List of contemporary ethnic groups of North America

List of North American ethnic groups From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The following is a list of contemporary ethnic groups of North America. There has been constant debate over the classification of ethnic groups. Membership of an ethnic group tends to be associated with shared ancestry, history, homeland, language or dialect and cultural heritage; where the term "culture" specifically includes aspects such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing (clothing) style and other factors.

By the nature of the concept, ethnic groups tend to be divided into subgroups, may themselves be or not be identified as independent ethnic groups depending on the source consulted.

North America here is considered to be approximately delimited from Europe by the Greenland Sea (extending east to Svalbard, Jan Mayen, and Iceland along the Fram and Denmark straits); from South America by the Darién Gap and the portion of the Caribbean Sea north of Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Nueva Esparta, Providencia, San Andrés, Trinidad, and Tobago; from Asia by the Chukchi Sea, Bering Strait, and Bering Sea (along the Baker-Shevardnadze line); and from Oceania by the Polynesian Triangle and Micronesia.

Ethnic groups

The following groups are commonly identified as "ethnic groups", as opposed to ethno-linguistic phyla, national groups, racial groups or similar.[1][2]

More information Ethnicity, Language(s) ...
Ethnicity Language(s) Primary homeland Subgroups, tribes & castes Religion(s)
Abenaki AlgicAlgonquianWestern Abenaki
Historically AlgicAlgonquianEastern Abenaki
Canada (Quebec), United States (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont) Western Abenaki (including Cowasuck, Missiquoi, Wabanaki Nation (Odanak, Wôlinak)), Eastern Abenaki (including Penobscot, Wolastoqiyik) Abenaki religion
Achi' MayanQuicheanAchi Guatemala (Baja Verapaz) Rabinal, Cubulco Christianity, Mayan religion
African-Americans Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglishAmerican English, Samaná English
Indo-EuropeanFrench-based creolesLouisiana Creole
Indo-EuropeanEnglish-based creolesGullah, Afro-Seminole Creole
Francosign → ASLic → American SignBlack American Sign
United States, Mexico (Coahuila), Dominican Republic (Samaná Province) Black Southerners, Creoles of color, Black Native Americans (including Freedmen (including Black Seminoles (including Mascogos), Cherokee Freedmen, Choctaw Freedmen, Creek Freedmen)), Gullah (including Freshwater Gullah and Saltwater Gullah), Samaná Americans, Affrilachians, Afro-Romani Americans, Brandywine, along with significant populations in Canada Christianity → ProtestantismBlack church
Hoodoo, Islam
Afro-Anguillians Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglish
Indo-EuropeanEnglish-based creolesAntiguan and Barbudan CreoleAnguillian Creole
Anguilla Christianity
Afro–Antiguans and Barbudans Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglishAntiguan and Barbudan English
Indo-EuropeanEnglish-based creolesAntiguan and Barbudan Creole
Antigua and Barbuda Antiguans, Barbudans Christianity → Catholicism, ProtestantismAnglicanism, Methodism, Calvinism, Baptist
Afro-Arubans Indo-EuropeanPortuguese-based creolesPapiamento
Indo-EuropeanGermanicDutch, English
Indo-EuropeanRomanceSpanish
Aruba Christianity
Afro-Bahamians Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglishBahamian English
Indo-EuropeanEnglish-based creolesBahamian Creole
The Bahamas Christianity
Afro-Barbadians Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglishBajan English
Indo-EuropeanEnglish-based creolesBajan Creole
Barbados Christianity
Afro-Bermudians Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglishBermudian English
Indo-EuropeanEnglish-based creolesJamaican PatoisBermudian Creole
Bermuda Christianity
Afro–Costa Ricans Indo-EuropeanRomanceSpanishCosta Rican Spanish
Indo-EuropeanEnglish-based creolesLimonese Creole
Costa Rica (Puerto Limon, San Jose, Alajuela, Heredia) Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism
Afro-Cubans Indo-EuropeanRomancePortuguese, SpanishCuban Spanish
Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglish
Cuban Sign Language
Atlantic–CongoYoruboidLucumí
Atlantic–Congo and Indo-EuropeanKongo and Bozal SpanishHabla Congo
Historically Indo-EuropeanSpanish-based creolesBozal Spanish
Cuba Ganga-Longoba, Afro-Cuban Roma, Arará Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism
Islam
Afro-American religions: Abakuá, Arará, Cuban Vodú, Palo, Santería
Afro-Curaçaoans Indo-EuropeanGermanicDutch, English
Indo-EuropeanPortuguese-based creolesPapiamento
Indo-EuropeanRomanceSpanish
Curaçao Christianity
Afro-Dominicans (Dominica) Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglish
Indo-EuropeanFrench-based creolesDominican Creole French
Dominica Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism
Afro-Dominicans (Dominican Republic) Indo-EuropeanRomanceSpanishDominican Spanish
Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglishSamaná English
Dominican Republic Samaná Americans Christianity → Protestantism, Catholicism
Dominican Vudú
Afro-Grenadians Indo-EuropeanEnglish-based creolesGrenadian Creole English
Indo-EuropeanFrench-based creolesGrenadian Creole French
Grenada Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism
Afro-American religions, Traditional African religions, Islam
Afro-Guatemalans Indo-EuropeanRomanceSpanishGuatemalan Spanish
Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglish
ArawakanTa-ArawakanGarifuna
Guatemala (Livingston, Puerto Barrios, and Santo Tomas) Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism
Afro-Haitians Indo-EuropeanRomanceFrenchHaitian French
Indo-EuropeanFrench-based creolesHaitian Creole
Haiti Christianity → Catholicism
Islam, Haitian Voudou
Afro-Jamaicans Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglishJamaican English
Indo-EuropeanEnglish-based creolesJamaican Patois, Jamaican Maroon Creole
Jamaica Christianity, Convince, Jamaican Maroon religion, Kumina, Rastafari, Myal
Afro–Kittitians and Nevisians Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglish
Indo-EuropeanEnglish-based creolesAntiguan and Barbudan CreoleSaint Kitts Creole
Saint Kitts and Nevis Christianity, Rastafari
