakw |
Wakashan → Northern Wakashan → Kwak'wala |
Canada (British Columbia) |
|
Native American religion |
| Lacandon |
Mayan → Yucatecan → Lacandon |
Mexico (Lacandon Jungle) |
|
Christianity, Mayan religion |
| Lakota |
Siouan → Sioux → Lakota |
United States (North Dakota, South Dakota), Canada (Saskatchewan, Manitoba) |
Sicangu, Oglala, Sans Arc, Hunkpapa, Miniconjou, Sihasapa |
Lakota Religion, Christianity |
| Lenape |
Algic → Algonquian → Munsee Historically Algic → Algonquian → Unami |
United States, Canada |
Munsee (including Christian Munsee (including Delaware Nation at Moraviantown), Stockbridge Munsee, Munsee-Delaware Nation), Delaware Nation, Delaware Tribe of Indians, Lenape Indian Tribe of Delaware, Delaware of Six Nations, Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Tribal Nation, Ramapough Mountain Indians |
Traditional Lenape religion |
| Lenca |
Macro-Chibchan → Lencan, Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Honduran Spanish, Salvadoran Spanish |
Honduras, El Salvador |
|
Christianity → Catholicism, Sovereign Tribal Custom |
| Lillooet |
Salishan → Interior Salish → Lillooet |
Canada (British Columbia) |
Upper Lillooet, Lower Lillooet, Lakes Lillooet |
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Lower Cowlitz |
Historically Salishan → Coast Salish → Cowlitz |
United States (Cowlitz Reservation, Quinault Reservation, Chehalis Reservation) |
|
Native American religion |
| Lower Skagit |
Salishan → Coast Salish → Lushootseed |
United States (Washington) |
|
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Lumbee |
Indo-European → Germanic → English → Lumbee English |
United States (North Carolina) |
|
Christianity |
| Makah |
Wakashan → Southern Wakashan → Makah |
United States (Washington) |
|
Native American religion |
| Mam |
Mayan → Mamean → Mam |
Guateamala (Guatemalan Highlands) |
|
Christianity, Mayan Religion |
| Mayangna |
Misumalpan → Sumo[note 3] |
Nicaragua (Mosquito Coast) |
Panamahka, Tawahka, Ulwa |
Christianity |
| Mayles |
Indo-European → Germanic → English → American English |
United States (West Virginia) |
|
Christianity → Protestantism |
| Mayo |
Uto-Aztecan → Cahitan → Mayo |
Mexico (Sonora, Sinaloa) |
|
Christianity → Catholicism, Native American religion |
| Mazahua |
Oto-Manguean → Oto-Pamean → Mazahua |
Mexico (State of Mexico) |
|
Christianity → Catholicism |
| Mazatec |
Oto-Manguean → Popolocan → Mazatecan[note 3] |
Mexico (Oaxaca) |
Ayautla |
Christianity → Catholicism |
| Melungeons |
Indo-European → Germanic → English → Appalachian English |
United States (Appalachia) |
Carmel Indians |
Christianity → Protestantism → Baptists |
| Mennonites |
Indo-European → Germanic → German, Dutch, English |
North America |
Old Order Mennonites, Old Colony Mennonites, Amish Mennonites (including Beachy Amish (including Old Beachy Amish), Kauffman Amish Mennonites, Egli Amish, Stuckey Amish), with significant populations in Belize, El Salvador, and Mexico |
Christianity → Anabaptism → Mennonitism |
| Menominee |
Indo-European → Germanic → English Algic → Algonquian → Menominee |
United States (Wisconsin (Menominee Indian Reservation)) |
Keshena, Legend Lake, Middle Village, Neopit, Zoar |
Christianity → Catholicism, Big Drum, Native American Church |
| Métis |
Indo-European and Algic → Romance and Algonquian → French and Plains Cree → Michif Indo-European → Romance → French → Metis French Indo-European → Germanic → English → Bungi |
Canada (Canadian Prairies, British Columbia, Northwest Territories, Northwestern Ontario), United States (Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, Minnesota, North Dakota, Montana) |
Anglo-Metis, Little Shell Métis |
Christianity |
| Mi'kmaq |
Algic → Algonquian → Mi'kmaq[note 6] |
Canada (Mi'kma'ki), United States (Maine) |
Mi'kmaq Nation, Miawpukek |
Christianity → Catholicism |
| Miami |
Algic → Algonquian → Miami–Illinois → Miami proper |
United States (Illinois) |
Indiana Miami, Oklahoma Miami, Piankeshaw |
