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List of equipment used by Russian separatist forces in Ukraine

List of equipment of the DPR/LPR From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of equipment of the armed forces of the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic currently used in the Russo-Ukrainian War.

DPR 1st Army Corps forces emblem
LPR 2nd Army Corps forces emblem

Small arms

Pistols

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Cartridge Origin Photo Notes
Tokarev TT-33[1]Semi-automatic pistol7.62×25mm Tokarev Soviet Union8-round magazine. Limited usage.
Makarov PM[1]Semi-automatic pistol9×18mm Makarov Soviet Union8-round magazine. Most commonly used pistol by the pro-Russian separatists.
Stechkin APS[1]Machine pistol9×18mm Makarov Soviet Union20-round magazine.
Type 54 pistol Semi-automatic pistol 7.62×25mm Tokarev  China At least one was documented in Severodonetsk in 2019.[2]
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Submachine guns

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Cartridge Origin Photo Notes
PPSh-41[1]Submachine gun7.62×25mm Tokarev Soviet Union35-round box magazine and 71-round drum magazine. Limited usage in the beginning of the conflict.[1]
PPS-43[1]Submachine gun7.62×25mm Tokarev Soviet Union35-round box magazine. Limited usage in the beginning of the conflict.[1]
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Shotguns

More information Name, Type ...
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Bolt-action rifles

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Cartridge Origin Photo Notes
Mosin–Nagant M1891/30[1]Bolt action rifle7.62×54mmR Russian Empire /
Soviet Union
5-round magazine, optionally with a PU scope in sniper role.[1][3]
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Semi-automatic rifles

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Cartridge Origin Photo Notes
SKSSemi-automatic rifle7.62×39mm Soviet Union[1]
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Assault rifles

Precision rifles

Anti-materiel rifles

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Cartridge Origin Photo Notes
PTRD[1]Anti-tank rifle14.5×114mm Soviet UnionSingle-shot reloadable rifle.
PTRS-41[1]Anti-tank rifle14.5×114mm Soviet Union5-round magazine.
KSVK / ASVK[1]Anti-materiel rifle12.7×108mm RussiaIntroduced for service with Russian forces in 2013. Any exports on this rifle is unknown.[1]
OSV-96 Anti-materiel rifle 12.7×108mm  Russia Limited use.[5]
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Machine guns

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Cartridge Origin Photo Notes
RPD[1]Light machine gun7.62×39mm Soviet Union100-round drum magazine.
RPK[1]Light machine gun7.62×39mm Soviet Union40-round capacity box magazine or 75-round drum magazine.
RPK-74[1] / RPK-74M[6]Light machine gun5.45×39mm M74 Soviet Union30 or 45-round magazine.
PM M1910/30[1]Medium machine gun7.62×54mmR Russian Empire
 Soviet Union
Belt fed with 250-round cloth belts. Seen twice in 2014, at least one was non-operational.[1]
PK / PKM[1]General-purpose machine gun7.62×54mmR Soviet UnionBelt fed with 100, 200 or 250-round boxes. In Ukraine, the PKM is produced under the name KM-7.62.
Zastava M53[7]General-purpose machine gun7.92×57mm YugoslaviaCaptured from Ukrainian forces in spring 2014.[7]
DShK[1]Heavy machine gun12.7×108mm Soviet UnionBelt fed with 50-round boxes.
KPV / KPVT[1]Heavy machine gun14.5×114mm Soviet UnionBelt fed with 40 or 50-round boxes.
NSV / NSVT[1]Heavy machine gun12.7×108mm Soviet UnionBelt fed with 50-round boxes. In Ukraine, the NSV is produced under the name KM-12.7 or KT-12.7.
PKP Pecheneg[1]General-purpose machine gun7.62×54mmR RussiaPKP is not known to be in service with Ukrainian forces, and has only been exported outside of Russia in limited quantities.[1]
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Explosives/armor-piercing weapons

