List of longest-reigning monarchs

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of the longest-reigning monarchs in history, detailing the monarchs and lifelong leaders who have reigned the longest, ranked by length of reign.

Louis XIV, the longest-reigning sovereign monarch whose reign is verifiable by exact date

Monarchs of sovereign states with verifiable reigns by exact date

The following are the 25 longest-reigning monarchs of states who were internationally recognised as sovereign for most or all of their reign. Roman emperors Constantine VIII and Basil II, reigning for 66 years in total (962–1028) and for 65 years in total (960–1025) respectively, are not included, because for part of those periods they reigned only nominally as junior co-emperors alongside senior emperors.

Regencies (and coregencies as a "senior" monarch) are not counted against monarchs, hence Louis XIV is listed first among the monarchs of sovereign states despite his mother Anne of Austria being his regent for eight years. A distinction is not made between absolute and constitutional monarchs.

The currently living longest-reigning monarch, Hassanal Bolkiah of Brunei, is not included on the list because Brunei was not a sovereign state until 1 January 1984.

More information No., Portrait ...
No. Portrait Name State Reign Duration Ref.
From To (days) (years, days)
1 Louis XIV
14 May 1643 1 September 1715 26,407 72 years, 110 days [1]
2 Elizabeth II
[note 1]		 6 February 1952 8 September 2022 25,782 70 years, 214 days
[note 2]		 [2][3][4]
3 Rama IX Thailand 9 June 1946 13 October 2016 25,694 70 years, 126 days [5]
4 Johann II Liechtenstein 12 November 1858 11 February 1929 25,658 70 years, 91 days [6]
5 Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal I Palenque 27 July 615[note 3] 29 August 683 24,870 68 years, 33 days [7][9]
6 Franz Joseph I
2 December 1848 21 November 1916 24,825 67 years, 355 days [10]
7 Chan Imix Kʼawiil Copán 5 February 628[note 4] 15 June 695 24,602 67 years, 130 days [13][14]
8 Ramesses II New Kingdom of Egypt 31 May 1279 BC[note 5] 13 August 1213 BC 24,180 66 years, 74 days [17][18]
9 Ferdinand III
6 October 1759 4 January 1825 23,831 65 years, 90 days [19]
10 Victoria United Kingdom 20 June 1837 22 January 1901 23,226 63 years, 216 days [20]
11 James I Aragon 12 September 1213 27 July 1276 22,964 62 years, 319 days [21]
12 Hirohito[note 6]
25 December 1926[note 7] 7 January 1989 22,659 62 years, 13 days [22]
13 Kangxi Emperor[note 8] Qing (China) 5 February 1661 20 December 1722 22,597 61 years, 318 days [23]
14 Honoré III Monaco 29 December 1731 13 January 1793 22,296 61 years, 15 days [24][25]
15 Itzamnaaj Bahlam III[note 9] Yaxchilan 20 October 681[note 10] 15 June 742 22,153 60 years, 238 days [11]
16 Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat Quiriguá 29 December 724[note 11] 27 July 785 22,125 60 years, 210 days [26][27]
17 Qianlong Emperor[note 12] Qing (China) 18 October 1735 9 February 1796[note 13] 22,029 60 years, 114 days [28]
18 Christian IV Denmark–Norway 4 April 1588 28 February 1648 21,879 59 years, 330 days [29]
19 George III
25 October 1760 29 January 1820 21,644 59 years, 96 days [30]
20 Louis XV
1 September 1715 10 May 1774 21,436 58 years, 251 days [31]
21 Pedro II Brazil 7 April 1831 15 November 1889 21,407 58 years, 222 days [32]
22 Al-Mustansir Billah Fatimid Caliphate 13 June 1036[note 16] 29 December 1094 21,383 58 years, 199 days [33][34]
23 Nicholas I
13 August 1860 26 November 1918 21,288 58 years, 105 days [37]
24 Wilhelmina Netherlands 23 November 1890 4 September 1948 21,104 57 years, 286 days [38]
25 James VI Scotland[note 17] 24 July 1567 27 March 1625 21,066 57 years, 246 days [39]
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Monarchs of dependent or constituent states with verifiable reigns by exact date

The table below contains 100 monarchs of states that were not independent sovereigns for at least a portion of their reigns.

