List of heads of state of Portugal

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This is a list of heads of state of Portugal from 1139 to the present day.

Between 1139 and 1910, Portugal had a Monarchy system, with all monarchs coming from a single ancestor, Afonso I of Portugal, although the direct lines were cut during the passing of time due to several events. In the almost 800 years of Monarchy, Portugal had four royal houses ruling the country. These houses were:

On 5 October 1910, a revolution overthrew the Monarchy and a Republic was implemented. Since then, the Republic has had four distinct phases:

Monarchs

Main article: List of Portuguese monarchs

House of Burgundy (1139–1383)

The Portuguese House of Burgundy, known as the Afonsine Dynasty, was the founding house of the Kingdom of Portugal. Prior to the independence of Portugal, the house ruled the feudal County of Portugal, of the Kingdom of Galicia. When Alphonso I Henriques declared the independence of Portugal, he turned the family from a comital house to a royal house which would rule Portugal for over two centuries. When Ferdinand I died, a succession crisis occurred and Ferdinand's daughter Beatrice of Portugal was proclaimed queen and her husband John I of Castile proclaimed king by the right of his wife. Her legitimacy as a monarch is disputed.[1][2]

More information Name, Lifespan ...
NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Alphonso I
  • The Conqueror; The Great; The Founder
  • Afonso I Henriques
1106/09/11 – 6 December 1185 (aged 73–79)25 July 11396 December 1185previously Count of Portugal, founder of the Kingdom of Portugal
Son of Henry of Burgundy, Count of Portugal and Teresa of León, Countess of Portugal		Burgundy
Sancho I
  • The Populator
  • Sancho I
11 November 1154 – 26 March 1211 (aged 56)6 December 118526 March 1211Son of Alphonso IBurgundy
Alphonso II
  • The Fat
  • Afonso II
23 April 1185 – 25 March 1223 (aged 37)27 March 121125 March 1223Son of Sancho IBurgundy
Sancho II
  • The Pious
  • Sancho II
8 September 1209 – 4 January 1248 (aged 38)26 March 12234 December 1247Son of Alphonso IIBurgundy
Alphonso III
  • The Boulonnais
  • Afonso III
5 May 1210 – 16 February 1279 (aged 68)4 January 124816 February 1279Son of Alphonso II
Brother of Sancho II		Burgundy
Denis I
9 October 1261 – 7 January 1325 (aged 63)6 February 12797 January 1325Son of Alphonso IIIBurgundy
Alphonso IV
  • The Brave
  • Afonso IV
8 February 1291 – 28 May 1357 (aged 66)7 January 132528 May 1357Son of Denis IBurgundy
Peter I
8 April 1320 – 18 January 1367 (aged 46)28 May 135718 January 1367Son of Alphonso IVBurgundy
Ferdinand I
31 October 1345 – 22 October 1383 (aged 37)18 January 136722 October 1383Son of Peter IBurgundy
Beatrice
7–13 February 1373 – c. 1420 (aged 46–47)(Disputed) 1383(Disputed) 1385Daughter of Ferdinand IBurgundy
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House of Aviz (1385–1580)

The House of Aviz, known as the Joanine Dynasty, succeeded the House of Burgundy as the reigning house of the Kingdom of Portugal. The house was founded by John I of Portugal, who was the Grand Master of the Order of Aviz. When King John II of Portugal died without an heir, the throne of Portugal passed to his cousin, Manuel, Duke of Beja. When King Sebastian of Portugal died, the throne passed to his uncle, Henry of Portugal (he might be called Henry II because Henry, Count of Portugal, father of Alphonso I of Portugal, was the first of that name to rule Portugal). When Henry died, a succession crisis occurred and António, Prior of Crato, was proclaimed António of Portugal.

More information Name, Lifespan ...
NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
John I
  • Of Good Memory; The Good; The Great; The Bastard
  • Portuguese: João I
11 April 1357 – 14 August 1433 (aged 75)6 April 138514 August 1433Illegitimate son of Peter IAviz
Edward
  • The Philosopher-King; The Eloquent
  • Portuguese: Duarte I
31 October 1391 – 9 September 1438 (aged 46)14 August 14339 September 1438Son of John IAviz
Alphonso V
  • The African
  • Afonso V
15 January 1432 – 28 August 1481 (aged 49)13 September 1438
—
15 November 1477		11 November 1477
—
28 August 1481		Son of Edward IAviz
John II
3 March 1455 – 25 October 1495 (aged 40)11 November 1477
—
28 August 1481		15 November 1477
—
25 October 1495		Son of Alphonso VAviz
Emmanuel I
  • The Fortunate
  • Manuel I
31 May 1469 – 13 December 1521 (aged 52)25 October 149513 December 1521Cousin of John II
Grandson of Edward I		Aviz
John III
7 June 1502 – 11 June 1557 (aged 55)13 December 152111 June 1557Son of Emmanuel IAviz
Sebastian
  • The Desired; The Asleep; The Hidden
  • Portuguese: Sebastião
20 January 1554 – 4 August 1578 (aged 24)11 June 15574 August 1578Grandson of John IIIAviz
Henry I
  • The Cardinal-King; The Chaste
  • Portuguese: Henrique I
31 January 1512 – 31 January 1580 (aged 68)4 August 157831 January 1580Son of Emmanuel I
Great-uncle of Sebastian		Aviz
Anthony
1531 – 28 August 1595 (aged 64)(Disputed) 24 July 1580(Disputed) 1583Grandson of Emmanuel IAviz
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House of Habsburg (1581–1640)