Afro-Mexicans Indo-EuropeanRomanceSpanishMexican Spanish Mexico (Guerrero, Lázaro Cárdenas, Huetamo, Oaxaca, Veracruz, Greater Mexico City, Guadalajara and Múzquiz Municipality), United States (Southwestern United States) Mascogos, Blaxicans ChristianityCatholicism, Protestantism
Afro-American religions
Afro-Nicaraguans Indo-EuropeanRomanceSpanishNicaraguan Spanish
Indo-EuropeanEnglish-based creolesMoskitian Creole, Rama Cay Creole
Nicaragua Christianity → Catholicism
Afro-Panamanians Indo-EuropeanRomanceSpanishPanamanian Spanish
Indo-EuropeanEnglish-based creolesJamaican PatoisBocas del Toro Creole
Historically Indo-EuropeanFrench-based creolesSan Miguel Creole
Panama Christianity → Catholicism
Afro–Puerto Ricans Indo-EuropeanRomanceSpanishPuerto Rican Spanish
Indo-EuropeanGermanicPuerto Rican English
Atlantic–CongoYoruboidLucumí (lithurgical language)
Atlantic–Congo and Indo-EuropeanKongo and Bozal SpanishHabla Congo
Historically Indo-EuropeanSpanish-based creolesBozal Spanish
United States (Puerto Rico) Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism
African diaspora religions, Animism
Afro–Saint Lucians Indo-EuropeanFrench-based creolesSaint Lucian Creole Saint Lucia Christianity, Kélé
Afro-Salvadorans Indo-EuropeanRomanceSpanishSalvadoran Spanish El Salvador (Sonsonate, Ahuachapán, San Miguel, and La Unión) Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism
African diaspora religions, Rastafari
Afro–Trinidadians and Tobagonians Indo-EuropeanEnglish-based creolesTrinidadian Creole, Tobagonian Creole
Indo-EuropeanIndo-AryanCaribbean Hindustani
Indo-EuropeanRomanceSpanishTrinidadian Spanish
Indo-EuropeanFrench-based creolesAntillean Creole
Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglishTrinidadian and Tobagonian English
Trinidad and Tobago Merikins, Cocoa panyols, Douglas Christianity → Catholicism and Protestantism
Afro-American religions, Traditional African religions, Islam
Afro-Vincentians Indo-EuropeanEnglish-based creolesVincentian Creole Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Christianity
Afro–Virgin Islanders Indo-EuropeanEnglish-based creolesVirgin Islands Creole
Indo-EuropeanZeelandic-based creoleNegerhollands
Virgin Islands (United Kingdom, United States), SSS islands (Netherlands, France) Christianity
Ahtna Na-DeneAthabaskanAhtna United States (Alaska) Taral Band, Klutina Band, Gakona Band, Mendeltna Band, Denali Band, Chistochina Band, Batzulnetas Band, Mentasta Band[3] Christianity, Native American religion
Alabamas Muskogean → Alabama–Koasati → Alabama[note 1] United States (Alabama–Quassarte Tribal Town, Alabama–Coushatta Reservation)[note 2] Christianity → Protestantism
Ethnic religion
Alaskan Creoles Indo-EuropeanSlavicRussianAlaskan Russian
Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglishAmerican English
United States (Alaska) Christianity → Eastern OrthodoxyRussian Orthodoxy
Alutiiq EskaleutYupikAlutiiq United States (Alaska) Chugach Christianity
Amish Indo-EuropeanGermanicPennsylvania Dutch United States Old Order Amish (including Swiss Amish, Nebraska Amish, Swartzentruber Amish, Buchanan Amish, Andy Weaver Amish, Troyer Amish, Byler Amish, Renno Amish, Holmes Old Order Amish, Elkhart-LaGrange Amish, Lancaster Amish, Tobe Amish, and Michigan Amish), New Order Amish, Amish Mennonites (including Beachy Amish (including Old Beachy Amish), Kauffman Amish Mennonites, Egli Amish, Stuckey Amish), Para-Amish groups (including Lobelville Believers in Christ, Le Roy Plain Community, Manton Plain Community, Ghent Plain Community, Christian Communities, Vernon Community, Caneyville Christian Community) ChristianityAnabaptism
Amuzgos Oto-MangueanAmuzgoanAmuzgo Mexico (Guerrero, Oaxaca) Christianity → Catholicism
Anglo-Americans Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglishUnited States English, Canadian English, Bahamian English
Indo-EuropeanEnglish-based creolesBahamian Creole
Francosign → ASLic → American Sign
Anglo-America (Canada (except Quebec and Inuit Nunangat), United States, Commonwealth Caribbean (Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago), British Overseas Territories in the North America (Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Montserrat, Turks and Caicos Islands and Bermuda) English Americans (including New England Americans, Middle Atlantic Americans, Midwestern Americans, Appalachians, Southern Americans, Florida Conchs, High Tiders, Western Americans, Okies, West Coast Americans, Mormons[4], Anglo-Alaskans), Anglo-Canadians (including Ontarians, Anglo-Quebecers, Nova Scotians, New Brunswickers, Manitobans, British Columbians, Prince Edward Islanders, Saskatchewanians, Albertans, Newfoundlanders, Labradorians, Northwest Territorians, Yukoners, Anglo-Nunavummiut), Bahamas Conchs Christianity → Catholicism, Mormonism, ProtestantismAnglicanism, Methodism, Calvinism, Evangelicalism, Baptists
Apache Na-DeneAthabaskanApachean[note 3][note 4] United States (Apacheria) Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lipan, Mescalero, Salinero, Plains Apache, Western Apache Native American religionsNative American Church
Arapaho AlgicAlgonquianArapaho United States (Colorado, Wyoming) Christianity, Native American Church
Assiniboine SiouanWestern SiouanAssiniboine Canada (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta), United States (North Dakota, Montana) Bizebina, Insaombi, Wokpanbi Traditional Assiniboine religion
Atikamekw AlgicAlgonquianAtikamekw Canada (Nitaskinan) Christianity → Catholicism, Ethnic religion
Bay Islanders Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglishBay Islands English
Indo-EuropeanRomanceSpanishHonduran Spanish
Bay Islands Sign Language
Honduras (Bay Islands, Atlántida, Colón) Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism
Békés Indo-EuropeanRomanceFrench Martinique, Guadeloupe Christianity → Catholicism
Belizean Creoles Indo-EuropeanEnglish-based creolesBelizean Creole
Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglishBelizean English
Indo-EuropeanRomanceSpanishBelizean Spanish
Belize Rastafari, Christianity → Protestantism
Black Canadians Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglishCanadian English
Indo-EuropeanRomanceFrenchCanadian French