Grenades and grenade launchers

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Diameter Origin Photo Notes
RG-41[1]Fragmentation grenade55mm Soviet Union
5-meter kill radius. Limited usage.
RG-42 Fragmentation grenade 54mm  Soviet Union At least one was documented in Hrytsenkove in 2019.[2]
F-1[1]Fragmentation grenade55mm Soviet UnionReported to be bombarded on government forces using multirotor unmanned aerial vehicles by pro-Russian separatists.[8]
RGD-5[1]Fragmentation grenade58mm Soviet UnionPropels ~350 fragments, 5-meter kill radius, 3.2–4-second fuse.
RGN[1]Fragmentation grenade60mm Soviet Union4–10-meter kill radius, 3.2–4.2-second fuse.
GP-25[1]Under-barrel grenade launcher40mm Soviet UnionCan be fitted to AK type rifles.
AGS-17[1][9]Automatic grenade launcher30mm Soviet UnionBelt fed with 29-round drums, high rate of fire.
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Mines

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Detonation Origin Photo Notes
MON-50[7]Anti-personnel mineTripwire/Command Soviet UnionPropels ~485/540 steel projectiles to a kill radius of 50 meters.
MON-90[7]Anti-personnel mineTripwire/Command Soviet UnionPropels ~2000 steel projectiles to a kill radius of 90 meters.
OZM-72[7]Anti-personnel bounding mineTripwire/Command Soviet Union~500g TNT, propels ~2400 steel projectiles.
MON-100[7]Anti-personnel minePressure Soviet UnionPropels ~400 steel projectiles to a kill radius of 100 meters.
PMN[7]Anti-personnel minePressure Soviet Union240g TNT
PMN-4[7]Anti-personnel minePressure Soviet Union50g TG-40 (RDX/TNT)
TM-62M[1]Anti-tank minePressure Soviet Union7.5 kg TNT.
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Anti-tank

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Diameter Origin Photo Notes
RPG-7[1]Rocket-propelled grenadeWarhead diameter varies Soviet UnionReloadable launcher.
RPG-18[1]Rocket-propelled grenade64mm Soviet UnionSome of these launchers captured from the separatists were evidently brought from Russia.[1]
RPG-22[1]Rocket-propelled grenade72.5mm Soviet UnionSingle-shot disposable launcher.
RPG-26[1]Rocket-propelled grenade72.5mm Soviet UnionSingle-shot disposable launcher.
SPG-9[1]Recoilless rifle73mm Soviet UnionSingle-shot reloadable launcher.
9K111 Fagot[1]Anti-tank missile120mm Soviet UnionWire-guided anti-tank missile system.
9M113 Konkurs[7]Anti-tank missile135mm Soviet UnionWire-guided anti-tank missile system.
9K115 Metis[1]Anti-tank missile94mm Soviet UnionWire-guided anti-tank missile system.
9K114 Shturm[1]Anti-tank missile130mm Soviet UnionWire-guided anti-tank missile system.
9M133 Kornet[1]Anti-tank missile152mm RussiaThe system components were found discarded on a battlefield near Starobesheve.[1] It has not been exported to Ukraine.[1][10]
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Flamethrowers

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Diameter Origin Photo Notes
RPO-A Shmel[1]Rocket-propelled flamethrower93mm Soviet UnionSome of the launchers captured from the separatists were evidently produced in Russia in 2000s.[1]
MRO-A[11]Rocket-propelled flamethrower72.5mm RussiaIt is not known to have been exported outside of Russia.[1]
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Vehicles

The ongoing war makes the list below include tentative estimates.

Tanks

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
T-34-85Medium tank1+ Soviet UnionA number of T-34s were reactivated by the separatist forces from war memorials.[1][7]
T-54Medium tank1+ Soviet UnionTaken from Donetsk historical museum on 7 July 2014.[12]
T-62M/BVMain battle tankN/A Soviet UnionAssigned to reservist units during 2022.[13]
T-64A/B/BM/BVMain battle tank400 (DPR claim)[14][a] Soviet Union
 Ukraine
Some were reportedly supplied from Russia.[15][16]

T-64BM serviceability doubtful.[17]