Sobhuza II, the longest-reigning monarch ever whose reign is verifiable by exact date
More information No., Portrait ...
No. Portrait Name State Reign Duration Ref.
From To (days) (years, days)
1 Sobhuza II[note 18] Swaziland (British protectorate until 1968) 10 December 1899 21 August 1982 30,204 82 years, 254 days [40]
2 Bernhard VII Lippe (part of Holy Roman Empire) 11 August 1429 2 April 1511 29,819 81 years, 234 days [41]
3 Udai Pratap Nath Shah Deo Chotanagpur (part of British Raj) 9 July 1869 21 September 1950 29,658 81 years, 74 days [42]
4 Maeda Tsunanori Kaga Domain (part of Tokugawa shogunate, Japan) 30 April 1645 29 June 1724 [note 19] 28,914 79 years, 60 days [43]
5 William IV Henneberg-Schleusingen (part of Holy Roman Empire) 26 May 1480 24 January 1559 28,732 78 years, 243 days [41]
6 Karansinhji II Vajirajji Lakhtar State[note 20] 15 June 1846 8 August 1924 28,543 78 years, 54 days [44]
7 Heinrich XI[note 21] Reuss-Obergreiz (part of Holy Roman Empire) 17 March 1723 28 June 1800 28,227 77 years, 103 days [45][46][41]
8 Idrus ibni Muhammad Al-Qadri [ms] Tampin (Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia) (part of British Malaya until 1957) 31 May 1929 26 December 2005 27,968 76 years, 209 days [41]
9 Christian Augustus Palatinate-Sulzbach (part of Holy Roman Empire) 14 August 1632 23 April 1708 27,635 75 years, 243 days [41]
10 Bishan Chandra Jenamuni [simple] Rairakhol State[note 20] 13 March 1825 10 June 1900 27,482 75 years, 89 days [47]
11 Charles I Eu (part of France) 16 June 1397 25 July 1472 27,433 75 years, 39 days [48]
12 Mudhoji IV Rao Naik Nimbalkar [simple] Phaltan State[note 20] 7 December 1841 17 October 1916 27,342 74 years, 315 days [41]
13 Eugen Erwein the Posthumous Schönborn-Heusenstamm (part of Holy Roman Empire) 27 January 1727 25 July 1801 27,207 74 years, 179 days [49]
14 Bhagvatsingh Sahib Gondal State (part of British Raj) 14 December 1869 10 March 1944 27,114 74 years, 87 days [41]
15 George William Schaumburg-Lippe[note 22][note 23] 13 February 1787 21 November 1860 26,944 73 years, 282 days [41]
16 Afonso I Henriques County of Portugal (part of Kingdom of León) (1112–1139)
Kingdom of Portugal (1139–1185)		 22 May 1112[note 24] 6 December 1185 26,861 73 years, 198 days [50][51]
17 Charles Frederick Baden (part of Holy Roman Empire until 1806) 12 May 1738 10 June 1811 26,691 73 years, 29 days [41]
18 John I Leuchtenberg (part of Holy Roman Empire) 23 November 1334 2 December 1407 26,671 73 years, 9 days [52]
19 John III Louis Nassau-Saarbrücken (part of Holy Roman Empire) 19 October 1472 4 June 1545 26,526 72 years, 228 days
[note 25]		 [53]
20 Itō Nagatomo [ja] Okada Domain (part of Tokugawa shogunate, Japan) 17 July 1778 19 July 1850 26,299 72 years, 2 days [54]
21 Henry Frederick Hohenlohe-Langenburg (part of Holy Roman Empire) 29 January 1628 2 June 1699 26,057 71 years, 124 days [55]
22 Victor-Maurice Revello and Senonches (part of Holy Roman Empire) 2 July 1656 4 August 1727 25,964 71 years, 33 days [56]
23 Jagatjit Singh Kapurthala State (part of British Raj) 3 September 1877 20 August 1948 25,918 70 years, 352 days
[note 26]		 [58]
24 Parashuramrao Shrinivas I Aundh State (part of Maratha Empire, later British East India Company) 30 August 1777 11 June 1848 25,852 70 years, 286 days [59]
25 Henryk IX Starszy Żagań-Głogów (part of Bohemia) 14 March 1397 11 November 1467 25,809 70 years, 242 days [60]
26 Werner von Salm-Reifferscheidt [bg] Salm-Reifferscheid (part of Holy Roman Empire) 31 October 1559 16 December 1629 25,614 70 years, 46 days [61]
27 Carl I August Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach[note 27] 28 May 1758 14 June 1828 25,584 70 years, 17 days [62]
28 George I Anhalt-Dessau (part of Holy Roman Empire) 19 January 1405 21 September 1474 25,447 69 years, 245 days [63]
29 Alberico I Massa and Carrara (part of Holy Roman Empire) 15 June 1553 18 January 1623 25,409 69 years, 207 days [64]
30 Reinhard III Leiningen-Westerburg-Schaumburg (part of Holy Roman Empire) 8 April 1586 14 October 1655 25,391 69 years, 189 days [65]
31 Sanada Yukimichi Matsuhiro Domain (part of Tokugawa shogunate, Japan) 8 March 1658 15 July 1727 25,330 69 years, 129 days [66]
32 Heinrich Joseph Johann Principality of Auersperg (part of Holy Roman Empire) 6 November 1713 9 February 1783 25,297 69 years, 95 days [67]
33 Frederick III Inner Austria (part of Holy Roman Empire) 10 June 1424 19 August 1493 25,272 69 years, 70 days [68][69]
34 George William Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (part of Holy Roman Empire) 16 December 1600 25 December 1669 25,211 69 years, 9 days [70]
35 Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne Duchy of Bouillon (part of Holy Roman Empire, later France) 9 August 1652 26 July 1721 25,187 68 years, 351 days [71]
36 Frederick V Hesse-Homburg[note 28] 7 February 1751 20 January 1820 25,183 68 years, 347 days [72]
37 John Louis Volrad Löwenstein-Wertheim-Virneburg (part of Holy Roman Empire) 31 March 1721 4 February 1790 25,147 68 years, 310 days [73]
38 Vikramatji Khimojiraj Porbandar State[note 20] 20 June 1831 21 April 1900 25,142 68 years, 305 days [74]
39 Krishnaraja Wodeyar III Kingdom of Mysore (Princely state of East India Company after 1831; British Raj after 1857) 30 June 1799 27 March 1868 25,107 68 years, 271 days [75]
40 Johann Friedrich [de] Castell-Rüdenhausen (part of Holy Roman Empire) 10 January 1681 23 June 1749 25,000 68 years, 164 days [76]
41 Chintaman Rao I Patwardhan [simple] Sangli State (part of Maratha Empire, later British East India Company) 6 February 1783 15 July 1851 24,995 68 years, 159 days [77]
42 Otto II the One-Eyed Brunswick-Göttingen (part of Holy Roman Empire) 13 November 1394 6 February 1463 24,922 68 years, 85 days [78]
43 Sawant Singh Pratapgarh State (part of Maratha Empire, later British East India Company) 26 October 1775 5 January 1844 24,907 68 years, 71 days [79]
44 Christian Karl Reinhard Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg (part of Holy Roman Empire) 3 November 1698 17 November 1766 24,850 68 years, 14 days [80]
45 Raja Ram Singh Bundi State[note 20] 14 May 1821 28 March 1889 24,790 67 years, 318 days [81]
46 Vakhatsinhji Meghrajji Vallabhipura State (part of British Raj) 20 August 1875 5 June 1943 24,760 67 years, 289 days [82]
47 Malietoa Tanumafili II Samoa 28 October 1939 11 May 2007 24,667 67 years, 195 days [83][84]
48 Ernest II Oettingen-Wallerstein (part of Holy Roman Empire) 14 October 1602 3 March 1670 24,612 67 years, 140 days [85]
49 Philip I Lippe-Alverdissen (1613–1640)
Schaumburg-Lippe (1640–1681) (part of Holy Roman Empire)		 7 December 1613 10 April 1681 24,596 67 years, 124 days [86][87]
50 Henry III Margraviate of Meissen (part of Holy Roman Empire) 18 February 1221 15 February 1288 24,468 66 years, 362 days [88][89]