Canada (Ontario, Quebec, Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia) Black Ontarians (including Black Torontonians), Black Montrealers, Black New Brunswickers, Black Nova Scotians Christianity, Islam
Blackfoot AlgicAlgonquianBlackfoot Canada (Alberta), United States (Montana) Kainai, Piegan (including Northern Piegan, Southern Piegan), Siksika Native American Church, Christianity
Bokota ChibchanBuglere Panama (Bocas del Toro) Native American religion
Boruca ChibchanBoruca, Brunca Sign Language Costa Rica (Puntarenas) Native American religion
Bribri ChibchanTalamancaBribri, Bribri Sign Costa Rica (Cordillera de Talamanca) Talamancan mythology
Cabécar Chibchan → Isthmus → Cabécar Costa Rica (Cordillera de Talamanca) Christianity
Caddo CaddoanCaddo United States (Oklahoma) Peyote religion, Christianity
Cahuilla Uto-AztecanCupanCahuilla United States (California) Pass Cahuilla (including Agua Caliente Cahuilla, Morongo Cahuilla), Mountain Cahuilla (including Cahuilla Band of Indians, Los Coyotes Cahuilla, Ramona Cahuilla, Santa Rosa Cahuilla), Desert Cahuilla (including Augustine Cahuilla, Cabazon Cahuillla, Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla) Christianity → Catholicism, ProtestantismMoravian
Ethnic religion
Cayuga Iroquoian → Northern Iroquoian → Cayuga Canada (Ontario), United States (New York, Oklahoma) Longhouse Religion
Chatinos Oto-MangueanZapotecanChatino[note 3] Mexico (Oaxaca) Christianity → Catholicism
Chehalis Historically SalishanCoast SalishLower Chehalis, Upper Chehalis United States (Washington) Lower Chehalis, Upper Chehalis Ethnic religion
Cherokee Iroquoian → Southern Iroquoian → Cherokee[note 1] United States (North Carolina, Tennessee)[note 2] Cherokee Nation, Eastern Band, United Keetoowah Band, Cherokee Freedmen Christianity, Four Mothers Society
Cheyennes AlgicAlgonquianCheyenne
Plains Indian Sign[note 1]
United States (Montana, Oklahoma) Native American religion, Native American Church, Christianity
Chichimeca Jonaz Oto-MangueanOto-PameanChichimeca Jonaz Mexico (Guanajuato, and San Luis Potosi) Christianity → Catholicism, Shamanism
Chickasaw Muskogean → Western Muskogean → Chickasaw United States (Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee)[note 2] Ethnic religion, Christianity → Protestantism
Chipewyan Na-DeneAthabaskanChipewyan Canada (Saskatchewan, Northwest Territories, Alberta, Manitoba, British Columbia) Christianity, Animism
Choctaw MuskogeanChoctaw[note 1] United States (Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana)[note 2] Choctaw Freedmen, Nation of Oklahoma, Mississippi Band, Jena Band Christianity, Choctaw religion
Ch'ol MayanCholanCh'ol Mexico (Chiapas Highlands) Christianity, Mayan religion
Chontal Maya MayanCholanChontal Maya Mexico (Chontalpa) Nacajuca, Tamulte, Macuspana, Centla Christianity, Mayan religion
Ch'orti' MayanCholanCh'orti' Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras Christianity → Catholicism, Maya religion
Chuj MayanQ'anjobalanChuj Guatemala (Huehuetenango Department), Mexico (Chiapas) Christianity, Mayan religion
Chumash Chumashan languages[note 3][note 5] United States (California) Christianity, Native American religion
Clatsop Chinookan, Wakashan, and Indo-EuropeanLower Chinook, Nootka Jargon, Germanic, and RomanceChinook Jargon
historically ChinookanLower Chinook → Clatsop
United States (Oregon) Native American religion
Cocopah YumanCocopah Mexico (Baja California, Sonora), United States (Arizona) Native American religion
Coeur d'Alene SalishanInterior SalishCoeur d'Alene United States (Washington) Native American religion
Comanche Uto-AztecanNumicComanche, Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglish United States (Comancheria) Native American Church, Christianity
Cora Uto-AztecanCoracholCora Mexico (Nayarit, Jalisco, Durango), United States (Colorado, Nevada, Utah, Arizona) Native American religion, Peyotism, Christianity → Catholicism
Coushatta Muskogean → Alabama–Koasati → Koasati United States (Coushatta Indian Reservation, Alabama–Coushatta Reservation, Alabama–Quassarte Tribal Town) Christianity
Cree AlgicAlgonquianCree[note 3][note 6] Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador) James Bay Cree, Moose Cree, Swampy Cree, Woodland Cree, Papaschase Christianity
Crow SiouanWestern SiouanCrow United States (Montana) Christianity, Crow religion
Dakota SiouanSiouxDakota United States (South Dakota, North Dakota, Minnesota, Nebraska, Montana), Canada (Saskatchewan, Manitoba) Santee, Yankton-Yanktonai Native American Religions
Dane-zaa Na-DeneAthabaskanDane-zaa Canada (British Columbia, Alberta) Christianity, Native American religion
Deg Xit'an Na-DeneAthabaskanDeg Xinag United States (Alaska) Christianity
Dena'ina Na-DeneAthabaskanDena'ina United States (Alaska) Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Animism
Dominickers Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglishAmerican English United States (Holmes County, Florida) Christianity
Duwamish SalishanCoast SalishLushootseed United States (Washington) Christianity, Native American religion
Eyak Na-DeneAthabaskanEyak
Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglish
United States (Alaska) Christianity
Fox AlgicAlgonquianFox United States (Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, formerly Michigan, Wisconsin) Sac and Fox Nation (Oklahoma), Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska, Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa Native American religion
Franco-Americans Indo-EuropeanRomanceFrenchAmerican French
Indo-EuropeanFrench-based creolesLouisiana Creole
FrancosignFrench Sign and American SignQuebec Sign
Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglishCajun English
historically Indo-EuropeanFrench-based creolesAlabama Creole
French America (Canada, United States (Louisiana, Alabama, Missouri, Mississippi), Saint Pierre and Miquelon) Saint-Pierrais and Miquelonnais, French Canadians (including Quebecois, Acadians (including Chiac), Franco-Terreneuvians, Franco-Ontariens, Franco-Manitobains, Fransaskois, Franco-Albertains, Franco-Colombiens, Franco-Yukonnais, Franco-Tenois, Franco-Nunavois, Brayons, Muskrat French, French-Canadian Americans), French Louisianians (including Louisiana Creoles (including Louisiana Cajuns and Louisiana Creoles of color), Alabama Creoles (including Alabama Cajuns), Arkansas Creoles, and Missouri Creoles) Christianity → Catholicism