T-72B/B3/BA/B mod. 1989[1]Main battle tank300 (DPR claim)[14][a] Soviet Union
 Russia
Three seen in Sverdlovsk.[18][19] Six seen in 2015.[20] Over 34 claimed supplied by Russia.[21] T72BM not exported from Russia.[15][18] One seen in convoy in Sverdlovsk.[18][6][10][22]
T-80/BVMain battle tank57 (DPR claim)[14][a] Soviet Union

At least six T-80 tanks were spotted by the OSCE in January 2015 near Donetsk.[23]

T-90 Main battle tank 3  Russia In 2018 the DPR claimed to have 3 T-90 tanks in service.[14][a]
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Infantry fighting vehicles

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
BMP-1 / BMP-1P / BMP-1KSh[1]Infantry fighting vehicle1+ Soviet Union
BMP-2[1]Infantry fighting vehicle1+ Soviet Union
BMD-1[1]Airborne infantry fighting vehicle1 Soviet Union
BMD-2[1]Airborne infantry fighting vehicle1+ Soviet Union
BTR-4[1]Infantry fighting vehicle1+ Ukraine
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Armoured personnel carriers

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
BTR-60PB[1]Armoured personnel carrier1+ Soviet Union
BTR-70[1]Armoured personnel carrier1+ Soviet Union
BTR-80[1]Armoured personnel carrier1+ Soviet UnionSome were reportedly supplied from Russia.[24]
BTR-D[17]Armoured personnel carrier1[25] Soviet Union
MT-LBArmoured personnel carrier1+ Soviet UnionSome were reportedly supplied from Russia.[1]
9K114 ShturmArmoured personnel carrier1[26] Soviet Union
GT-MU[17]Armoured personnel carrier1[27] Soviet Union
MT-LBVM[1]Armoured personnel carrier1+ Soviet Union /
 Russia[1]
At least one destroyed near Ilovaisk.[6]
MT-LBVMK[1]Armoured personnel carrier1+ Soviet Union
 Russia[1]
At least one destroyed in Ukraine in September 2014.[6]
MT-LB 6MA[1]Armoured personnel carrier1+ Soviet Union
 Russia[1]
At least one destroyed near Ilovaisk.[6]
BTR-82AM[1]Armoured personnel carrier[1]1+ Soviet Union
 Russia
BTR-82AIt was only adopted in Russia in early 2013. It is not known to have been exported to any other country.[1][6] Seen on videos filmed by the separatists.[6] Also seen destroyed in Novosvitlivka.[28][unreliable source?]
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Armored scout vehicles

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
BRM-1K[1]Combat reconnaissance vehicle1+ Soviet Union
BRDM-2[1]Amphibious armoured scout car1+ Soviet Union[17]
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Armoured recovery vehicles

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
BREM-1[1]Armoured recovery vehicle1+ Soviet Union
IMR-2[1]Armoured recovery vehicle1+ Soviet Union
BTS-4[1]Armoured recovery vehicle1+ Soviet Union
Ukraine
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Minelayers

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
GMZ-3[6]Minelayer1 Soviet Union
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Trenchers

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
MDK-3[6]Trencher1+ Soviet UnionOne captured from Ukrainian forces.[6]
TKM-2 [uk] Trencher 1+  Soviet Union At least one was spotted by the OSCE in January 2018.[29]
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Light armored vehicles

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
UAZ-23632-148 EsaulArmoured utility vehicle15+ RussiaPhotographed by OSCE monitors using a drone at a training area in April 2021.[30][31]
VodnikInfantry mobility vehicle1+ RussiaSeen in Krasnodon.[32][33][unreliable source?]
BPM-97[34] / Dozor / Dozor-N / VystrelLight armored vehicle10+ RussiaFour seen in the late December Luhansk People's Republic military exercises.[35][unreliable source?] 10 vehicles seen in Krasnodon,[32][unreliable source?] several seen in Luhansk.[36][37][unreliable source?]
HumveeHigh-mobility multipurpose vehicle1-2+ United StatesCaptured in Debaltsevo after being abandoned by Ukrainian forces.[38]
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Logistics and utility vehicles