The House of Habsburg, known as the Philippine Dynasty, is the house that ruled Portugal from 1581 to 1640. The dynasty began with the acclamation of Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1580, officially recognized in 1581 by the Portuguese Cortes of Tomar. Philip I swore to rule Portugal as a kingdom separate from his Spanish domains, under the personal union known as the Iberian Union.

More information Name, Lifespan ...
NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Philip I
21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598 (aged 71)17 April 158113 September 1598Grandson of Emmanuel IHabsburg
King Philip I
Philip II
14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621 (aged 42)13 September 159831 March 1621Son of Philip IHabsburg
King Philip II
Philip III
8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665 (aged 60)31 March 16211 December 1640Son of Philip IIHabsburg
King Philip II
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House of Braganza (1640–1910)

The House of Braganza, also known as the Brigantine Dynasty, came to power in 1640, when John II, Duke of Braganza, claimed to be the rightful heir of the defunct House of Aviz, as he was the great great grandson of King Manuel I. John was proclaimed King John IV, and he deposed the House of Habsburg in the Portuguese Restoration War.

The descendants of Queen Maria II and her consort, King Ferdinand II (a German prince of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha), came to rule in 1853. Portuguese law and custom treated them as members of the House of Braganza, though they were still Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasts. This has led some to classify these last four monarchs of Portugal as members of a new royal family, called the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, though this view is not widely held.

More information Name, Lifespan ...
NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
John IV
19 March 1604 – 6 November 1656 (aged 53)1 December 16406 November 1656Great-great-grandson of Emmanuel IBraganza
Alphonso VI
  • The Victorious
  • Afonso VI
21 August 1643 – 12 September 1683 (aged 40)6 November 165612 September 1683Son of John IVBraganza
Peter II
26 April 1648 – 9 December 1706 (aged 58)6 November 16839 December 1706Son of John IV
Brother of Afonso VI		Braganza
John V
  • The Magnanimous; The Portuguese Sun-King
  • Portuguese: João V
22 October 1689 – 31 July 1750 (aged 60)9 December 170631 July 1750Son of Peter IIBraganza
Joseph I
6 June 1714 – 24 February 1777 (age 62)31 July 175024 February 1777Son of John VBraganza
Mary I
(1734-12-17)17 December 1734 – 20 March 1816(1816-03-20) (aged 81)24 February 177720 March 1816Daughter of Joseph IBraganza
Peter III
  • The Builder; The Sacristan; The Enabler
  • Portuguese: Pedro III
(1717-07-05)5 July 1717 – 25 May 1786(1786-05-25) (aged 68)24 February 177725 May 1786Husband of Mary I
Son of John V
jure uxoris king		Braganza
John VI
13 May 1767 – 10 March 1826 (aged 58)20 March 181610 March 1826Son of Mary I and Peter IIIBraganza
Peter IV
  • The Soldier King; The Liberator
  • Portuguese: Pedro IV
12 October 1798 – 24 September 1834 (aged 35)10 March 18262 May 1826Son of John VIBraganza
Mary II
4 April 1819 – 15 November 1853 (aged 34)2 May 182623 June 1828Daughter of Peter IVBraganza
Michael I
  • The Absolutist; The Traditionalist; The Usurper
  • Portuguese: Miguel I
26 October 1802 – 14 November 1866 (aged 64)26 February 18286 May 1834Son of John VIBraganza
Mary II
4 April 1819 – 15 November 1853 (aged 34)26 May 183415 November 1853Daughter of Peter IVBraganza
Ferdinand II
29 October 1816 – 15 December 1885 (aged 69)16 September 183715 November 1853Husband of Mary II
jure uxoris king		Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry
Peter V
16 September 1837 – 11 November 1861 (aged 24)15 November 185311 November 1861Son of Mary II and Ferdinand IIBraganza/Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[3]
Louis I
31 October 1838 – 19 October 1889 (aged 50)11 November 186119 October 1889Son of Mary II and Ferdinand IIBraganza/Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[3]
Charles I
28 September 1863 – 1 February 1908 (aged 44)19 October 18891 February 1908Son of Louis IBraganza/Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[3]
Emmanuel II
  • The Sorrowful; The Unfortunate; The Patriot
  • Portuguese: Manuel II
15 November 1889 – 2 July 1932 (aged 42)1 February 19085 October 1910Son of Charles I
Last King of Portugal.		Braganza/Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[3][4]
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Presidents

Main article: List of presidents of Portugal

The complete list of presidents of the Portuguese Republic consists of the 20 heads of state in the history of Portugal since the 5 October 1910 revolution that installed a republican regime. This list includes not only those persons who were sworn into office as President of Portugal but also those who de facto served as head of state since 1910.