Louisiana Voodoo
Gabrieleños Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglish, Indo-EuropeanRomanceSpanish, Uto-AztecanTakicGabrieleno[note 7] United States (California) Native American religion, Christianity
Garifunas ArawakanTa-ArawakanGarifuna
Indo-EuropeanEnglish-based creolesVincentian Creole, Belizean Creole
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,[note 8] Honduras, Belize, Guatemala, Nicaragua Significant populations in the United States Christianity → Catholicism
Gitxsan TsimshianicNassGitksanGitxsan Canada (Skeena Country) Native American religion
Gros Ventre AlgicAlgonquianGros Ventre United States (Montana) Sun Dance
Guna Chibchan → Isthmus → Guna[note 3] Panama (Guna Yala) Native American religion
Gwich'in Na-DeneAthabaskanGwich'in Canada (Yukon Territory, Northwest Territories), United States (Alaska) Native American religion
Haida Haida languages,[note 3] historically Haida Jargon Canada (Haida Gwaii), United States (Prince of Wales Island) Kaigani Haida Haida Traditional Faith
Haisla Wakashan → Northern → Haisla Canada (British Columbia) Native American religion
Hän Na-DeneAthabaskanHan Canada (Yukon Territory), United States (Alaska) Native American religion
Heiltsuk Wakashan → Northern Wakashan → Heiltsuk–OowekyalaHeiltsuk Canada (Central Coast Regional District) Native American religion
Hispanic Americans Indo-EuropeanRomanceSpanishAmerican Spanish Hispanic North America (Mexico, Guatemala, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, United States (Puerto Rico, Texas, New Mexico, California, Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Louisiana), Belize) Mexicans (including Northeastern Mexicans, Northwestern Mexicans, Baja Californians, Western Mexicans, Abajeno, Central Mexicans, Southern Mexican, Coastal Mexican, Chiapaneco, Yucateco, Basque-Mexican, Mexican-American), Guatemalans (Guatemalan-American), Cubans (including Cuban Americans), Dominicans (Dominican-American), Honduran (Honduran-American), Nicaraguan (Nicaraguan-American), Salvadoran (Caliche, Salvadoran-American), Costa Rican (Costa Rican-American), Panamanians (including Panamanian Americans), Isleños, Hispanic-Belizean, Puerto Ricans, Hispanic Americans in the United States (including Chicanos, Nuyoricans), colonial-era Hispanos in the US and their modern descendants (Tejanos, Californios, Nuevomexicanos, Floridanos, Louisiana Isleños, Louisiana Spanish-Creoles), Spanish Americans (Asturian Americans, Basque Americans, Catalan Americans, Canarian Americans, Galician Americans), along with the Latin American diaspora ChristianityCatholicism
Ho-Chunk SiouanWestern SiouanHo-Chunk United States (Wisconsin, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota) Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin, Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska Native American religion, Native American Church, Christianity
Holikachuk Na-DeneAthabaskanHolikachuk United States (Alaska) Christianity, Animism
Hopi Uto-Aztecan → Northern → Hopi United States (Hopi Reservation) Christianity, Native American Church
Huave Huave[note 3] Mexico (Oaxaca) San Dionisio del Mar Huave, San Francisco del Mar Huave, San Mateo del Mar Huave, San María del Mar Huave Native American religion, Christianity → Catholicism
Huichols Uto-AztecanCoracholHuichol Mexico (Nayarit, Jalisco, Durango, Zacatecas and San Luis Potosi), United States (California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas) Native American religion, Peyotism, Christianity → Catholicism
Hutterites Indo-EuropeanGermanicHutterite German Great Plains (United States, Canada) Schmiedeleut, Lehrerleut, Dariusleut Christianity → ProtestantismAnabaptism
Indo-Caribbeans Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglishEnglish Creole; Indo-EuropeanRomanceSpanishCaribbean Spanish; Indo-EuropeanRomanceFrenchFrench Creole; Indo-EuropeanGermanicDutchSurinamese Dutch; Indo-EuropeanIndo-AryanHindustaniCaribbean Hindustani; DravidianTamiloidTamil Caribbean Indo-Barbadians, Indo-Dominicans, Indo-Grenadians, Indo-Guadeloupeans, Indo-Haitians, Indo-Jamaicans, Indo-Martiniquais, Indo-Kittitians and Indo-Nevisians, Indo-Saint Lucians, Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians, Indo-Vincentians, Indo-Belizeans, with significant populations in the United States Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Baháʼí
Innu AlgicAlgonquianInnu-aimun, Naskapi Canada (Nitassinan) Naskapi (including Kawawachikamach Naskapi, Mushuau Naskapi), Nutashkuan Innu, Ekuanitshit Innu, Mushuau Innu, Sheshatshiu Innu, Matimekush-Lac John Innu, Uashat–Mani-Utenam Innu, Essipit Innu, Pekuakamiulnuatsh Innu, Pessamit Innu, Pakuashipi Innu, Unamenshipit Innu Animism
Inughuit EskaleutInuitInuktun Danish Realm (Avannaa) Christianity, Inuit religion
Inuktitut EskaleutInuitInuktitut Canada (Nunavut) Iglulingmiut Christianity, Inuit religion
Inupiat EskaleutInuitInupiaq United States (North Slope Borough, Northwest Arctic Borough, Nome Census Area) Sivunmiut, Qawiaraq Inupiat, Nunamiut, Malimiut, Taġiuġmiut Christianity, Inuit religion
Inuvialuit EskaleutInuitInuvialuktun Canada (Inuvialuit Settlement Region) Sallirmiut, Kangiryuarmiut, Uummarmiut Christianity, Inuit religion
Iowa SiouanWestern SiouanChiwere United States (Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma) Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma, Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska Native American religion, Native American Church, Christianity
Itza MayanYucatecanItza' Guatemala (Petén Department) Christianity, Mayan religion
Ixcatec Oto-MangueanPopolocanIxcatec Mexico (Oaxaca) Christianity → Catholicism; Native American religion
Ixil MayanMameanIxil Guatemala (Ixil Community), Mexico (Campeche, Quintana Roo) Chajuleño, Nebajeño Christianity, Mayan religion
Jamaican Maroons Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglishJamaican Patois, Jamaican Maroon Creole Jamaica Kumfu
Kalaallit EskaleutInuit languagesKalaallisut Danish Realm (Kitaa) Christianity, Inuit religion
Kablunângajuit Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglishNewfoundland English Canada (Nunatsiavut) Christianity
