Orders of magnitude (voltage)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various voltage levels.
| SI prefix | Factor (volt) | Value | Item |
|---|---|---|---|
| Micro- | 10−7 | 500 nV | Change in nerve cell potential caused by opening a single acetylcholine receptor channel[1] |
| 10−6 | 2 μV | Noise in an EEG taken at the scalp[2] | |
| Milli- | 10−5 | 10–100 μV | Peak-to-peak amplitude of an average EEG taken at the scalp[2][3] |
| 15 μV | Minimum terrestrial digital-TV RF antenna signal (−85 dBm over 75 Ω)[4][5] | ||
| 56 μV | Minimum terrestrial analog-TV RF antenna signal (35 dB[μV])[6][7][8] | ||
| 10−4 | 500–1000 μV | Miniature endplate potentials, spontaneous fluctuations in neuron potentials[1] | |
| 10−3 | 1–2 mV | Potential created at ambient temperatures from K Type Thermocouple | |
| Centi- | 10−2 | ~10–50 mV | Ripple voltage in the output of a good DC power supply[9] |
| 75 mV | Nerve cell resting potential[10] | ||
| Deci- | 10−1 | 320 mV | Typical voltage reference level in consumer audio electronics (0.316 V rms)[11] |
| ~500 mV | Typical MOSFET threshold voltage for modern processes[12] | ||
| ~700 mV | Forward voltage drop of normal silicon diodes[13] | ||
| 800–1000 mV | Typical positive supply voltage of a low voltage CMOS digital integrated circuit[14] | ||
| 900 mV | Lemon battery cell (made with copper and zinc electrodes)[15] | ||
| N/A | 100 | 0-3 V | Magnitudes of standard reduction potentials in chemistry[16] |
| 1.5 V | Alkaline battery AAAA, AAA, AA, C or D battery[17] | ||
| 3.3 V | One of the most common low voltage CMOS digital circuit supply voltages. | ||
| 5 V | USB power, used for example to charge a cell phone or a digital camera.[18] Also one of the most common digital circuit supply voltages for both TTL and CMOS technologies. | ||
| 6 V | A common voltage for medium-size electric lanterns.[19] A voltage for older electric systems of automobiles. | ||
| Deca- | 101 | 12 V | Typical car battery[20] |
| Hecto- | 102 | 100–240 V | Domestic wall socket voltage[21] |
| 600 V | Electric eel sends this voltage in an average attack | ||
| 630 V | London Underground railway tracks | ||
| Kilo- | 103 | 2450 V | Electric chair execution in Nebraska[22] |
| 3–10 kV | Electric fence[23] | ||
| 3 kV | Voltage required to generate every 1mm of electric arc | ||
| 3–35 kV | Accelerating voltage for a typical television cathode ray tube[24] | ||
| 4160-34,500 V | Typical voltages in North America for distribution of power from distribution substations to end users[25] | ||
| 104 | 15 kV | Train 15 kV AC railway electrification overhead lines, 16+2⁄3 Hz | |
| 25 kV | European high-speed train overhead power lines[26] | ||
| 33 kV | Maximum voltage allowed in an electricity distribution grid after 1919 in the UK until 1926[27] (still used for heavy industry and factory overhead cable distribution systems)[28] | ||
| 69–230 kV | Range used in North American power high-voltage transmission substations[25] | ||
| 105 | 345–800 kV | Range used in extra-high voltage power transmission systems[29][30] | |
| 800 kV | Lowest voltage used by ultra-high voltage (UHV) power transmission systems[31][30] | ||
| Mega- | 106 | 3 MV | Used by the ultra-high voltage electron microscope at Osaka University[32] |
| 107 | 25.5 MV | The largest man-made DC voltage – produced in a Van de Graaff generator at Oak Ridge National Laboratory[33] | |
| 108 | 100 MV | The potential difference between the ends of a typical lightning bolt[34] | |
| Peta- | 1015 | 7 PV | Voltage around a particular energetic highly magnetized rotating neutron star[35] |
| Ronna- | 1027 | 1.04 RV | Planck voltage |