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
UAZ-452Off-road van2+ Soviet UnionOne seen in 2014.[39] At least one ambulance vehicle was spotted in 2015 by the OSCE.[40]
UAZ-469Light utility vehicle2+ Soviet UnionTwo seen north of Sloviansk.[41][unreliable source?]
Ural-4320Medium cargo truck17+ Soviet UnionAt least 17 Ural-4320 seen towing 155mm Msta-B howitzers in November 2014.[39]
Kamaz-4310Medium cargo truck80+[42][failed verification] Soviet UnionAt least five Kamaz-4310 were spotted by the OSCE in 2018.[43]
Kamaz-5350 [de] Heavy cargo truck 1+  Russia Seen towing 122mm D-30 howitzers in 2014.[39] At least one spotted by the OSCE in 2019.[44]
GAZ-664x4 off-road military truck10+ Soviet UnionObserved by the OSCE, mostly used as radio relaying stations.[45][29]
ZIL-131Medium cargo truck20+ Soviet UnionAt least 20 were spotted by the OSCE in November 2017.[46]
PTS-2[1]Amphibious transporter1+ Soviet Union
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Artillery

Mortars

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
82-BM-37[1]82mm infantry mortarN/A Soviet UnionAt least two reported captured from separatist forces by Ukrainian Forces.[47]
120-PM-43 mortar[1]120-mm infantry mortarN/A Soviet Union
2S12 Sani[47]120mm heavy mortarN/A Soviet UnionAt least two reported captured from separatist forces by Ukrainian Forces.[47]
2B14 Podnos[7]82mm infantry mortarN/A Soviet UnionCaptured from Ukrainian forces.
2B9 Vasilek[7]82mm automatic mortarN/A Soviet Union4-mortar shell cassette.
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Field artillery

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
BS-3[1]100mm anti-tank gun1+ Soviet Union
D-1152mm howitzer1 Soviet UnionReportedly used by 132nd Motor Rifle Brigade (DNR).[citation needed]
D-20152mm howitzer2 Soviet UnionObserved by OSCE.[48]
MT-12 Rapira[1]100mm anti-tank gun12+[48] Soviet UnionObserved by OSCE.[48]
D-30[1][49] "Lyagushka"122mm towed howitzer35+[50][51] Soviet UnionObserved by OSCE.[48]
2A36 Giatsint-B152mm howitzer2+ Soviet UnionUse documented in videos.[citation needed]
2B16 Nona-K[1]120mm anti-tank gun1+ Soviet UnionUkraine reportedly had only two of these before the war.[52]
2A65 Msta-B[1]152mm howitzer6+[48] Soviet UnionObserved by OSCE.[48]
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Self-propelled field artillery

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
2S1 Gvozdika[1]122mm self-propelled howitzer15+[48] Soviet UnionObserved by OSCE.[48]
2S3 Akatsiya[1]152.4mm self-propelled artillery7+[48] Soviet UnionObserved by OSCE.[48]
2S5 Giatsint-S[1]152mm self-propelled field gun1+ Soviet Union
2S7 Pion203 mm self-propelled artillery2+ Soviet UnionTwo seen in Makiivka.[53][54]
2S9 Nona-S[1]120mm self-propelled mortar1+ Soviet Union
2S19 Msta-S[1]152mm self-propelled howitzer3+ Soviet UnionServiceability doubtful.[17]
One is suspected to come from Russia.[37][unreliable source?]
2S4 Tyulpan240mm self-propelled mortar1+ Soviet Union2S4 Tyulpan in deployed positionOne mortar was observed by OSCE in 2015.[55]
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Rocket artillery

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
Cheburashka[56]Multiple rocket launcherN/A Russian Federation / Donetsk People's Republic Donetsk People's RepublicFirst unveiled at 2018 victory parade.