  Republican
  Democratic
  National Republican
  Evolutionist Party/Republican Liberal
  National Union/Popular National Action
  Democratic Renewal
  Socialist
  Social Democratic
  Independent
  Interim holder

First Republic (1910–1926)

More information No., Portrait ...
No. Portrait President
(Lifespan)		 Term of office Election Party Ref.
Start End Duration
- Teófilo Braga[a]
(1843–1924)		 5 October
1910		 24 August
1911		 333 days — Republican [5]
Presidents of the Republic (1911–1926)
1 Manuel de Arriaga
(1840–1917)		 24 August
1911		 26 May
1915[R]		 3 years, 278 days 1911 Republican
later Democratic[6]		 [7][6]
2 Teófilo Braga
(1843–1924)		 29 May
1915		 5 October
1915		 129 days May
1915		 Democratic[8] [7][8]
3 Bernardino Machado
(1851–1944)		 5 October
1915		 5 December
1917[C]		 2 years, 60 days August
1915		 Democratic[9] [7][9]
- Ministry
(Head of State ex officio)
President: Sidónio Pais		 12 December
1917		 28 April
1918		 137 days — Independent [7][10]
4 Sidónio Pais[b]
(1872–1918)		 28 April
1918		 14 December
1918[A]		 230 days April
1918		 National Republican[10] [7][10]
- Ministry
(Head of State ex officio)
President: João do Canto e Castro		 14 December
1918		 16 December
1918		 2 days — National Republican [11]
5 João do Canto e Castro[c]
(1862–1934)		 16 December
1918		 5 October
1919		 293 days December
1918		 National Republican[12] [7][12]
6 António José de Almeida
(1866–1929)		 5 October
1919		 5 October
1923		 4 years 1919 Evolutionist
later Republican Liberal[13]		 [7][13]
7 Manuel Teixeira Gomes
(1860–1941)		 5 October
1923		 11 December
1925[R]		 2 year, 67 days 1923 Democratic[14] [7][14]
8 Bernardino Machado
(1851–1944)
2nd time		 11 December
1925		 31 May
1926[C]		 171 days 1925 Democratic[9] [7][9]
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Second Republic (1926–1974)

More information No., Portrait ...
No. Portrait President
(Lifespan)		 Term of office Election Party Ref.
Start End Duration
Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship) (1926–1932)
9 José Mendes Cabeçadas[d]
(1883–1965)		 31 May
1926		 17 June
1926[C]		 17 days — Independent[15] [7][15]
- Ministry
(Head of State ex officio)
President: Manuel Gomes da Costa		 17 June
1926		 29 June
1926		 12 days — Independent [16]
10 Manuel Gomes da Costa[d]
(1863–1929)		 29 June
1926		 9 July
1926[C]		 10 days — Independent[17] [7][17]
- Ministry
(Head of State ex officio)
President: Óscar Carmona		 9 July
1926		 16 November
1926		 130 days — Independent [7][18]
11 Óscar Carmona[d][e]
(1869–1951)		 16 November
1926		 15 April
1928		 1 year, 149 days — Independent
from 1932
National Union		 [7][18]
Estado Novo (New State) (1932–1974)
Óscar Carmona
(1869–1951)		 15 April
1928		 18 April
1951[D]		 22 years, 362 days 1928
1935
1942
1949
- António de Oliveira Salazar[f]
(1889–1970)
(interim)		 18 April
1951		 21 July
1951		 93 days — National Union [19]
12 Francisco Craveiro Lopes
(1894–1964)		 21 July
1951		 9 August
1958		 7 years, 19 days 1951 National Union [7][20]
13 Américo Tomás
(1894–1987)		 9 August
1958		 25 April
1974[C]		 15 years, 259 days 1958
1965
1972		 National Union
from 1970
People's National Action		 [7][21]
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Third Republic (1974–present)