Kalapuya Kalapuyan[note 3] United States (Oregon) Tualatin, Yamhill, Ahantchuyuk, Luckiamute, Santiam, Chepenefa, Chemapho, Tsankupi, Mohawk (Oregon), Chafan, Chelamela, Winefelly, Yoncalla Native American religion
Kalinago Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglish[note 9]
ArawakanTa-ArawakanKalinagoGarifuna
Indo-EuropeanEnglish-based creolesVincentian Creole
Lesser Antilles Christianity → Catholicism
Kangiryuarmiut EskaleutInuitKangiryuarmiutun Canada (Victoria Island) Christianity, Inuit religion
Kaqchikel MayanQuicheanKaqchikel Guatemala (Chimaltenango, Sololá, Sacatepéquez, Guatemala Department), Mexico (Chiapas, Campeche) Christianity, Mayan religion
Karuks Karuk language United States (California) Christianity
Kaska Dena Na-DeneAthabaskanKaska Canada (British Columbia, Yukon Territory) Native American religion
Kaw SiouanWestern SiouanDhegihanKansa United States (Oklahoma, Kansas) Christianity, Native American Church, Native American religion
Keres Keresan languages,[note 3] Keresan Sign Language United States (Sandoval County and Cibola County, New Mexico) Eastern Keres (including Dámáyámʾé, Dîiwʾamʾé, Katishtya, Kʾúutìimʾé, Tsʾíiyʾamʾé) Western Keres (including Áakʾùumʾé, Kʾáwáigamʾé) Syncretised form of Christianity and Pueblo religion
K'iche' MayanQuicheanK'iche' Guatemala (Quiche, Totonicapan, Quetzaltenango, Solola, Suchitepequez, Retalhuleu), Mexico (Chiapas) Central, East, North, West, South Christianity, Maya religion
Kickapoo AlgicAlgonquianKickapoo United States (Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas), Mexico (Coahuila, Sonora, Durango) Tribu Kikapú, Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas, Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas, Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma Native American Church, Christianity
Kikiallus SalishanCoast SalishLushootseed United States (Washington) Christianity, Native American religion
Kiowa TanoanKiowa United States (Oklahoma) Christianity, Native American Church
Klallam SalishanCoast SalishKlallam United States (Olympic Peninsula, Kitsap Peninsula), Canada (Vancouver Island) Lower Elwha Klallam, Jamestown S'Klallam, Port Gamble S'Klallam, Scia'new Klallam Christianity, Shamanism
Koyukon Na-DeneAthabaskanKoyukon United States (Alaska) Christianity, Animism
Kwakwaka'wakw Wakashan → Northern Wakashan → Kwak'wala Canada (British Columbia) Native American religion
Lacandon MayanYucatecanLacandon Mexico (Lacandon Jungle) Christianity, Mayan religion
Lakota SiouanSiouxLakota United States (North Dakota, South Dakota), Canada (Saskatchewan, Manitoba) Sicangu, Oglala, Sans Arc, Hunkpapa, Miniconjou, Sihasapa Lakota Religion, Christianity
Lenape AlgicAlgonquianMunsee
Historically AlgicAlgonquianUnami
United States, Canada Munsee (including Christian Munsee (including Delaware Nation at Moraviantown), Stockbridge Munsee, Munsee-Delaware Nation), Delaware Nation, Delaware Tribe of Indians, Lenape Indian Tribe of Delaware, Delaware of Six Nations, Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Tribal Nation, Ramapough Mountain Indians Traditional Lenape religion
Lenca Macro-ChibchanLencan, Indo-EuropeanRomanceSpanishHonduran Spanish, Salvadoran Spanish Honduras, El Salvador Christianity → Catholicism, Sovereign Tribal Custom
Lillooet SalishanInterior SalishLillooet Canada (British Columbia) Upper Lillooet, Lower Lillooet, Lakes Lillooet Christianity, Native American religion
Lower Cowlitz Historically SalishanCoast SalishCowlitz United States (Cowlitz Reservation, Quinault Reservation, Chehalis Reservation) Native American religion
Lower Skagit SalishanCoast SalishLushootseed United States (Washington) Christianity, Native American religion
Lumbee Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglishLumbee English United States (North Carolina) Christianity
Makah Wakashan → Southern Wakashan → Makah United States (Washington) Native American religion
Mam MayanMameanMam Guateamala (Guatemalan Highlands) Christianity, Mayan Religion
Mayangna MisumalpanSumo[note 3] Nicaragua (Mosquito Coast) Panamahka, Tawahka, Ulwa Christianity
Mayles Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglishAmerican English United States (West Virginia) Christianity → Protestantism
Mayo Uto-AztecanCahitanMayo Mexico (Sonora, Sinaloa) Christianity → Catholicism, Native American religion
Mazahua Oto-MangueanOto-PameanMazahua Mexico (State of Mexico) Christianity → Catholicism
Mazatec Oto-MangueanPopolocanMazatecan[note 3] Mexico (Oaxaca) Ayautla Christianity → Catholicism
Melungeons Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglishAppalachian English United States (Appalachia) Carmel Indians Christianity → ProtestantismBaptists
Mennonites Indo-EuropeanGermanicGerman, Dutch, English North America Old Order Mennonites, Old Colony Mennonites, Amish Mennonites (including Beachy Amish (including Old Beachy Amish), Kauffman Amish Mennonites, Egli Amish, Stuckey Amish), with significant populations in Belize, El Salvador, and Mexico Christianity → AnabaptismMennonitism
Menominee Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglish
AlgicAlgonquianMenominee
United States (Wisconsin (Menominee Indian Reservation)) Keshena, Legend Lake, Middle Village, Neopit, Zoar Christianity → Catholicism, Big Drum, Native American Church
Métis Indo-European and AlgicRomance and AlgonquianFrench and Plains CreeMichif
Indo-EuropeanRomanceFrenchMetis French
Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglishBungi
Canada (Canadian Prairies, British Columbia, Northwest Territories, Northwestern Ontario), United States (Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, Minnesota, North Dakota, Montana) Anglo-Metis, Little Shell Métis Christianity
Mi'kmaq AlgicAlgonquianMi'kmaq[note 6] Canada (Mi'kma'ki), United States (Maine) Mi'kmaq Nation, Miawpukek Christianity → Catholicism
Miami AlgicAlgonquianMiami–Illinois → Miami proper United States (Illinois) Indiana Miami, Oklahoma Miami, Piankeshaw Christianity, Native American religion
Miccosukee MuskogeanMikasuki United States (Miccosukee Indian Reservation) Christianity, Native American religion
Miskito MisumalpanMiskito
Indo-EuropeanEnglish-based creolesMoskitian Creole
Mosquito Coast (Nicaragua, Honduras) Miskito Sambu Christianity → ProtestantismMoravian Church
