List of countries by population in 1600

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List of countries by population
1500	1600	1700

This is a list of countries by population in 1600. Estimate numbers are from the beginning of the year, and exact population figures are for countries that held a census on various dates in that year. The bulk of these numbers are sourced from Alexander V. Avakov's Two Thousand Years of Economic Statistics, Volume 1, pages 15 to 17, which cover population figures from the year 1600 divided into modern borders. Avakov, in turn, cites a variety of sources, mostly Angus Maddison. More specific numbers are given by other sources, and are noted as such in the citations.

Country/Territory	Population c. 1600 estimate	Percentage of World Population
World	579,000,000	–
Ming Dynasty[1][2] Subdivisions Liaodong Regional Military Commission – ? Dokham Regional Military Commission – ? Sichuan Province Tusi – ? Guizhou Province Tusi – ? Guangxi Province Tusi – ? Yunnan Province Tusi – ? Chinese Shan States – ?	60,000,000–150,000,000	27.6%
Mughal Empire[3][4][a] Subdivisions Jaisalmer – ? Bikaner – ? Marwar – ? Mewar – ? Amber – ? Dungarpur – ? Kotah – ? Gondi states – ?	~56,000,000	9.7%
Holy Roman Empire[4][b] subdivisions Bohemian Crown – 2,950,000[8] Archduchy of Austria (and related territories) – 2,500,000 Spanish Netherlands – 1,600,000+[9] Duchy of Milan – 1,350,000[10] Savoy – 1,200,000[c] Electorate of Saxony – 1,200,000[12] Republic of the Swiss – 1,000,000 Electorate of Bavaria – ~800,000[13] Republic of Genoa – 650,000[14] Grand Duchy of Tuscany – 648,000[15] Electoral Palatinate – ~600,000[16] Margraviate of Brandenburg- ~350,000[17] Duchy of Württemberg – ? Duchy of Modena and Reggio – ~250,000[18] Duchy of Parma – ~250,000 Margraviate of Baden – ? Thuringian states – ? Duchy of Carniola – 248,000[19] Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel 230,000[20] Duchy of Holstein – 185,000[21] Republic of Lucca – 110,000[15] Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt – 50,000 Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin – ? Nassau-Weilburg – ? Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg – ? County of Oldenburg – ? Duchy of Luxemburg – ? Imperial County of Reuss – ? Principality of Lippe – ? Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz – ? Anhalt-Dessau – ? Arenberg – ? Anhalt-Bernburg – ? Anhalt-Köthen – ? County of Schaumburg – ? Liechtenstein – ? Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg- ? Principality of Calenberg – ? Electorate of Mainz – 100,000+[22] Franche-Comté – ? Electorate of Trier – 100,000+[22] Electorate of Cologne – 100,000+[22] Duchy of Brunswick-Luneburg – ? Saxe-Lauenburg – ? Prince-Bishopric of Münster – ? Archbishopric of Magdeburg – ? Hamburg – ~20,000[23] Free City of Lübeck – ? Duchy of Schleswig – ? Prince-bishopric of Lübeck – ? Prince-Bishopric of Trent – ? Principality of Ansbach – ?	27,000,000+ – 34,000,000+	5.2%