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Miccosukee |
Muskogean → Mikasuki |
United States (Miccosukee Indian Reservation) |
|
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Miskito |
Misumalpan → Miskito Indo-European → English-based creoles → Moskitian Creole |
Mosquito Coast (Nicaragua, Honduras) |
Miskito Sambu |
Christianity → Protestantism → Moravian Church |
| Missouria |
Siouan → Western Siouan → Chiwere |
United States (Oklahoma, previously Missouri) |
|
Christianity, Native American Church |
| Mixe |
Mixe–Zoque → Mixe[note 3] |
Mexico (Oaxaca) |
|
Christianity → Catholicism |
| Mixtec |
Oto-Manguean → Mixtecan → Mixtec |
Mexico (La Mixteca) |
Triqui, Cuicatecs, Amoltepec |
Christianity → Catholicism |
| Mohawk |
Iroquoian → Northern Iroquoian → Mohawk |
Canada (Quebec, Ontario), United States (New York) |
|
Animism, Christianity |
| Monacans |
Historically Siouan → Ohio Valley Siouan → Tutelo[note 10] |
United States (Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Ohio) |
|
Christianity |
| Mopan |
Mayan → Yucatecan → Mopan |
Belize, Guatemala |
|
Christianity, Mayan religion |
| Muckleshoot |
Salishan → Coast Salish → Lushootseed |
United States (Washington) |
|
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Muscogee |
Muskogean → Muscogee,[note 1] Muskogean → Eastern Muskogean → Mikasuki |
United States (Alabama, Tennessee, Georgia)[note 2] |
Thlopthlocco, Kialegee, Muscogee Nation, Poarch Band, Lower Muskogee Creek Tribe, Creek Freedmen |
Native American religion → Creek mythology, Four Mothers Society |
| Musqueam |
Salishan → Coast Salish → Halkomelem |
Canada (British Columbia) |
|
Native American religion |
| Nahuas |
Uto-Aztecan → Nahuan → Nahuatl |
Mexico |
Huasteca Nahuas, Mexicaneros, Sierra Puebla Nahuas, Guerrero Nahuas, Orizaba Nahuas, Southeastern Puebla Nahuas, Central Nahuas, Pipil (including Nicarao) |
Christianity → Catholicism, Aztec religion |
| Nakoda |
Siouan → Western Siouan → Stoney |
Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan) |
Wood Stoney, Mountain Stoney |
Christianity |
| Naso |
Chibchan → Talamanca → Teribe |
Panama (Bocas del Toro) |
|
Native American religion |
| Natchez |
Natchez language[note 1] |
United States (Oklahoma, South Carolina) |
Eastern Band |
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Navajo |
Na-Dene → Apachean → Navajo Navajo Family Sign[note 1] |
United States (Dinétah) |
|
Christianity → Catholicism, Native American Church |
| Netsilik |
Eskaleut → Inuit → Natsilingmiutut |
Canada (Kugaaruk, Gjoa Haven) |
|
Christianity, Inuit religion |
| Nez Perce |
Plateau Penutian → Sahaptian → Nez Perce,[note 1] Indo-European → Germanic → English |
United States (Idaho, Washington) |
|
Waashat Religion, Christianity |
| Ngabe |
Chibchan → Guaymi |
Panama (Ngabe-Bugle Comarca) |
|
Christianity → Catholicism |
| Nipmucs |
Historically Algic → Algonquian → Loup A, Massachusett |
United States (Chaubunagungamaug Reservation, Hassanamisco Reservation) |
Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck, Hassanamisco Nipmuc, Nipmuc Nation |
Manito, Christianity |
| Nisga'a |
Tsimshianic → Nass–Gitksan → Nisga'a |
Canada (British Columbia) |
|
Native American religion |
| Nisqually |
Salishan → Coast Salish → Lushootseed |
United States (Washington) |
|
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Nooksack |
Salishan → Coast Salish → Nooksack |
United States (Washington) |
|
Native American religion, Christianity |
| NunatuKavummiut |
Indo-European → Germanic → English → Newfoundland English |
Canada (NunatuKavut) |
|
Christianity → Protestantism → Evangelicalism Animism |
| Nuu-chah-nulth |
Wakashan → Southern Wakashan → Nuu-chah-nulth |
Canada (British Columbia) |
|
Native American religion |
| Nuxalk |
Salishan → Nuxalk |
Canada (British Columbia) |
|
Native American religion |
| O'odham |
Uto-Aztecan → Piman → O'odham |
Mexico (Sonora), United States (Arizona) |
Akimel O'odham, Tohono O'odham, Hia C-eḍ O'odham |