51 Eleanor[note 29] Aquitaine (part of France) 9 April 1137 1 April 1204 24,464 66 years, 358 days [90]
52 Sulaiman Sharif ul-'Alam Shah Sultanate of Serdang (part of Dutch East Indies until 1945 and part of Indonesia since 1945) 20 December 1879 13 October 1946 24,403 66 years, 297 days [91]
53 Augustus Anhalt-Plötzkau (part of Holy Roman Empire) 6 December 1586 22 August 1653 24,366 66 years, 259 days [92]
54 Amarsinhji Banesinhji[note 30] Wankaner State (part of British Raj) 12 June 1881 15 February 1948 24,353 66 years, 248 days [93]
55 Frederick I Helfenstein-Wiesensteig (part of Holy Roman Empire) 7 April 1372 20 August 1438 24,240 66 years, 135 days [94]
56 Khengarji III Cutch (part of British Raj) 19 December 1875 15 January 1942 24,133 66 years, 27 days [95]
57 Philip I Brunswick-Grubenhagen (part of Holy Roman Empire) 15 August 1485 4 September 1551 24,125 66 years, 20 days [96]
58 William IV the Victorious Brunswick-Lüneburg (part of Holy Roman Empire) 14 October 1416 25 July 1482 24,025 65 years, 284 days [97]
59 Leopold III Anhalt-Dessau (part of Holy Roman Empire) 16 December 1751 9 August 1817 23,977 65 years, 236 days [98][99]
60 Charles Theodore Palatinate-Sulzbach (1733–1742)
County Palatine of the Rhine (1742–1799) (part of Holy Roman Empire)		 20 July 1733 16 February 1799 23,952 65 years, 211 days [100][101]
61 Makino Tadakiyo Nagaoka Domain (part of Tokugawa shogunate, Japan) 5 August 1766 17 August 1831 23,752 65 years, 12 days [102]
62 Obizzo I d'Este [it; fr] Este and Ferrara (part of Holy Roman Empire) 15 December 1128 25 December 1193 23,751 65 years, 10 days [103]
63 Jean I Duchy of Brittany (part of France) 21 October 1221 8 October 1286 23,728 64 years, 352 days [104]
64 Frederick William Hohenzollern-Hechingen (part of Holy Roman Empire) 24 January 1671 14 November 1735 23,669 64 years, 294 days [105]
65 Johann Seyfried von Eggenberg [bg; it; cs] Eggenberg (part of Holy Roman Empire) 5 February 1649 5 November 1713 23,648 64 years, 273 days [106]
66 Gangadharrao II Patwardhan [simple] Miraj Senior (part of British Raj) 6 June 1875 11 December 1939 23,563 64 years, 188 days [107]
67 Marguerite Charlotte Ligny (part of France) 23 May 1616 16 November 1680 23,553 64 years, 177 days [108]
68 Marie II County of Soissons (part of France) 25 October 1482 1 April 1547 23,534 64 years, 158 days [109]
69 Vishwanath Singh Bahadur Chhatarpur State (part of British Raj) 4 November 1867 4 April 1932 23,527 64 years, 152 days [110]
70 Frederick II Magnus Salm-Neuweiler (part of Holy Roman Empire) 26 October 1608 25 January 1673 23,467 64 years, 91 days [111]
71 Oda Nobuhisa Obata Domain (part of Tokugawa Shogunate, Japan) 6 August 1650 17 August 1714 23,386 64 years, 11 days [112]
72 Ibrahim Johor, Malaysia (part of British Malaya until 1957) 4 June 1895 8 May 1959 23,348 63 years, 338 days [113]
73 Sayajirao Gaekwad III Baroda State (part of British Raj) 27 May 1875 6 February 1939 23,265 63 years, 256 days [114]
74 Albert Anton Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (part of Holy Roman Empire) 4 November 1646 24 June 1710 23,242 63 years, 232 days [115]
75 Anthony Günther Duchy of Oldenburg (part of Holy Roman Empire) 12 November 1603 19 June 1667 23,230 63 years, 219 days [116]
76 Frederick Augustus I[note 31] Saxony[note 32] 17 December 1763 5 May 1827 23,149 63 years, 139 days [117]
77 Matilda Tuscany (de jure part of Holy Roman Empire) 6 May 1052 24 July 1115 23,088 63 years, 79 days [118]
78 Johann Gerhard Manderscheid-Gerolstein-Bettingen (part of Holy Roman Empire) 30 July 1648 5 October 1711 23,076 63 years, 67 days [119]
79 Ludwig I Principality of Anhalt (part of Holy Roman Empire) 6 December 1586 7 January 1650 23,043 63 years, 32 days [120]
80 Isa bin Ali Al Khalifa Bahrain[note 33] 1 December 1869 9 December 1932 [note 34] 23,018 63 years, 8 days [121]
81 Charles III Upper Lorraine (part of Holy Roman Empire) 12 June 1545 14 May 1608 22,972 62 years, 327 days [122]
82 Philip II Isenburg-Birstein (part of Holy Roman Empire) 18 May 1533 5 April 1596 22,968 62 years, 323 days [123]
83 Johann Friedrich II Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Öhringen (part of Holy Roman Empire) 17 October 1702 24 August 1765 22,957 62 years, 311 days [124]
84 Philipp Ernst Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst (part of Holy Roman Empire) 21 February 1697 29 November 1759 22,925 62 years, 281 days [125]
85 Bernhard II Saxe-Meiningen[note 35] 24 December 1803 20 September 1866 22,916 62 years, 270 days [126]
86 Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi Ras Al Khaimah (part of Trucial States until 1971, sovereign 1971–72, United Arab Emirates from 1972) 7 February 1948[note 36] 27 October 2010 22,908 62 years, 262 days [127]
87 Philip II Nassau-Weilburg (part of Holy Roman Empire) 2 July 1429 19 March 1492 22,906 62 years, 261 days
[note 37]		 [128]
88 Nicolas Leopold I [de] Salm-Hoogstraat (part of Holy Roman Empire) 6 June 1707 4 February 1770 22,889 62 years, 243 days [129]
89 Philip Joseph Salm-Kyrburg (part of Holy Roman Empire) 16 October 1716 7 June 1779 22,879 62 years, 234 days [130]
90 Christian II Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Bischweiler (part of Holy Roman Empire) 6 September 1654 26 April 1717 22,877 62 years, 232 days [131][132]
91 Hafiz Muhammad Ibrahim Ali Khan Bahadur Tonk State (part of British Raj) 14 November 1867[note 38] 23 June 1930 22,866 62 years, 221 days [133]
92 Léopold Philippe Arenberg (part of Holy Roman Empire) 19 August 1691 4 March 1754 22,842 62 years, 197 days [134]
93 Rudolf I Bregenz-Chur-Lower Raetia (part of Holy Roman Empire) 27 October 1097 27 April 1160 22,827 62 years, 183 days [135]
94 Hosokawa Tsunatoshi [ja] Kumamoto Domain (part of Tokugawa shogunate, Japan) 28 January 1650 11 July 1712 22,809 62 years, 165 days [136]
95 Nahar Singh Shahpura State (part of British Raj) 21 April 1870 24 June 1932 22,709 62 years, 64 days [137]
96 Chandrabhan Singh Garrauli State (part of British Raj) 19 October 1884 20 November 1946 22,676 62 years, 32 days [138]
97 Heinrich XXV Reuss-Gera Younger Line (part of Holy Roman Empire) 13 March 1686 13 March 1748 22,645 62 years, 0 days [139]
98 Johann Christian I Eggenberg (part of Holy Roman Empire) 5 February 1649 14 December 1710 22,591 61 years, 312 days [140]
99 Christian Louis Waldeck-Wildungen (part of Holy Roman Empire) 24 February 1645 12 December 1706 22,570 61 years, 291 days [141]
100 Tuanku Abdul Hamid Halim Shah Kedah Sultanate (part of British Malaya) 22 September 1881 13 May 1943 22,512 61 years, 233 days [142]
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Monarchs whose exact dates of rule are unknown