Iberian Union and possessions subdivisions Spanish America – c. 9,745,000[24] Kingdom of Spain – 8,240,000[25][26] Kingdom of Naples – 3,000,000[15] Spanish Netherlands (Belgium) – 1,600,000+ Duchy of Milan – 1,350,000 Kingdom of Portugal – 1,100,000[27] Kingdom of Sicily – 1,100,000[15][28] Captaincy General of the Philippines – 791,000 Franche-Comté – ? Goa state – 250,000[29] Diu – ? Viceroyalty of Sardinia – 300,000[15] Malacca – ~195,000[15] Viceroyalty of Brazil – 45,000 Bahrain – 54,000 Duchy of Luxemburg – ? Andorra – ?	28,745,000+	5.0%
Ottoman Empire[4][30] subdivisions Anatolia and East Thrace – 7,275,000 Egypt Eyalet – 5,000,000 Greece[31] – 1,500,000 Bulgaria – 1,250,000 Syria – 1,175,000 Iraq- 1,070,000 Serbia – 1,057,000 Ottoman Hungary – 900,000 Bosnia Eyalet – 449,000 Sidon Eyalet – 292,000 Palestine – 352,000 Cyprus – 98,000 Habesh Eyalet – ? Ottoman Albania[32] – 200,000 vassal states Regency of Algiers – 2,250,000 Beylik of Tunis – 1,000,000 Regency of Tripoli – 500,000 Principality of Transylvania – 965,000[33] Principality of Moldavia - 440,000[34] Principality of Wallachia - 300,000[34] Crimean Khanate - 2,740,000 Sultanate of Aceh - ?	22,000,000[30]	3.8%
Kingdom of France [35] subdivisions Kingdom of Navarre – ? Andorra Viscounty of Béarn	19,000,000	3.3%
Kingdom of Morocco and possessions[4][36][d] subdivisions Pashalik of Timbuktu – 10,810,860 Morocco – 2,250,000	13,060,860	2.3%
Tokugawa Japan[37]	12,000,000	2.1%
Joseon[38]	11,722,000	~2.0%
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth[39] subdivisions Royal Prussia – ? Duchy of Courland and Semigallia – ? Duchy of Livonia – ?	~10,000,000	1.7%
Tsardom of Russia[40][41]	9,000,000	1.6%
Habsburg Monarchy[42] subdivisions Bohemian Crown – 2,950,000 Archduchy of Austria – 2,100,000 Kingdom of Hungary – 1,800,000 Kingdom of Croatia – est. 647,000 Duchy of Carniola – 290,000	7,800,000	1.3%
Safavid Iran[43]	Under 5,000,000 to near 10,000,000	1.3%
England and possessions[44] subdivisions Kingdom of England – 4,150,000 Kingdom of Ireland – 1,200,000 Wales – 250,000 Channel Islands – 20,000[45][46] Isle of Man – 5,000	5,600,000	1.0%
Lê dynasty (Đại Việt)[47]	5,500,000	0.9%
Taungoo dynasty (Burma)[48][49][e] subdivisions Shan States – ?	3,500,000	0.6%
Ahom kingdom	2,000,000-3,000,000[53]	0.3%-0.5%
Northern Yuan[54]	~2,760,000	0.5%
Malla[4]	2,750,000	0.5%
Ayutthaya Kingdom (Siam)[55]	~2,500,000	0.4%
Ethiopian Empire[4]	2,104,000	0.4%
Republic of Venice[56]	2,000,000	0.3%
Kingdom of Kongo[57]	2,000,000	0.3%
Jianzhou Jurchen Confederation[58]	<2,000,000	0.3%
Papal States[59]	1,704,500	0.3%
Dutch Republic[4]	1,500,000	0.3%
Cambodia[4]	1,419,000	0.2%
Sweden[60][61] subdivisions Kingdom of Sweden – 760,000 Grand Duchy of Finland- 500,000 Duchy of Estonia- 101,000	1,361,000	0.2%
Denmark–Norway[62][63] subdivisions Denmark – 650,000 Norway- 400,000 Iceland- 50,000 Greenland – ?	1,180,000	0.2%
Kingdom of Scotland[64]	800,000	0.14%
Republic of Genoa[14]	650,000	0.11%
Kingdom of Lan Xang[4]	319,000	0.055%
Malay Sultanates of Johor, Kedah, Pattani, and Perak[65]	<200,000 (together)	0.133%
Duchy of Urbino	150,000[66]	0.100%
Kingdom of Mrauk U	160,000+[67][68][f]	0.107%
Republic of Ragusa[69]	60,000	0.010%
Arab Emirates[4]	35,000	0.006%
Nan Madol (Saudeleur dynasty)	25,000[70]	0.004%
Rapa Nui (Easter Island)[71]	15,000	0.003%

The source used here calculates the said nations population by modern day borders, so the estimates are likely inaccurate.