Missouria SiouanWestern SiouanChiwere United States (Oklahoma, previously Missouri) Christianity, Native American Church
Mixe Mixe–ZoqueMixe[note 3] Mexico (Oaxaca) Christianity → Catholicism
Mixtec Oto-MangueanMixtecanMixtec Mexico (La Mixteca) Triqui, Cuicatecs, Amoltepec Christianity → Catholicism
Mohawk Iroquoian → Northern Iroquoian → Mohawk Canada (Quebec, Ontario), United States (New York) Animism, Christianity
Monacans Historically SiouanOhio Valley SiouanTutelo[note 10] United States (Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Ohio) Christianity
Mopan MayanYucatecanMopan Belize, Guatemala Christianity, Mayan religion
Muckleshoot SalishanCoast SalishLushootseed United States (Washington) Christianity, Native American religion
Muscogee MuskogeanMuscogee,[note 1] Muskogean → Eastern Muskogean → Mikasuki United States (Alabama, Tennessee, Georgia)[note 2] Thlopthlocco, Kialegee, Muscogee Nation, Poarch Band, Lower Muskogee Creek Tribe, Creek Freedmen Native American religionCreek mythology, Four Mothers Society
Musqueam SalishanCoast SalishHalkomelem Canada (British Columbia) Native American religion
Nahuas Uto-AztecanNahuanNahuatl Mexico Huasteca Nahuas, Mexicaneros, Sierra Puebla Nahuas, Guerrero Nahuas, Orizaba Nahuas, Southeastern Puebla Nahuas, Central Nahuas, Pipil (including Nicarao) Christianity → Catholicism, Aztec religion
Nakoda SiouanWestern SiouanStoney Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan) Wood Stoney, Mountain Stoney Christianity
Naso ChibchanTalamancaTeribe Panama (Bocas del Toro) Native American religion
Natchez Natchez language[note 1] United States (Oklahoma, South Carolina) Eastern Band Christianity, Native American religion
Navajo Na-DeneApacheanNavajo
Navajo Family Sign[note 1]
United States (Dinétah) Christianity → Catholicism, Native American Church
Netsilik EskaleutInuitNatsilingmiutut Canada (Kugaaruk, Gjoa Haven) Christianity, Inuit religion
Nez Perce Plateau PenutianSahaptianNez Perce,[note 1] Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglish United States (Idaho, Washington) Waashat Religion, Christianity
Ngabe ChibchanGuaymi Panama (Ngabe-Bugle Comarca) Christianity → Catholicism
Nipmucs Historically AlgicAlgonquianLoup A, Massachusett United States (Chaubunagungamaug Reservation, Hassanamisco Reservation) Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck, Hassanamisco Nipmuc, Nipmuc Nation Manito, Christianity
Nisga'a TsimshianicNassGitksanNisga'a Canada (British Columbia) Native American religion
Nisqually SalishanCoast SalishLushootseed United States (Washington) Christianity, Native American religion
Nooksack SalishanCoast SalishNooksack United States (Washington) Native American religion, Christianity
NunatuKavummiut Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglishNewfoundland English Canada (NunatuKavut) Christianity → ProtestantismEvangelicalism
Animism
Nuu-chah-nulth Wakashan → Southern Wakashan → Nuu-chah-nulth Canada (British Columbia) Native American religion
Nuxalk SalishanNuxalk Canada (British Columbia) Native American religion
O'odham Uto-AztecanPimanO'odham Mexico (Sonora), United States (Arizona) Akimel O'odham, Tohono O'odham, Hia C-eḍ O'odham Christianity → Catholicism, Native American religion
Odawa AlgicAlgonquianOttawa[note 11] Canada (Ontario), United States (Oklahoma, Michigan) Midewiwin, Animism, Traditional religion, Christianity[6]
Oji-Cree AlgicAlgonquianOji-Cree Canada (Ontario, Manitoba) Anishinaabe traditional beliefs, Christianity[7]
Ojibwe AlgicAlgonquianOjibwe[note 3][note 11] Anishinaabeland (Canada, United States) Mississaugas, Saulteaux, Findians Midewiwin
Omaha SiouanWestern SiouanDhegihanOmaha-Ponca United States (Nebraska, Iowa) Christianity, Native American religion
Oneida Iroquoian → Northern Iroquoian → Oneida[note 11] Canada (Ontario), United States (New York, Wisconsin) Longhouse Religion
Onondaga Iroquoian → Northern Iroquoian → Onondaga Canada (Ontario), United States (New York) Longhouse Religion, Kanoh'hon'io, Kahni'kwi'io, Christianity[8]
Opata Indo-EuropeanRomanceSpanish
Historically Uto-AztecanOpata
Mexico (Sonora) Eudeve, Teguima, Jova Christianity → Catholicism
Osage SiouanWestern SiouanDhegihanOsage
Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglish
Indo-EuropeanRomanceFrench[9]
United States (Missouri, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Kansas) Christianity, Inlonshka, Traditional Spirituality[10]
Otoe SiouanWestern SiouanChiwere United States (Oklahoma, formerly Nebraska) Native American Church, Christianity
Otomi Oto-MangueanOtomianOtomi Mexico (Hidalgo, Puebla, Veracruz, State of Mexico, Queretaro) Christianity → Catholicism
Pame Oto-MangueanOto-PameanPame[note 3] Mexico (San Luis Potosi) Northern Pame, Southern Pame, Central Pame Native American religion, Christianity → Catholicism
Pawnee Caddoan → Northern → Pawnee United States (Oklahoma, formerly Kansas and Nebraska) Christianity, Native American Church
Pennsylvania Dutch Indo-EuropeanGermanicPennsylvania Dutch
Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglishPennsylvania Dutch English
United States (Pennsylvania) Schwenkfelders, River Brethren (including Yorker Brethren) Christianity → Protestantism
Peoria AlgicAlgonquianMiami–Illinois United States (Oklahoma, formerly Illinois) Christianity, Native American religion
Ponca SiouanWestern SiouanDhegihanOmaha-Ponca United States (Nebraska, Oklahoma) Christianity, Native American Church
Poqomam MayanQuicheanPoqomam Guatemala (Alta Verapaz) Christianity, Maya religion
Poqomchi MayanQuicheanPoqomchi' Guatemala (Baja Verapaz) Christianity → Catholicism, Maya religion
Potawatomi AlgicAlgonquianPotawatomi Canada (Ontario, United States (Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, Oklahoma, Wisconsin) Midewiwin, Christianity → Catholicism, ProtestantismMethodism[11]
Powhatans Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglish
Historically AlgicAlgonquianVirginia Algonquian
United States (Tsenacommacah) Christianity, Native American religion[12]
Punjabi Mexican Americans Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglishAmerican English United States (California) Hinduism, Sikhism, Islam, Christianity
Purepecha Purépechan languages[note 3] Mexico (Michoacan) Christianity → Catholicism
Puyallup SalishanCoast SalishLushootseed United States (Washington) Christianity, Native American religion