These monarchs are grouped according to length of reign by year in whole numbers. Within each year-grouping, they appear alphabetically. In a given year, there may have been a wide array of actual reign lengths based on days. Thus, this table does not present a precise ranking by total length of reign. The list is limited to those that might reasonably be expected to lie within the range of those in the tables above, at minimum 57 years. Emphasised states were sovereign. Japanese legendary emperors, according to the ancient Japanese calendar, reigned for very long terms of 60–70 years each. The longest ruler of the legendary emperors, Emperor Kōan, was claimed to have reigned for about 101 years. These figures are not included in the table because they are regarded as inaccurate by modern scholars. For those, see Longevity myths. Rulers with both independent and dependent rules are combined.

More information Portrait, Name ...
Portrait Name Country Reign Duration
(approx. years)		 Ref.
from to
Min Hti[143] Launggyet Dynasty of Arakan (part of Myanmar) 1279 1374 95 years
[note 39]		 [143]
Pepi II Neferkare[note 40] Egypt (Old Kingdom) 2278 BC 2184 BC (disputed) 94 years (disputed) [144]
Taejo[note 41] Goguryeo (part of Korea) 53 146 (disputed) 93 years (disputed) [145]
Tarak Bahadur Shah Bhirkot (part of Nepal) 1912 6 March 2001 89 years [146][147]
Nintoku[note 42] Japan (Kofun period) 313 (disputed) 399 (disputed) 86 years (disputed) [148]
Abd al-Muttalib Quraysh (Mecca, Saudi Arabia) 497 578 81 years [149]
Sawai Basavalinga I Rajendra Udaiyar Sundem (part of Portuguese India) 1763 1843 80 years [150]
Ermanaric[note 43] Oium (part of Ukraine) 296 (disputed) 376 80 years (disputed) [151]
Hanayos Hariphunchai (part of Thailand) 669[note 44] (disputed) 749 [152]
Jangsu Goguryeo (part of Korea) 412 491 79 years [153]
Sigismondo III Este and San Martino in Rio (part of Holy Roman Empire) 1653 28 August 1732 [154]
An Dương Vương Âu Lạc (part of Vietnam) 257 BC (disputed) 179 BC (disputed) 78 years (disputed) [155]
Zalam Singh Bidasar (part of Maratha Empire) 1727 1805 78 years [156]
Abu'l-Jaysh Ishaq ibn Ibrahim Ziyadid dynasty (part of Yemen) 904 981 77 years [157]
Azmat Tallah Khan Rajouri (part of Mughal Empire) 1683 12 November 1760 [158]
Mirian III Kingdom of Iberia (part of Georgia) 284 361 [159]
Raisingh Deo Patna (part of Mughal Empire, later Maratha Empire) 1685 1762 [160]
Jadunath Singh Mangaraj Khandpara (part of Mughal Empire) 1599 1675 76 years [161]
John Philip I Stadion (part of Holy Roman Empire) 1666 2 January 1742 [162]
Mulla Ismail Dir
(part of Mughal Empire)		 1676 1752 [163]
William I the Elder Sayn-Wittgenstein (part of Holy Roman Empire) 1494 18 April 1570 [164]
Raja Abhiram Singh Saraikela (part of Maratha Empire, later British East India Company) 1743 1818 75 years [165]
Sauromaces I Kingdom of Iberia (part of Georgia) 234 BC 159 BC [166]
Tai Wu Shang dynasty (part of China) 1486 BC (disputed) 1411 BC (disputed) [167]
Vakhtang I Gorgasali Kingdom of Iberia (part of Georgia) 447 522 [168]
Uthiyan Cheralathan Chera dynasty (part of India) 55 130 [169]
Johann III Sponheim-Starkenburg (part of Holy Roman Empire) 1324 30 December 1398 74 years [170]
Manik Rae Sambhar (part of India) 720 794 [171]
Yo-Tha Hariphunchai (part of Thailand) 1197 1271 [169]
Deria Hassan Isaaq Sultanate (part of British Somaliland from 1884) 1870 1943 73 years [172]
Gangesvara Anantvarman Chodaganga Deva Eastern Ganga (part of India) 1077 1150 [173]
Sabal Singh Bedla (part of Mughal Empire) 1608 1681 [174]
Tezozomoc Azcapotzalco (part of Mexico) 1353 (disputed) 1426 [175]
Frederick Charles Bentheim-Bentheim (part of Holy Roman Empire) 1731 19 February 1803 72 years [176]
Grigor II Syunik (part of Armenia) 1094 1166 [177]
Raja Sang Tawal (Abdullah) Kelantan (part of Malaysia) 1267 1339 [178]
Arwa al-Sulayhi Sulayhid Sultanate (part of Yemen, Fatimid Caliphate) 1067 5 May 1138 71 years [179]
Heinrich VIII the Noble Fürstenberg-Wolfach (part of Holy Roman Empire) Late 1419 30 November 1490 [180]
Ngawang Tashi Drakpa Phagmodrupa dynasty (part of Tibet, China) 1491
1556		 1554
1564		 [181]
Huan State of Qi (part of China) 637 BC 567 BC 70 years [182]
John III [de] Aarberg (part of Holy Roman Empire) 1427 1497 [183]
John Ulrich Stadion (part of Holy Roman Empire) 1530[note 45] 1600 [162]
Muhtarram Shah Kator I Chitral (part of Mughal Empire) 1585 1655 [184]
Niandfo Oubritenga (part of Nigeria) 1441 1511 [185]
Pandukabhaya Kingdom of Anuradhapura (part of Sri Lanka) 437 BC 367 BC [186]
Shapur II[note 46] Sasanian Empire (Iran) 309 379 [187]
Tshudpud Namgyal Kingdom of Sikkim[note 47] 1793 1863 [188]
Gerlach IV Isenburg-Grenzau (1220–1258)
Isenburg-Limburg (1258–1289)
(part of Holy Roman Empire)		 1220 1289 69 years [189]
Henry VI County of Gorizia (part of Holy Roman Empire) 6 May 1385 1454 [190]
Jai Chandra Katoch Lambagraon-Kangra (part of British Raj) 1864 1933 [191]
Muhammad Mumtaz Ali Khan Atraula (part of British Raj) 1865 1934 [192]
Rao Chandaji Balunda (part of Mughal Empire) 1573 1642 [193]