Christianity → Catholicism, Native American religion |
| Odawa |
Algic → Algonquian → Ottawa[note 11] |
Canada (Ontario), United States (Oklahoma, Michigan) |
|
Midewiwin, Animism, Traditional religion, Christianity[6] |
| Oji-Cree |
Algic → Algonquian → Oji-Cree |
Canada (Ontario, Manitoba) |
|
Anishinaabe traditional beliefs, Christianity[7] |
| Ojibwe |
Algic → Algonquian → Ojibwe[note 3][note 11] |
Anishinaabeland (Canada, United States) |
Mississaugas, Saulteaux, Findians |
Midewiwin |
| Omaha |
Siouan → Western Siouan → Dhegihan → Omaha-Ponca |
United States (Nebraska, Iowa) |
|
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Oneida |
Iroquoian → Northern Iroquoian → Oneida[note 11] |
Canada (Ontario), United States (New York, Wisconsin) |
|
Longhouse Religion |
| Onondaga |
Iroquoian → Northern Iroquoian → Onondaga |
Canada (Ontario), United States (New York) |
|
Longhouse Religion, Kanoh'hon'io, Kahni'kwi'io, Christianity[8] |
| Opata |
Indo-European → Romance → Spanish Historically Uto-Aztecan → Opata |
Mexico (Sonora) |
Eudeve, Teguima, Jova |
Christianity → Catholicism |
| Osage |
Siouan → Western Siouan → Dhegihan → Osage Indo-European → Germanic → English Indo-European → Romance → French[9] |
United States (Missouri, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Kansas) |
|
Christianity, Inlonshka, Traditional Spirituality[10] |
| Otoe |
Siouan → Western Siouan → Chiwere |
United States (Oklahoma, formerly Nebraska) |
|
Native American Church, Christianity |
| Otomi |
Oto-Manguean → Otomian → Otomi |
Mexico (Hidalgo, Puebla, Veracruz, State of Mexico, Queretaro) |
|
Christianity → Catholicism |
| Pame |
Oto-Manguean → Oto-Pamean → Pame[note 3] |
Mexico (San Luis Potosi) |
Northern Pame, Southern Pame, Central Pame |
Native American religion, Christianity → Catholicism |
| Pawnee |
Caddoan → Northern → Pawnee |
United States (Oklahoma, formerly Kansas and Nebraska) |
|
Christianity, Native American Church |
| Pennsylvania Dutch |
Indo-European → Germanic → Pennsylvania Dutch Indo-European → Germanic → English → Pennsylvania Dutch English |
United States (Pennsylvania) |
Schwenkfelders, River Brethren (including Yorker Brethren) |
Christianity → Protestantism |
| Peoria |
Algic → Algonquian → Miami–Illinois |
United States (Oklahoma, formerly Illinois) |
|
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Ponca |
Siouan → Western Siouan → Dhegihan → Omaha-Ponca |
United States (Nebraska, Oklahoma) |
|
Christianity, Native American Church |
| Poqomam |
Mayan → Quichean → Poqomam |
Guatemala (Alta Verapaz) |
|
Christianity, Maya religion |
| Poqomchi |
Mayan → Quichean → Poqomchi' |
Guatemala (Baja Verapaz) |
|
Christianity → Catholicism, Maya religion |
| Potawatomi |
Algic → Algonquian → Potawatomi |
Canada (Ontario, United States (Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, Oklahoma, Wisconsin) |
|
Midewiwin, Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism → Methodism[11] |
| Powhatans |
Indo-European → Germanic → English Historically Algic → Algonquian → Virginia Algonquian |
United States (Tsenacommacah) |
|
Christianity, Native American religion[12] |
| Punjabi Mexican Americans |
Indo-European → Germanic → English → American English |
United States (California) |
|
Hinduism, Sikhism, Islam, Christianity |
| Purepecha |
Purépechan languages[note 3] |
Mexico (Michoacan) |
|
Christianity → Catholicism |
| Puyallup |
Salishan → Coast Salish → Lushootseed |
United States (Washington) |
|
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Q'anjob'al |
Mayan → Q'anjobalan → Q'anjob'al |
Guatemala (Huehuetenango Department), Mexico (Chiapas) |
|
Christianity, Mayan religion |
| Quapaw |
Siouan → Western Siouan → Dhegihan → Quapaw |
United States (Oklahoma, formerly Arkansas) |
|
Christianity, Native American religion, Native American Church |
| Quechan |
Yuman → Quechan |
United States (Arizona, California) |
|
Native American religion, Christianity |