Doubts where raised about their local production.[57]

Snezhinka[56]220mm Multiple rocket launcherN/A Russian Federation / Donetsk People's RepublicDonetsk People's Republic Donetsk People's RepublicFirst unveiled at 2018 victory parade. Doubts where raised about their local production[57]
BM-21 Grad (9K51)[1][58]122mm multiple rocket launcher69 Soviet UnionIn 2018 the DPR allegedly had 69 Grads in service.[14][a]
BM-27 Uragan220mm multiple rocket launcher10 (DPR claim)[14][a] Soviet UnionTwo seen in Khartsyzk in February 2015.[59]
BM-30 Smerch300mm multiple rocket launcher5 (DPR claim)[14][a] Soviet UnionAt least two seen in Makiivka in February 2015.[60][61]
Grad-P122mm light portable rocket systemN/A Soviet UnionSeveral seen in several Luhansk region areas.[62]
Grad-K[34] ("Grad" on KamAZ-5350 chassis)122mm multiple rocket launcherN/A RussiaThe 2B26 machine is a Russian modification of the original BM-21 launcher. It was first produced in 2011.[63][unreliable source?] It is seen on a video with separatists firing Grads in January 2015.[34][64][unreliable source?][65]
TOS-1 Buratino 220mm multiple rocket launcher and thermobaric weapon 6 (DPR claim)[14][b]  Russia Observed in a training area in LPR-controlled Kruhlyk.[66]
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Air Defences

Towed anti-aircraft gun

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
ZU-23-2[1]23mm anti-aircraft gunN/A Soviet UnionSome are mounted on trucks and MT-LBs.[18]
ZPU-2[17]14.5mm anti-aircraft gunN/A Soviet Union
S-60[17]57mm anti-aircraft gunN/A Soviet Union
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Air defense vehicles

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
9K33 Osa[1]6x6 amphibious surface-to-air missile system1+ Soviet UnionOne claimed to be captured from Ukrainian forces in the "southern cauldron".[1][67][unreliable source?]
9K35 Strela-10[1][58]Short range surface-to-air missile3+ Soviet UnionOne from the Vostok Battalion was seen near the Donetsk Airport in July 2014 nicknamed "Лягушонок" (frogling).[1][68][unreliable source?] One seen in a Sverdlovsk convoy.[18] Another one spotted by OSCE SMM in 2021 nearl Luhansk.[69]
9K331M Tor-M2Short range surface-to-air missile1+ Soviet Union
 Russia
[17]
2K22 TunguskaShort range self-propelled anti-aircraft gun and surface-to-air missile1+ Soviet Union[17]
Pantsir-S1Medium range surface-to-air missile1+ RussiaIt is not known to have been exported to Ukraine.
Seen in Luhansk and Makiivka in early 2015.[34][70][71][72][unreliable source?] Its used rocket components were also reported to be observed in Ukraine in November 2014.[1]
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Man-portable air-defense systems

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Max. altitude Origin Photo Notes
9K32 Strela-2[1]Man-portable air-defense system1500m Soviet UnionSome Ukrainian stocks of Strela-2s went missing early in the conflict, and are presumably under separatist control.[1]
9K38 Igla[1]Man-portable air-defense system3500m Soviet UnionSupplied by Russia (Ukrainian claim).[1][73][74] Captured from Ukrainian armouries (DPR claim).[75] The system has identification friend or foe system which undermines DPR claims.[76][unreliable source?]
PPZR Grom[1]Man-portable air-defense system3500m PolandThis Polish weapon was reportedly captured from pro-Russian separatists. It was fitted with a Russian-made 9P516 gripstock, designed for the 9K38 Igla. Russian forces are known to have captured some of these from Georgia.[1]
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Electronic warfare