Simon I County of Lippe (part of Holy Roman Empire) 1275 10 August 1344 [194]
Alberto Azzo II Margraviate of Milan and Este
(part of Holy Roman Empire)		 1029 20 August 1097 68 years [195]
Bernard Strzelce, Niemodlin, and South Poland (part of Holy Roman Empire) 21 October 1382 1450 [196]
Bhagirathi Birabara Harichandan Talcher State (part of Maratha Empire, later British East India Company) 1778 1846 [197]
Himiko Yamatai (part of Japan) 180 248 [198]
Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II Kedah Sultanate (part of Malaysia) 1710 1778 [199]
Hkun Ti Mongpawn (part of Myanmar) 1860 1928 [200]
Louis II Stadion (part of Holy Roman Empire) 1260 1328 [162]
Malojirao III Mudhol State (part of Maratha Empire) 1737 1805 [201]
Eberhard II Arenberg (part of Holy Roman Empire) 1387 1454 67 years [202]
Gopal Singha Dev II Mallabhum State[note 20] 1809 1876 [203]
Maha Singh Jhabua State (part of Mughal Empire) 1610 1677 [204][205]
Mahmud Iskandar Shah Perak (part of Malaysia) 1653 1720 [206]
Osman Mahamuud/
Uthman III ibn Mahmud		 Majeerteen Sultanate
(part of Italian Somaliland from 1889)		 1860 29 September 1927 [207]
Sultan Abdul Kadir Moh Aidid Sultanate of Gowa (part of Dutch East Indies) 1826 30 January 1893 [208]
Zalim Singh Bhadri (part of Maratha Empire, later British East India Company) 1748 1815 [209]
Bhim Singh Busi (part of British Raj) 1882 1 January 1948[note 48] 66 years [210]
Eberhard I Katzenelnbogen Junior (part of Holy Roman Empire) 1245 23 August 1311 [211]
Jing Song State (part of China) 517 451[note 49] [212]
Otto I Baden-Hachberg-Sausenberg (part of Holy Roman Empire) 1318 1384 [213]
Purushottam Dev Bastar State (part of India) 1468 1534 [214]
Robert I[note 50] Duchy of Bar (part of Holy Roman Empire) December 1344 12 April 1411 [215]
Togbi Amedor Kpegla I Anlo Ewe (part of Ghana) 1840 22 January 1906 [216]
Zhao Tuo[note 51] Nanyue 203 BC 137 BC [217]
Catherine de' Medici Auvergne (part of France) 1524 [note 52] 5 January 1589 [218]
Haydar Mohammad Khan Bahadur Pathari State[note 20] 1794 1859 65 years [219]
Matilda I Nevers (part of France) 1192 1257 [220]
Raja Miyan Syed Nuruddin Ali Tarakote Raj[note 20] 1804 21 January 1869 [221]
Raja Raj Ram Singh I Sitamau State[note 20] 1802 1867 [222]
Nandivarman II Pallava Empire (India) 731 796 [223]
Pharnavaz I Kingdom of Iberia (part of Georgia) 299 BC 234 BC [224][225]
Zhao Song State (part of China) 469 BC[note 53] 404 BC [226]
Albert V Anhalt-Dessau (part of Holy Roman Empire) 19 January 1405 1469 64 years [63]
Amoghavarsha Rashtrakuta Empire (part of India) 814 878 [227]
Henry VI Henneberg-Aschach-Römhild
(part of Holy Roman Empire)		 1292 1356 [228]
Khuman III Udaipur State (part of India) 878 942 [229]
Mian Nigahi Chand Alelal-Bijapur (part of Maratha Empire) 1732 1796 [230]
Udai Chand Beja[note 20] 1841 20 June 1905 [231]
Zhuang I State of Qi (part of China) 794 BC 730 BC [232]
Andrew I Vitré (part of France) 1072 1135 63 years
Bagauda/Yakano Kingdom of Kano (part of Nigeria) 998/999 1063/1064 [233][234][235]
Fahrettin Behramşah Mengüjek (part of Turkey) 1162 1225 [236]
Ganapati Deva Kakatiya dynasty (part of India) 1199 1262 [237]
George Frederick Kirchberg (part of Holy Roman Empire) 1686 1749
Mahendra Singh Bahadur Bhadawar[note 20] 1839 1902 [171]
Mahmud III Mali Empire 1496 1559 [238]
Pradip Shah Garhwal Kingdom (part of Maratha Empire) 1709 1772 [239]
Raja Rampalji Bahadur Kutlehar State (part of British Raj) 1864 22 November 1927 [240]
Sripurusha Western Ganga (part of India) 725 788 [241]
Vijaya Sena Sena dynasty (part of India) 1096 1159 [242]
Zombré Wogodogo (part of Nigeria) 1681 1744 [243]
Bhola Bhima II Gurjaradesa (part of India) 1178 1240 62 years [244]
Georg II Montfort-Pfannberg (part of Holy Roman Empire) 1482 May 1544 [245]
Gopal Lal Kamta-Rajaula State[note 20] 1812 23 October 1874 [246]
King Oldman Miskito Nation (part of Nicaragua and Honduras) 1625 1687 [247]
Prithvi Shah Garhwal Kingdom (part of Mughal Empire) 1552 1614 [239]
Tej Chand Rai Bardhaman Raj (part of Bengal Subah, later British East India Company) 1770 1832 [248]
Abdul Jalilul Akbar Brunei 1597 1659 61 years [249]
Askia Hanga the Great Dendi State (part of Niger) 1700 1761 [250]
Bhavsinhji I Ratanji Bhavnagar State (part of Mughal Empire) 1703 1764 [251]
Cleomenes II Sparta (part of Greece) 370 BC 309 BC [252]
Donnchadh MacMurrough Kavanagh Laighin (part of Ireland) 1417 1478 [253]
Hyeokgeose Geoseogan Silla (part of Korea) 57 BC 4 [254]
Leon II Abasgia (767–778), Abkhazia (778–828) 767 828 [255]
Peter II Urgell (part of Catalonia, Spain) 1347 June 1408 [256]
Orontes III Armenia 321 BC 260 BC [257]
Otto I Solms-Braunfels (part of Holy Roman Empire) 1349 1410 [258]
Rao Shri Vijayraj Singh Sirohi (part of India) 1250 1311 [259]
Winnemar Manderscheid (part of Holy Roman Empire) 1206 1267 [260]
Æscwine Kingdom of Essex (part of England) 527 587 60 years [261]
Adesida I Kingdom of Akure (part of Nigeria) 22 June 1897 1957 [262]
Ali ibn Dawud I Kilwa Sultanate (part of Tanzania) 1023 1083 [263]
Avinita Western Ganga (part of India) 469 529 [264]