| Q'eqchi' |
Mayan → Quichean → Q'eqchi |
Guatemala (Alta Verapaz, Peten Department, Izabal Department, Baja Verapaz, Quiche Department), Belize (Toledo District), Mexico (Campeche, Quintana Roo, Chiapas |
Western Q'eqchi, Eastern Q'eqchi |
Christianity, Maya religion |
| Quileute |
Chimakuan → Quileute |
United States (Washington) |
|
Native American religion |
| Rama |
Chibchan → Rama Indo-European → English-based creoles → Miskito Coast Creole → Rama Cay Creole |
Nicaragua (Rama Cay) |
|
Christianity → Protestantism → Moravian Church |
| Redbones |
Indo-European → Germanic → English → American English |
United States (Louisiana) |
|
Christianity |
| Sac |
Algic → Algonquian → Sauk |
United States (Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, formerly Michigan, Wisconsin) |
Sac and Fox Nation (Oklahoma), Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska, Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa |
Native American religion |
| Salinan |
Salinan language |
United States (California) |
|
Native American religion |
| Sammamish |
Salishan → Coast Salish → Lushootseed |
United States (Washington) |
|
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Sauk-Suiattle |
Salishan → Coast Salish → Lushootseed |
United States (Washington) |
Sauk, Suiattle |
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Sekani |
Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Sekani |
Canada (British Columbia) |
|
Christianity, Animism |
| Seminoles |
Muskogean → Muscogee → Seminole, Muskogean → Mikasuki, Afro-Seminole Creole |
United States (Oklahoma, Florida), Mexico (Coahuila) |
Oklahoma Seminoles, Black Seminoles (including Mascogos), Florida Seminoles |
Christianity → Protestantism, Catholicism Green Corn Ceremony |
| Seneca |
Iroquoian → Northern Iroquoian → Seneca |
Canada (Ontario), United States (New York, Oklahoma) |
|
Longhouse Religion, Christianity[13] |
| Seri |
Seri |
Mexico (Sonora) |
|
Animism, Christianity |
| Serrano |
Uto-Aztecan → Takic → Serrano[note 1] |
United States (California) |
Mountain Serrano, Desert Serrano |
Native American religion |
| Shawnee |
Algic → Algonquian → Shawnee |
United States (Oklahoma, historically Ohio) |
Absentee Shawnee, Eastern Shawnee, Piqua Shawnee, Shawnee Tribe |
Indigenous religion[14] |
| Shoshone |
Uto-Aztecan → Numic → Shoshoni |
Wyoming, Idaho, Nevada, Utah (United States) |
Eastern Shoshone, Northern Shoshone, Western Shoshone, Goshute |
Native American Church, Christianity |
| Shuswap |
Salishan → Interior Salish → Shuswap |
Canada (Secwepemcúl̓ecw) |
Setlemuk, Skstellnemuk, Stietamuk, Stkamlulepsemuk, Stlemhulehamuk, Texqa'kallt, Zaktcinemuk |
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Siglit |
Eskaleut → Inuit → Sallirmiutun |
Canada (Inuvialuit Settlement Region) |
|
Christianity, Inuit religion |
| Sirenik |
Eskaleut → Eskimo → Siberian Yupik,[note 12] historically Eskaleut → Eskimo → Sirenik |
Russia (Sireniki) |
|
Christianity, formerly shamanism |
| Skokomish |
Salishan → Coast Salish → Twana |
United States (Skokomish Indian Reservation) |
|
Christianity → Indian Shaker Church[15] |
| Skykomish |
Salishan → Coast Salish → Lushootseed |
United States (Washington) |
Skykomish proper, Index |
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Slavey |
Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Slavey[note 3] |
Canada (Alberta, Northwest Territories) |
Deh Cho, Sahtu |
Christianity, Animism |
| Snohomish |
Salishan → Coast Salish → Lushootseed |
United States (Washington) |
|
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Snoqualmie |
Salishan → Coast Salish → Lushootseed |
United States (Washington) |
|
Christianity, Native American religion |
| South Carolina Turks[16] |
Indo-European → Germanic → English |
United States (Dalzell, Sumter County, South Carolina) |
|
Islam |
| Spokane |
Salishan → Interior Salish → Spokane |
United States (Spokane Indian Reservation) |
Upper Spokane, Middle Spokane, Lower Spokane |