Q'anjob'al MayanQ'anjobalanQ'anjob'al Guatemala (Huehuetenango Department), Mexico (Chiapas) Christianity, Mayan religion
Quapaw SiouanWestern SiouanDhegihanQuapaw United States (Oklahoma, formerly Arkansas) Christianity, Native American religion, Native American Church
Quechan YumanQuechan United States (Arizona, California) Native American religion, Christianity
Q'eqchi' MayanQuicheanQ'eqchi Guatemala (Alta Verapaz, Peten Department, Izabal Department, Baja Verapaz, Quiche Department), Belize (Toledo District), Mexico (Campeche, Quintana Roo, Chiapas Western Q'eqchi, Eastern Q'eqchi Christianity, Maya religion
Quileute ChimakuanQuileute United States (Washington) Native American religion
Rama ChibchanRama
Indo-EuropeanEnglish-based creolesMiskito Coast CreoleRama Cay Creole
Nicaragua (Rama Cay) Christianity → ProtestantismMoravian Church
Redbones Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglishAmerican English United States (Louisiana) Christianity
Sac AlgicAlgonquianSauk United States (Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, formerly Michigan, Wisconsin) Sac and Fox Nation (Oklahoma), Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska, Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa Native American religion
Salinan Salinan language United States (California) Native American religion
Sammamish SalishanCoast SalishLushootseed United States (Washington) Christianity, Native American religion
Sauk-Suiattle SalishanCoast SalishLushootseed United States (Washington) Sauk, Suiattle Christianity, Native American religion
Sekani Na-DeneAthabaskanSekani Canada (British Columbia) Christianity, Animism
Seminoles MuskogeanMuscogeeSeminole, MuskogeanMikasuki, Afro-Seminole Creole United States (Oklahoma, Florida), Mexico (Coahuila) Oklahoma Seminoles, Black Seminoles (including Mascogos), Florida Seminoles Christianity → Protestantism, Catholicism
Green Corn Ceremony
Seneca Iroquoian → Northern Iroquoian → Seneca Canada (Ontario), United States (New York, Oklahoma) Longhouse Religion, Christianity[13]
Seri Seri Mexico (Sonora) Animism, Christianity
Serrano Uto-AztecanTakicSerrano[note 1] United States (California) Mountain Serrano, Desert Serrano Native American religion
Shawnee AlgicAlgonquianShawnee United States (Oklahoma, historically Ohio) Absentee Shawnee, Eastern Shawnee, Piqua Shawnee, Shawnee Tribe Indigenous religion[14]
Shoshone Uto-AztecanNumicShoshoni Wyoming, Idaho, Nevada, Utah (United States) Eastern Shoshone, Northern Shoshone, Western Shoshone, Goshute Native American Church, Christianity
Shuswap SalishanInterior SalishShuswap Canada (Secwepemcúl̓ecw) Setlemuk, Skstellnemuk, Stietamuk, Stkamlulepsemuk, Stlemhulehamuk, Texqa'kallt, Zaktcinemuk Christianity, Native American religion
Siglit EskaleutInuitSallirmiutun Canada (Inuvialuit Settlement Region) Christianity, Inuit religion
Sirenik Eskaleut → Eskimo → Siberian Yupik,[note 12] historically Eskaleut → Eskimo → Sirenik Russia (Sireniki) Christianity, formerly shamanism
Skokomish SalishanCoast SalishTwana United States (Skokomish Indian Reservation) Christianity → Indian Shaker Church[15]
Skykomish SalishanCoast SalishLushootseed United States (Washington) Skykomish proper, Index Christianity, Native American religion
Slavey Na-DeneAthabaskanSlavey[note 3] Canada (Alberta, Northwest Territories) Deh Cho, Sahtu Christianity, Animism
Snohomish SalishanCoast SalishLushootseed United States (Washington) Christianity, Native American religion
Snoqualmie SalishanCoast SalishLushootseed United States (Washington) Christianity, Native American religion
South Carolina Turks[16] Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglish United States (Dalzell, Sumter County, South Carolina) Islam
Spokane SalishanInterior SalishSpokane United States (Spokane Indian Reservation) Upper Spokane, Middle Spokane, Lower Spokane Christianity, Native American religion, Dreamer Cult
Squamish SalishanCoast SalishSquamish Canada (British Columbia (North Vancouver (Squamish Nation))) Senakw, X̱wáýx̱way, X̱wemelch'stn, Stawamus Irreligion, Christianity
Squaxin Island Tribe SalishanCoast SalishLushootseed United States (Washington) Squaxin, Sahewamish, T'Peeksin, Squiaitl, Stechass, Nusechatl Christianity, Native American religion
Steilacoom SalishanCoast SalishLushootseed United States (Washington) Steilacoom, Sastuck, Spanaway, Tlithlow, Sequalitchew Christianity, Native American religion
Stillaguamish SalishanCoast SalishLushootseed United States (Washington) Christianity, Native American religion
Sto:lo SalishanCoast SalishHalkomelem Canada (British Columbia) Aitchelitz, Leq'á:mel, Matsqui, Popkum, Skway, Skawahlook, Skowkale, Squiala, Sumas, Tzeachten, Yakweakwioose, Chawathil, Cheam, Kwantlen, Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt, Sq'éwlets, Seabird Island Band, Shxw'ow'hamel, Soowahlie, Skwah, Qayqayt, Kwikwetlem, Union Bar First Nation, Peters Band, Katzie, Sts'ailes, Yale First Nation Christianity, Native American religion
Suquamish SalishanCoast SalishLushootseed United States (Washington) Christianity, Native American religion
Swinomish SalishanCoast SalishLushootseed United States (Washington) Christianity, Native American religion
Tagish Na-DeneAthabaskanTagish Canada (Yukon) Christianity, Animism[17]
Tahltan Na-DeneAthabaskanTahltan Canada (Northern British Columbia) Christianity, Animism[18]
Taidnapam Historically Plateau PenutianSahaptian → Northwest Sahaptin → Upper Cowlitz
Chinookan, Wakashan, and Indo-EuropeanLower Chinook, Nootka Jargon, Germanic, and RomanceChinook Jargon
United States (Yakama Indian Reservation) Upper Cowlitz, Lewis River Cowlitz Native American religion[19]
Taino ArawakanTaino Greater Antilles Native American religion
Tanana Athabaskans Na-DeneAthabaskanUpper Tanana, Na-DeneAthabaskanLower Tanana, Na-DeneAthabaskanTanacross United States (Interior Alaska), Canada (Western Yukon) Lower Tanana, Middle Tanana, Tanacross, Upper Tanana Christianity, Shamanism[20]
Taos TanoanTiwaTaos United States (Taos Pueblo) Native American religion, Native American Church, Christianity
Tarahumara Uto-AztecanTarahumaranTarahumara Mexico (Chihuahua) Animism, Peyotism, Christianity → Catholicism