Cleopatra II Egypt (Ptolemaic) 175 BC 115 BC [265]
Kotokuhene Nana Attafua Akyem Kotoku (part of Ghana) 1867 25 September 1927 [266]
Padam Singh Bundela Jigni State (part of Mughal Empire) 1730 1790 [267]
Friedrich II County of Castell (part of Holy Roman Empire) 1289 1349 [268]
Gerhard I the Elder Schwarzburg–Hallermund (part of Holy Roman Empire) 1266 1326 [269]
Gopinath Birabara Harichandan Talcher State (part of India) 1651 1711 [200]
Gusti Ngurah Agung II Tabanan (part of Dutch East Indies) Mid 1843 21 November 1903 [270]
Heinrich II Salm-Blankenburg (part of Holy Roman Empire) 1301 1361 [271]
Hiero II Syracuse (part of Sicily, Italy) 275 BC 215 BC [272]
Henry I Isenburg-Cleeberg (part of Holy Roman Empire) 1167 1227 [189]
Khingila I Alchon Huns (part of India) 430 490 [273]
Kilhan Dhundhar (part of India) 1216 1276 [274]
Mayadunne Kingdom of Sitawaka (part of Sri Lanka) 1521 1581 [275]
Mölambo Bubi Kingdom (part of Nigeria) 1700 1760 [276]
Mutasiva Anuradhapura Kingdom (part of Sri Lanka) 367 BC 307 BC [277]
Pawl Kingdom of Glywysing (part of Wales) 480 540 [278]
Phromkuman Singhanavati (part of Thailand) 1029 1089 [279]
Pravarsena I the Great Vakataka (part of India) 275 335 [280]
Sophie County of Bar (part of Holy Roman Empire) 1033 1093 [281]
Sri Pravarasena II Alchon Huns (part of India) 530 590 [282]
Vanghoji II Rao Phaltan State (part of Mughal Empire) 1570 1630 [283]
Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladithya Kodungallur Chera (part of India) 962 1021 59 years [284]
Kulashekara Alupendra I Alupa dynasty 1156 1215 [285]
Bu Jiang Xia dynasty (part of China) 1890 BC 1831 BC [286]
David I Anhoghin Tashir-Dzoraget (part of Armenia) 989 1048 [287]
Kulottunga I Eastern Chalukyas, then Cholas 1061 1120 [288]
Harisingh Vidyadhara Dhenkanal State (part of India) 1531 1590 [289][290]
Hu State of Chen (part of China) 1045 BC 986 BC [291]
John the Magnificent Poitou (part of France) 1357 15 June 1416 [292]
Mohan Singh Rajgarh (part of Mughal Empire) 1638 1697 [293]
Muhammad Bayazid Khan Bahadur Jagir of Maler (1600–1657)
Malerkotla (1657–1659) (part of Mughal Empire)		 1600 1659 [294]
Nawab Asad Ali Khan Basoda State[note 20] 1800
1822[note 54]		 1817
1864		 [295]
Konrad I the Scheerer Tübingen (part of Holy Roman Empire) 1317 1376 [296]
Sri Tegin Shah Turk Shahis/Kabul Shahis (part of Afghanistan) 680 739 [297]
William III County of Toulouse (part of France) 978 30 September 1037 [298]
William IV Jülich (part of Holy Roman Empire) 1219 1278 [299]
Wu Ding Shang dynasty (part of China) 1250 BC 1191 BC [300]
Bhaitai Dev Bastar State 1410 1468 58 years [214]
Gomani II Phillip[note 55] Maseko (part of Malawi) 1896 12 May 1954 [301]
Guled Abdi Isaaq Sultanate (part of Somaliland) 1750 1808 [302]
Harald I Fairhair Norway 872 930 [303]
Henry II Baden-Hachberg (part of Holy Roman Empire) 1231 1289 [304]
Henry II Isenburg-Grenzau (part of Holy Roman Empire) 1220 29 September 1278 [189]
Mwezi IV Gisabo Kingdom of Burundi[note 56] 1850 1908 [305]
Nan Zhou dynasty (part of China) 314 BC 256 BC [306]
Nedum Cheralathan Chera Dynasty (part of India) 130 188 [307][308]
Jit Sen Suket (part of Mughal Empire) 1663 1721 [309][310]
Mulraj II Jaisalmer State (part of Maratha Empire, later British East India Company) 1762 1820 [311]
Rajapala Gurjara-Pratihara (part of India) 960 1018 [312]
Ramasimhadeva Karnata (part of India) 1227 1285 [313]
Rudolph I Saxe-Wittenberg (part of Holy Roman Empire) 1298 12 March 1356 [314]
Sayyid Mir Zulfikar Ali Khan Kamadhia (part of British Raj) 21 August 1863 1921 [315]
Tuoba Liwei/Emperor Shenyuan Tuoba Clan (part of China) 219 277 [316]
Yusa Kingdom of Kano (part of Nigeria) 1136 1194 [234][235]
Bernhard I Bentheim-Bentheim (part of Holy Roman Empire) 1364 2 November 1421 57 years [317]
Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg Aq Qoyunlu (part of Iran) 1378 1435 [318]
Birakesari Deva I Bhagirathi Deva Khurda Kingdom (part of Maratha Empire) 1736 1793 [319]
Deria Sugulle Ainanshe Habr Yunis Sultanate (part of Somaliland) 1797 1854 [320]
Jaswant Singh Nabha (part of British East India Company) 1783 22 May 1840 [321]
Jing Qi (part of China) 547 BC 490 BC [322]
John II Auxerre (part of France) 1304 1361 [323]
Pharasmanes I the Great Kingdom of Iberia (part of Georgia) 1 58 [168]
Prithvi Chand Baghal State (part of Mughal Empire) 1670 1727 [324]
Kori Oyo Empire (part of Nigeria) 1300 1357 [325]
Mithridates VI Pontus (part of Turkey) 120 BC 63 BC [326]
Nasir al-Din Muhammad Mihrabanid dynasty 1261 1318 [327]
Maredudd ap Tewdws Kingdom of Dyfed (part of Wales) 740 797 [328]
Ramnarian Singh Anandpur State (part of British Raj) 1871 1928 [329]
Sargon Akkadian Empire (part of Iraq) 2272 BC 2215 BC [330]
Sheikh Hamad bin Abdullah Al Sharqi Fujairah (part of United Arab Emirates) 1879 31 December 1936 [331]
Sourigna Vongsa Lan Xang (Laos) 1637 1694 [332]
Orontes I Armenia 401 BC 344 BC [333]
Vseslav II Bryachislavich[note 57] Polotsk (part of Belarus) 1044 1101 [334]
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See also