Christianity, Native American religion, Dreamer Cult |
| Squamish |
Salishan → Coast Salish → Squamish |
Canada (British Columbia (North Vancouver (Squamish Nation))) |
Senakw, X̱wáýx̱way, X̱wemelch'stn, Stawamus |
Irreligion, Christianity |
| Squaxin Island Tribe |
Salishan → Coast Salish → Lushootseed |
United States (Washington) |
Squaxin, Sahewamish, T'Peeksin, Squiaitl, Stechass, Nusechatl |
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Steilacoom |
Salishan → Coast Salish → Lushootseed |
United States (Washington) |
Steilacoom, Sastuck, Spanaway, Tlithlow, Sequalitchew |
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Stillaguamish |
Salishan → Coast Salish → Lushootseed |
United States (Washington) |
|
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Sto:lo |
Salishan → Coast Salish → Halkomelem |
Canada (British Columbia) |
Aitchelitz, Leq'á:mel, Matsqui, Popkum, Skway, Skawahlook, Skowkale, Squiala, Sumas, Tzeachten, Yakweakwioose, Chawathil, Cheam, Kwantlen, Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt, Sq'éwlets, Seabird Island Band, Shxw'ow'hamel, Soowahlie, Skwah, Qayqayt, Kwikwetlem, Union Bar First Nation, Peters Band, Katzie, Sts'ailes, Yale First Nation |
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Suquamish |
Salishan → Coast Salish → Lushootseed |
United States (Washington) |
|
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Swinomish |
Salishan → Coast Salish → Lushootseed |
United States (Washington) |
|
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Tagish |
Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Tagish |
Canada (Yukon) |
|
Christianity, Animism[17] |
| Tahltan |
Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Tahltan |
Canada (Northern British Columbia) |
|
Christianity, Animism[18] |
| Taidnapam |
Historically Plateau Penutian → Sahaptian → Northwest Sahaptin → Upper Cowlitz Chinookan, Wakashan, and Indo-European → Lower Chinook, Nootka Jargon, Germanic, and Romance → Chinook Jargon |
United States (Yakama Indian Reservation) |
Upper Cowlitz, Lewis River Cowlitz |
Native American religion[19] |
| Taino |
Arawakan → Taino |
Greater Antilles |
|
Native American religion |
| Tanana Athabaskans |
Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Upper Tanana, Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Lower Tanana, Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Tanacross |
United States (Interior Alaska), Canada (Western Yukon) |
Lower Tanana, Middle Tanana, Tanacross, Upper Tanana |
Christianity, Shamanism[20] |
| Taos |
Tanoan → Tiwa → Taos |
United States (Taos Pueblo) |
|
Native American religion, Native American Church, Christianity |
| Tarahumara |
Uto-Aztecan → Tarahumaran → Tarahumara |
Mexico (Chihuahua) |
|
Animism, Peyotism, Christianity → Catholicism |
| Tepehuán |
Uto-Aztecan → Piman → Tepehuán |
Mexico (Durango, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Jalisco, Zacatecas, Nayarit) |
|
Tepehuán Mythology, Shamanism, Animism, Peyotism, Christianity → Catholicism |
| Tewa |
Tanoan → Tewa |
United States (New Mexico) |
|
Christianity, Pueblo religion |
| Tlapanec |
Oto-Manguean → Tlapanec |
Mexico (Guerrero) |
|
Christianity → Catholicism |
| Tlicho |
Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Tlicho |
Canada (Northwest Territories) |
|
Christianity, Animism |
| Tlingit |
Na-Dene → Tlingit |
Canada (British Columbia, Yukon Territory), United States (Alaska, Washington) |
|
Alaska Native religion |
| Tojolabal |
Mayan → Q'anjobalan → Tojolab'al |
Mexico (Chiapas) |
|
Christianity, Mayan religion |
| Totonac |
Totonac[note 3] |
Mexico (Veracruz, Puebla, Hidalgo) |
|
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Tsimshian |
Tsimshianic → Maritime Tsimshianic[note 3] |
Canada (British Columbia), United States (Alaska) |
Kitasoo, Gitga'ata, Kitkatla, Kitsumkalum, Kitselas, Ginadoiks, Ginaxangiik, Gispaxlo'ots, Gitando, Gitlaan, Gits'iis, Gitwilgyoots, Gitzaxłaał, Giluts'aaw |