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
R-330Zh ZhitelAnti-cellular and satellite communications jamming station1+ RussiaOne station spotted by an unmanned aerial vehicle of the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission near Michurine in August 2015 and 11 km south of Donetsk city in June 2016.[77][78]
RB-341V Leer-3 Anti-GSM reconnaissance and jamming station, with Orlan-10 drones 1+  Russia Spotted by the OSCE SMM near Chornukhyne, 64 km SW of Luhansk on 28 July 2018.[79] Observed by OSCE in 2020.[80]
R-934B Sinitsa Jamming station 1+  Russia Observed by OSCE in 2020.[80]
RB-636 Svet-KU Radio control and information protection system 1+  Russia Observed by OSCE in 2020.[80]
1L269 Krasukha-2 Anti-air jamming station 1+  Russia Spotted by the OSCE SMM near Chornukhyne, 64 km SW of Luhansk on 28 July 2018.[79]
RB-109A Bylina Brigade-level electronic warfare automated control system 1+  Russia Spotted by the OSCE SMM near Chornukhyne, 64 km SW of Luhansk on 28 July 2018.[79]
Repellent-1 Anti-drone electronic warfare system 1+  Russia Spotted by the OSCE SMM near Chornukhyne, 64 km SW of Luhansk on 28 July 2018.[79]
51U6 Kasta-2E1 C-band ultra-high frequency (300 MHz-1 GHz) 2D target acquisition radar designed to acquire the range and heading of small targets flying at low altitudes. Installed on KamAZ-43114 6×6 off-road chassis. 1  Russia Observed at a training area near Buhaivka, 37 km southwest of Luhansk by OSCE SMM drone.[69]
P-19 "Danube" High mobility radar and with the antenna mounted on the single truck 1  Soviet Union Spotted by the OSCE SMM near Verbova Balka, 28 km south-east of Donetsk on 18 February 2020.[81]
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Aircraft

Combat jets

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
Aero L-29 Delfín[82]Military trainer aircraft/Light attack aircraft2+ Czechoslovak Socialist RepublicAt least one plane retrofited from Lugansk museum.[83][84] On 19 January 2015, a LPR militia video showed an Armenian (Aram Avagyan) volunteer test driving an operational L-29 on a runway.[85] In 2018, one L-29 was displayed in Donetsk on Victory Day.
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Unmanned aerial vehicles

More information Name, Quantity ...
Name Quantity Origin Photo Notes
Eleron-3SV[86][87][88][89][90]N/A Russia
Forpost (IAI Searcher)[87]N/A Israel
 Russia
Five unmanned aerial vehicles shot down by Ukrainian forces.[91][92][93]
Granat-1[94]N/A Russia
Granat-2[87]N/A Russia
Granat-4[95]N/A Russia
Navodchik-2[96]N/A RussiaGround control station
Orlan-10[1][87]6+ RussiaFour shot down by Ukrainian forces in 2014[1][97][unreliable source?] and one in 2016.
Another one crashed on Ukrainian territory in 2017.[98][unreliable source?] On 13 May 2017 the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission saw an Orlan-10 flying over the road from Makiivka (12 km north-east of Donetsk) to Donetsk city.[99]
Takhion[100]N/A Russia
Zala 421-04M[101]N/A Russia
Zastava (IAI Bird-Eye 400)[102][87][103]N/A Israel
 Russia
Unknown unmanned aerial vehicle number 2166[87]N/A Russia
Unknown unmanned aerial vehicle number 2207[87]N/A Russia
Non-military unmanned aerial vehicleN/AQuadcopters, fixed-wing drones.[87] One used by the rebels during the Second Battle of Donetsk Airport.[1]
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Ships

More information Name, Type ...
Name Type Quantity Origin Photo Notes
Motorboat25[104]Used by 9th Regiment of the Marine Corps in Sea of Azov.[104]
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See also

Notes

  1. Galeotti points out that: "On paper this is a truly formidable force,(...) but shortages of trained crews and maintenance problems mean that in practice the field force has only a fraction of that strength." (Galeotti 2019, p. 27)
  2. As of the time of writing, they weren't deployed in battle, with their use tightly controlled by the Russian government. (Galeotti 2019, p. 27) As Galeotti puts it: "While the Russians may have provided some to the DNR forces, by all accounts they maintain close control over their use, even withholding the rockets until they are willing to see them deployed." (Galeotti 2019, p. 35)

Bibliography

  • Galeotti, Mark (27 June 2019). Armies of Russia's War in Ukraine. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-3345-7. Retrieved 30 July 2023.

References

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