Notes

  1. [1]
    Elizabeth was Queen of many other states, but other than these four, her reign was shorter. Lengths listed below are for Elizabeth as monarch of an independent country or dominion; except for Jamaica for which she would rank 17th, none would entitle her to a place on this list. The following states were British dominions at the start of Queen Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became independent as republics during her reign:
    •  Pakistan (including Bangladesh) (republic 23 March 1956; 4 years, 46 days)
    •  South Africa (republic 31 May 1961; 9 years, 114 days)
    •  Ceylon (republic, with the name Sri Lanka, 22 May 1972; 20 years, 106 days)
    The following states were not sovereign at the start of Queen Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became sovereign and later became republics during her reign:
    •  Ghana (sovereign 6 March 1957, republic 1 July 1961; 4 years, 87 days)
    •  Nigeria (sovereign 1 October 1960, republic 1 October 1963; 3 years, 0 days)
    •  Sierra Leone (sovereign 27 April 1961, republic 19 April 1971; 9 years, 357 days)
    •  Tanganyika (sovereign 9 December 1961, republic 9 December 1962; 1 year, 0 days)
    • Trinidad and Tobago (sovereign 31 August 1962, republic 1 August 1976; 13 years, 336 days)
    •  Uganda (sovereign 9 October 1962, republic 9 October 1963; 1 year, 0 days)
    •  Kenya (sovereign 12 December 1963, republic 12 December 1964; 1 year, 0 days)
    • Malawi (sovereign 6 July 1964, republic 6 July 1966; 2 years, 0 days)
    •  Malta (sovereign 21 September 1964, republic 13 December 1974; 10 years, 83 days)
    •  The Gambia (sovereign 18 February 1965, republic 24 April 1970; 5 years, 65 days)
    •  Guyana (sovereign 26 May 1966, republic 23 February 1970; 3 years, 273 days)
    • Barbados (sovereign 30 November 1966, republic 30 November 2021; 55 years, 0 days)
    •  Mauritius (sovereign 12 March 1968, republic 12 March 1992; 24 years, 0 days)
    •  Fiji (sovereign 10 October 1970, republic 6 October 1987; 16 years, 361 days)
    The following states were not sovereign at the start of Queen Elizabeth II's reign in 1952, but became sovereign during her reign and retained her as Queen:
  2. [2]
    Length of reign applies to the independent states that have remained monarchies since her accession: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.
  3. [3]
    In the Mayan calendar, acceded 9.9.2.4.8, 5 Lamat 1 Mol; died 9.12.11.5.18, 6 Etz'nab 11 Yax. Long Count dates are converted using the GMT+2 correlation and the Julian Calendar.[7][8]
  4. [4]
    In the Maya calendar, acceded 9.9.14.17.5, 6 Chikchan 18 K'ayab; died 9.13.3.5.7 12 Manik' 0 Yaxk'in. Western date is given by the GMT+2 correlation in the Julian Calendar.[11][12]
  5. [5]
    In the Egyptian calendar, acceded on Year 1, III Shemu (11th month), day 27; died on Year 67, II Akhet (2nd month), day 6.[15][16]
  6. [6]
    Posthumous name Shōwa is used in Japan.
  7. [7]
    Served as regent (sesshō) for his father Emperor Taishō, from 29 November 1921 until his formal accession.
  8. [8]
    Longest de jure ruler of China, although the Qianlong Emperor held longer de facto power.
  9. [9]
    Sometimes called "Itzamnaaj Bahlam II",[11] or "Shield Jaguar".[12]
  10. [10]
    In the Maya calendar, acceded 9.12.9.8.1 5 Imix 4 Mak; died 9.15.10.17.14 6 Ix 12 Yaxk'in. Western date is given by the GMT+2 correlation in the Julian Calendar.[11]
  11. [11]
    In the Maya calendar, acceded 9.14.13.4.17 12 Kab'an 5 K'ayab'; died 9.17.14.13.2 11 Ik 5 Yax. Western date is given by the GMT+2 correlation in the Julian Calendar.[11]
  12. [12]
    Longest de facto ruler of China, although the Kangxi Emperor held longer de jure power.
  13. [13]
    Abdicated, but maintained de facto power as Emperor Emeritus until 7 February 1799.
  14. [14]
    The Electorate of Hanover (formally known as the "Electorate of Brunswick-Lunenburg") was reformed as the rump Kingdom of Westphalia in 1807, which was not recognized by George III's government, before being reestablished as the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814 by the Congress of Vienna.
  15. [15]
    Great Britain and Ireland were joined as the United Kingdom effective 1 January 1801 by the Acts of Union 1800.
  16. [16]
    In the Islamic calendar, acceded on 15th Shaban 427; died 18th Zilhaja 487.[33] His death date is sometimes given as 6 January 1095,[33] but most sources give 29 December 1094.[34][35][36]
  17. [17]
    James VI of Scotland was also the King of England and King of Ireland as James I, although he only became King of England and Ireland after the death of Elizabeth I in 1603.
  18. [18]
    He was proclaimed king at the age of four months, and his grandmother, Labotsibeni Mdluli, acted as regent until 22 December 1921 and then formally transferred all monarchial power to Sobhuza II. Some sources take the date of succession as the date on which his grandmother handed over the royal duties to him, not when he was proclaimed king. Swaziland became independent from the United Kingdom in 1968.
  19. [19]
    Formally "abdicated" on 6 May 1723 but officially continued to rule until his death on 29 June 1724 after which point his son Maeda Yoshinori assumed full power.