Alaskan Native religion |
| Tsleil-Waututh |
Salishan → Coast Salish → Halkomelem |
Canada (British Columbia) |
|
Native American religion |
| Tsuut'ina |
Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Tsuut'ina |
Canada (Alberta) |
|
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Tunica-Biloxi |
Indo-European → Germanic → English Indo-European → Romance → French[21] Tunica language Historically Siouan → Ohio Valley Siouan → Biloxi |
United States (Tunica-Biloxi Indian Reservation) |
Biloxi, Tunica |
Native American religion,[22] Christianity → Protestantism, Catholicism |
| Tunumiit |
Eskaleut → Inuit → Tunumiisut |
Danish Realm (Tunu) |
|
Inuit religion, Christianity |
| Tuscarora |
Iroquoian → Northern Iroquoian → Tuscarora |
Canada (Ontario), United States (New York, North Carolina) |
|
Longhouse Religion, Christianity[23] |
| Tutchones |
Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Tutchone[note 3] |
Canada (Yukon Territory) |
Northern Tutchones, Southern Tutchones |
Native American religion |
| Tzeltal |
Mayan → Cholan → Tzeltal |
Mexico (Chiapas) |
|
Christianity, Mayan religion |
| Tzotzil |
Tzotzil |
Mayan → Cholan → Tzotzil |
|
Christianity, Mayan religion, Islam |
| Tz'utujil |
Mayan → Quichean → Tz'utujil |
Guatemala (Guatemalan Highlands) |
|
Christianity → Catholicism, Maya religion |
| Umatilla |
Plateau Penutian → Sahaptian → Umatilla |
United States (Oregon) |
|
Native American religion |
| Upper Kuskokwim |
Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Upper Kuskokwim |
United States (Interior Alaska) |
|
Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy |
| Upper Skagit |
Salishan → Coast Salish → Lushootseed |
United States (Washington) |
|
Christianity, Native American religion |
| Ute |
Uto-Aztecan → Numic → Colorado River Numic → Ute |
United States (Colorado, Utah) |
|
Native American Church, Christianity |
| Walla Walla |
Plateau Penutian → Sahaptin → Walla Walla |
United States (Oregon, Washington) |
|
Waashat Religion |
| Wampanoag |
Algic → Algonquian → Wampanoag |
United States (Massachusetts) |
Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe, Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah) |
Native American religion, Christianity |
| Wassamasaw |
Indo-European → Germanic → English → American English |
United States (Berkeley County, South Carolina) |
|
Christianity → Protestantism → Baptism[24] |
| Wichita |
Caddoan → Wichita[note 1] |
United States (Oklahoma; formerly Kansas, Texas) |
|
Native American Church, Christianity, Native American religion |
| Wuikinuxv |
Wakashan → Northern Wakashan → Heiltsuk–Oowekyala → Oowekyala |
Canada (British Columbia) |
|
Native American religion |
| Xinca |
Xincan[note 3] |
Guatemala |
|
Native American religion, Christianity → Catholicism |
| Yaqui |
Uto-Aztecan → Cahitan → Yaqui |
Mexico (Sonora), United States (Arizona) |
|
Peyotism, Christianity → Catholicism |
| Yellowknives |
Na-Dene → Athabaskan → Chipewyan |
Canada (Northwest Territories) |
|
Christianity |
| Yucatec Maya |
Mayan → Yucatecan → Yucatec Maya |
Mexico (Yucatan, Campeche, Quintana Roo), Belize (Corozal District, Orange Walk District) |
|
Christianity, Mayan religion |
| Yuchi |
Yuchi language |
United States (Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina)[note 2] |
|
Christianity → Protestantism → Methodism Stomp Dance, Native American Church[25] |
| Yup'ik |
Eskaleut → Eskimo → Yup'ik |
United States (Alaska) |
Nunivak Cupʼig, Chevak Cupʼik |
Christianity, Shamanism |
| Zapotecs |
Oto-Manguean → Zapotecan → Zapotec[note 3] |
Mexico (Oaxaca) |
Ixtlan |
Christianity → Catholicism |
| Zonians |
Indo-European → Germanic → English → American English |
Panama (Panama Canal Zone) |
|
Christianity |
| Zoque |
Mixe–Zoque → Zoque[note 3] |
Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz, Tabasco) |
|
Christianity → Catholicism |
| Zuni |
Zuni language |
United States (New Mexico) |
|
Christianity |