Tepehuán Uto-AztecanPimanTepehuán Mexico (Durango, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Jalisco, Zacatecas, Nayarit) Tepehuán Mythology, Shamanism, Animism, Peyotism, Christianity → Catholicism
Tewa TanoanTewa United States (New Mexico) Christianity, Pueblo religion
Tlapanec Oto-MangueanTlapanec Mexico (Guerrero) Christianity → Catholicism
Tlicho Na-DeneAthabaskanTlicho Canada (Northwest Territories) Christianity, Animism
Tlingit Na-DeneTlingit Canada (British Columbia, Yukon Territory), United States (Alaska, Washington) Alaska Native religion
Tojolabal MayanQ'anjobalanTojolab'al Mexico (Chiapas) Christianity, Mayan religion
Totonac Totonac[note 3] Mexico (Veracruz, Puebla, Hidalgo) Christianity, Native American religion
Tsimshian Tsimshianic → Maritime Tsimshianic[note 3] Canada (British Columbia), United States (Alaska) Kitasoo, Gitga'ata, Kitkatla, Kitsumkalum, Kitselas, Ginadoiks, Ginaxangiik, Gispaxlo'ots, Gitando, Gitlaan, Gits'iis, Gitwilgyoots, Gitzaxłaał, Giluts'aaw Alaskan Native religion
Tsleil-Waututh SalishanCoast SalishHalkomelem Canada (British Columbia) Native American religion
Tsuut'ina Na-DeneAthabaskanTsuut'ina Canada (Alberta) Christianity, Native American religion
Tunica-Biloxi Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglish
Indo-EuropeanRomanceFrench[21]
Tunica language
Historically SiouanOhio Valley SiouanBiloxi
United States (Tunica-Biloxi Indian Reservation) Biloxi, Tunica Native American religion,[22] Christianity → Protestantism, Catholicism
Tunumiit EskaleutInuitTunumiisut Danish Realm (Tunu) Inuit religion, Christianity
Tuscarora Iroquoian → Northern Iroquoian → Tuscarora Canada (Ontario), United States (New York, North Carolina) Longhouse Religion, Christianity[23]
Tutchones Na-DeneAthabaskanTutchone[note 3] Canada (Yukon Territory) Northern Tutchones, Southern Tutchones Native American religion
Tzeltal MayanCholanTzeltal Mexico (Chiapas) Christianity, Mayan religion
Tzotzil Tzotzil MayanCholanTzotzil Christianity, Mayan religion, Islam
Tz'utujil MayanQuicheanTz'utujil Guatemala (Guatemalan Highlands) Christianity → Catholicism, Maya religion
Umatilla Plateau PenutianSahaptianUmatilla United States (Oregon) Native American religion
Upper Kuskokwim Na-DeneAthabaskanUpper Kuskokwim United States (Interior Alaska) Christianity → Eastern OrthodoxyRussian Orthodoxy
Upper Skagit SalishanCoast SalishLushootseed United States (Washington) Christianity, Native American religion
Ute Uto-AztecanNumicColorado River NumicUte United States (Colorado, Utah) Native American Church, Christianity
Walla Walla Plateau PenutianSahaptin → Walla Walla United States (Oregon, Washington) Waashat Religion
Wampanoag AlgicAlgonquianWampanoag United States (Massachusetts) Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe, Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah) Native American religion, Christianity
Wassamasaw Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglishAmerican English United States (Berkeley County, South Carolina) Christianity → ProtestantismBaptism[24]
Wichita CaddoanWichita[note 1] United States (Oklahoma; formerly Kansas, Texas) Native American Church, Christianity, Native American religion
Wuikinuxv Wakashan → Northern Wakashan → Heiltsuk–OowekyalaOowekyala Canada (British Columbia) Native American religion
Xinca Xincan[note 3] Guatemala Native American religion, Christianity → Catholicism
Yaqui Uto-AztecanCahitanYaqui Mexico (Sonora), United States (Arizona) Peyotism, Christianity → Catholicism
Yellowknives Na-DeneAthabaskanChipewyan Canada (Northwest Territories) Christianity
Yucatec Maya MayanYucatecanYucatec Maya Mexico (Yucatan, Campeche, Quintana Roo), Belize (Corozal District, Orange Walk District) Christianity, Mayan religion
Yuchi Yuchi language United States (Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina)[note 2] Christianity → ProtestantismMethodism
Stomp Dance, Native American Church[25]
Yup'ik Eskaleut → Eskimo → Yup'ik United States (Alaska) Nunivak Cupʼig, Chevak Cupʼik Christianity, Shamanism
Zapotecs Oto-MangueanZapotecanZapotec[note 3] Mexico (Oaxaca) Ixtlan Christianity → Catholicism
Zonians Indo-EuropeanGermanicEnglishAmerican English Panama (Panama Canal Zone) Christianity
Zoque Mixe–ZoqueZoque[note 3] Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz, Tabasco) Christianity → Catholicism
Zuni Zuni language United States (New Mexico) Christianity
Close

Lists of ethnic groups

By status:
Regional lists:

See also

Notes

  1. Due to the a long history of forced assimilation by the American government, the vast majority only speak English.
  2. Following the passage of the Indian Removal Act, the Cherokee, the Choctaw, the Chickasaw, and the Muscogee were all forced to relocate their entire population to Oklahoma.
  3. Language family; with some exceptions, all speakers of the various languages within this family are typically seen as one singular ethnicity.
  4. With the exception of Navajo, all Apachean speakers are seen as one ethnicity. However, due to a history of forced assimilation by the American government, the majority can only speak English.
  5. The last of the Chumashan languages went extinct in 1965 but revival efforts have been ongoing since 2010.
  6. Due to the a long history of forced assimilation by the Canadian government, the vast majority can only either speak English.
  7. The Gabrieleno language went extinct around 1900, but revival efforts have been ongoing since the 2000s. Most are fluent in English and/or Spanish
  8. Following the Second Carib War, the majority of the Garifuna were deported to Honduras, where they later spread to Guatemala, Belize, and Nicaragua. Since then, Honduras has seen high murder rates, causing many to flee to United States.
  9. The indigenous Kalinago language became extinct in the 1920s. However, an offshoot of it known as Garifuna is still spoken today.
  10. Tutelo went extinct in 1982, leading most Monacans, Saponi, and Occaneechi to speak English. There has been some interest in reviving Tutelo in the 21st century.[5]
  11. Due to a long history of forced assimilation by both American and Canadian governments, the vast majority can only speak English.
  12. Due to the Sirenik language going extinct, Sirenik people have begun using the related Siberian Yupik language in its place.

References

Related Articles

Wikiwand AI