  20. [20]
    Part of British East India Company until 1858, British Raj from 1858.
  21. [21]
    Heinrich XI succeeded to the throne as Count of Reuss-Obergreiz in 1723 on the death of his brother, Heinrich IX (all male members of the family were named Heinrich in order of birth, even across cousins). In 1778 he became the first Prince of Reuss Elder Line.
  22. [22]
    Part of Holy Roman Empire until 1806, from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
  23. [23]
    Ruled as Count until 1807, as Prince thereafter.
  24. [24]
    In co-reign with his mother, Theresa, until 1128
  25. [25]
    Count John Louis was born after the death of his father Count Johann II on 25 July 1472; he succeeded to the throne at birth.
  26. [26]
    Acceded to the Union of India on 15 August 1947. Merged Kapurthala into the Patiala and Eastern Punjab States Union (PEPSU) on 5 May 1948, relinquished his sovereign powers with effect from 20 August.[57] Rajpramukh of the PEPSU from 5 May 1948 until his death on 17 June 1949
  27. [27]
    Part of Holy Roman Empire until 1806, from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
  28. [28]
    Part of Holy Roman Empire until 1806, from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
  29. [29]
    Eleanor was Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right, although medieval law dictated that her various husbands (Louis VII of France, Henry II of England) and sons (Richard I and John of England) reign with her jointly.
  30. [30]
    Merged his state into the United State of Kathiawad on 15 February 1948, but lived until 28 June 1954.
  31. [31]
    Frederick Augustus I was known as Frederick Augustus III before 1806.
  32. [32]
    Part of Holy Roman Empire until 1806, from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
  33. [33]
    Part of British protectorate from 1880
  34. [34]
    Was forced to abdicate by the British in 1923 but the Bahrinis did not recognize this and considered him the rightful monarch until 1932.
  35. [35]
    Part of Holy Roman Empire until 1806, from 1815 part of the German Confederation.
  36. [36]
    Reigned in dispute with Sultan bin Salim Al Qasimi until 17 July 1948.
  37. [37]
    Philipp II ruled as co-ruler with his brother till 1442 when they divided their inheritances.
  38. [38]
    Succeeded on 14 November 1867, but was officially enthroned on 20 December 1867
  39. [39]
    Possibly reigned about 1295–1370.
  40. [40]
    Pepi II's figure has been disputed by some Egyptologists who favour a shorter reign length of 64 years, given the absence of attested dates known for Pepi after his 31st Count, which would equate to 62 years assuming the count to be biennial. Others point, however, to the consistency between the existing historical sources all crediting Pepi with over 90 years of reign. Finally, the lack of evidence beyond his 62nd year does not preclude a much longer reign, especially in view of the decay of the Egyptian state into the chaos of the First Intermediate Period at the end of Pepi's reign.
  41. [41]
    A dispute exists concerning when Taejo's reign ended. The Book of the Later Han cites 121 as his death date. The traditionally believed one is 146 since the Samguk Sagi claims that he abdicated in that year.
  42. [42]
    While the chronology of his reign is disputed, his existence is generally accepted by most historians.
  43. [43]
    Some sources just give 80 years of lifespan not reign and Chronology disputed
  44. [44]
    Other sources put his start date as 679 or 688.
  45. [45]
    His start date is also sometimes given as 1537
  46. [46]
    Shapur II was crowned in utero: the crown was placed upon his mother's belly. This child, named Shapur, was therefore born king; the government was conducted by his mother and the magnates.
  47. [47]
    Dominated by Nepal until 1816 and then by the British.
  48. [48]
    Abdicated on 15 August 1947, with effects from 1 January 1948 following the dissolution of the British Raj but lived until 1963.
  49. [49]
    Alternatively his death date is put as 469. Might have co-reigned with his son until 451
  50. [50]
    Robert I was in co-rule with his brother Edward II until 1352
  51. [51]
    Historians debate whether he was a Chinese or Vietnamese ruler (named Triệu Vũ Đế)
  52. [52]
    Sometimes her aunt Anne de La Tour d'Auvergne's death is given as June 1524 or 16 June 1524 (see for example her French wikipedia article), though sources seem to be laking for such specific dates and so she remains here. If sources are found for 16 June, she can be moved into the second section with 64 years, 203 days as her reign length
  53. [53]
    An alternate start date is put as being 451. Could have possibly co-ruled with his father since 469.
  54. [54]
    Had a interruption between 1818 and 1822 but later regained it in 1822, counting both of his periods he had a reign of 59 years.
  55. [55]
    Regent until 1921.
  56. [56]
    Part of German East Africa from 1890.
  57. [57]
    He also ruled Russia for a brief period between 1068 and 1069.

References

Sources

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