More information No., Portrait ...
No. Portrait President
(Lifespan)		 Term of office Election Party Ref.
Start End Duration
Presidents appointed in the aftermath of the Carnation Revolution (1974–1976)
- National Salvation Junta[g]
President: António de Spínola		 25 April
1974		 15 May
1974		 20 days — Independent [22]
14
António de Spínola
(1910–1996)		 15 May
1974		 30 September
1974[R]		 138 days — Independent [7][22]
15
Francisco da Costa Gomes
(1914–2001)		 30 September
1974		 14 July
1976		 1 year, 288 days — Independent [7][23]
Presidents elected under the Constitution of the Republic (1976–present)
16
António Ramalho Eanes
(born 1935)		 14 July
1976		 9 March
1986		 9 years, 238 days 1976
1980		 Independent
from 1985
Democratic Renewal		 [7][24]
17
Mário Soares
(1924–2017)		 9 March
1986		 9 March
1996		 10 years 1986
1991		 Socialist [7][25]
18
Jorge Sampaio
(1939–2021)		 9 March
1996		 9 March
2006		 10 years 1996
2001		 Socialist [7][26]
19
Aníbal Cavaco Silva
(born 1939)		 9 March
2006		 9 March
2016		 10 years 2006
2011		 Social Democratic[h] [7][28]
20
Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
(born 1948)		 9 March
2016		 9 March
2026		 10 years 2016
2021		 Social Democratic[i] [30]
21
António José Seguro
(born 1962)		 9 March
2026		 Incumbent 56 days 2026 Socialist [31]
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Timeline

António José SeguroMarcelo Rebelo de SousaAníbal Cavaco SilvaJorge SampaioMário SoaresAntónio Ramalho EanesFrancisco da Costa GomesAntónio de SpínolaAmérico TomásCraveiro LopesAntónio de Oliveira SalazarÓscar CarmonaManuel Gomes da CostaJosé Mendes CabeçadasManuel Teixeira GomesAntónio José de AlmeidaJoão do Canto e CastroSidónio PaisBernardino MachadoManuel de ArriagaTeófilo BragaManuel II of PortugalCarlos I of PortugalLouis I of PortugalPedro V of PortugalFerdinand II of PortugalMiguel I of PortugalMaria II of PortugalPedro I of BrazilJohn VI of PortugalPeter III of PortugalMaria I of PortugalJoseph I of PortugalJohn V of PortugalPeter II of PortugalAlphonso VI of PortugalJohn IV of PortugalPhilip IV of SpainPhilip III of SpainPhilip II of SpainAnthony of PortugalHenry I of PortugalSebastian of PortugalJohn III of PortugalManuel I of PortugalJohn II of PortugalAfonso V of PortugalEdward, King of PortugalJohn I of PortugalBeatrice of PortugalFerdinand I of PortugalPeter I of PortugalAlphonso IV of PortugalDenis of PortugalAlphonso III of PortugalSancho II of PortugalAlphonso II of PortugalSancho I of PortugalAlphonso I of Portugal

See also

Notes

  1. [a]
    Teófilo Braga served as President of the Provisional Government, the de facto head of government and head of state, from the republican revolution of 1910 to the election of Manuel de Arriaga, the 1st President of Portugal.
  2. [b]
    After leading a coup d'état, Sidónio Pais became President of the Revolutionary Junta and later Prime Minister (President of the Ministry). He then abolished the post of Prime Minister, assuming himself as the head of government as President of the Republic. He was assassinated in 1918.
  3. [c]
    Canto e Castro was head of the Council of Ministers that served as the head of state of Portugal after the assassination of Sidónio Pais in 1918, from December 14 to December 16. He then became interim president until the election of António José de Almeida.
  4. [d]
    Mendes Cabeçadas, Gomes da Costa and Óscar Carmona were the heads of the revolutionary provisional governments during the year of 1926. Although not called Presidents, they were de facto heads of state.
  5. [e]
    Óscar Carmona served initially as head of the revolutionary government after a counter-coup deposed Gomes da Costa. He was de facto head of state between July 9 and November 16, 1926. However he officially took office as President of the Republic on November 16, 1926. Six years later, in 1932, the Estado Novo was proclaimed and the National Union, the only legal party, was formed by António de Oliveira Salazar. Carmona joined the party and was the party's candidate for every presidential election (that were considered fraudulent) until 1951, when he died.
  6. [f]
    António de Oliveira Salazar, the dictatorial President of the Council of Ministers (a position roughly equivalent to the modern post of Prime Minister) occupied the post of president interim between the death of Óscar Carmona and the election of Francisco Craveiro Lopes.
  7. [g]
    Between the Carnation Revolution on April 25, 1974 and May 15 of the same year, António de Spínola was the head of the National Salvation Junta, being the de facto head of state and government. After May 15 Adelino da Palma Carlos became the Prime Minister, and Spínola continued as de jure head of state as President of the Republic.
  8. [h]
    Party member that suspended his membership during his term in office.[27]
  9. [i]
    Party member that suspended his membership during his term in office.[29]
[A] Assassinated.
[D] Died in office of natural causes.
[R] Resigned.
[C] Forced to resign due to a coup d'état.

References

External links

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