Santos, São Paulo

Early colonization

There are reports about the island of São Vicente just two years after the official discovery of Brazil, in 1502, with the expedition of Amerigo Vespucci to explore the Brazilian coast. When passing through the island formerly named Goiaó (or Guaiaó) by the natives, the expedition decided to give it the name of São Vicente, for the day's saint.^[8][9][10] However, in 1531, due to the decline of the Portuguese crown's business in India, Brazil rose on importance. King D. João III sent for a squad for the demarcation of territories on the island of São Vicente. The captain, Martim Afonso de Sousa, discovered a small village and a dock, known as Porto de São Vicente. One of the exiles brought by Amerigo Vespucci's expedition, Cosme Fernandes, had founded the trading village, which had boomed. Miguel Alfonso took the town by force, granting land on the island to settlers.^[8][9][10]

In 1543, with the completion of the construction of a chapel on a hillock in honor of Santa Catarina by Luís de Góis, Brás Cubas ordered the port to be moved to the site of Enguaguaçu, which was calmer. The town booked to facilitate the trade that was unlocked with this move. The Portuguese nobleman ordered the construction of Brazil's second, and at the time only hospital, as Hospital da Santa Casa de Misericórdia is closed, similar to the Santa Casa de Lisboa. The hospital was called Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Todos os Santos in Olinda was closed.^[11][12] The new town of Enguaguaçu was then known as the town of Todos os Santos. There is speculation that the name Santos would come from the port of Santos in Lisbon, similar to the location of the new settlement. Hence, the region close to Outeiro was known as "Vila do Porto de Santos", and later, just "Santos".^[8][9][10]

Twentieth Century

The export of coffee from the Port of Santos gave rise to the city, and mostly accounted for its wealth, at the turn of the 20th century. Export and import through its port have made it the modern city one finds today, turning it into an indispensable outlet for the production of the powerhouse that is São Paulo State. Adorning the landscape of the port city are canals over a hundred years old. In 1899, Santos was the point of entry for the bubonic plague into Brazil.^[13] In 1924, it became the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Santos.

In October 2006, light crude oil was discovered off the coast in the Santos Basin.^[14]

Santos became a tourist city from the 1910s onwards, notably due to the construction of the International Hotel and Parque Balneário, along with the founding of the Orla e Jardins da Praia de Santos (Santos beachfront art and gardens) in 1935. Since 2002, the display has held a record as the world's largest oceanfront botanical garden, as per the Guinness Book of World Records.^[15] Measuring approximately 5.3 kilometers (3.29 miles) long by 45 meters (147.6 feet) wide, with a total area of around 218.8 square meters (715 square feet), the gardens and its outdoor art exhibits stretch from the areas of José Menino to Ponta da Praia.^[16] To this day, tourism in Santos is one of its main economic drivers, mainly linked to the beaches and local historical significance.^[15]

Insular area

Santos partially lies on the island of São Vicente (Saint Vincent), whose territory is divided with the neighboring municipality of São Vicente. It is a densely urbanized area of 39.4 km² (15.2 sq mi) that houses almost all the inhabitants of the city. It includes a flat area (the coastal plain extension of the State of São Paulo) with altitudes rarely higher than 20 meters (65 feet) above sea level, and the Mass of São Vicente, an area of small hills not exceeding 200 meters (656 feet) above sea level.

The flatter region of the island is almost completely devoid of native vegetation, although the northern region of the island (especially in the Alemoa, Chico de Paula and Saboó neighbourhoods) still maintains remnants of mangroves. Prior to the modernization of this area of the island by chácaras (rural residences) and subsequent urbanization, there was a vast floodplain and coastal mangrove forest, part of the mainland native Atlantic Forest.

On the city hills, one can still find vast areas covered by the native Atlantic Forest, in spite of the existing chácaras and banana operations in the area. The Lagoa da Saudade ("homesickness lagoon"), a pond located on one of the aforementioned hills, Morro Nova Cintra, was known to host a species of caiman. The lagoon is also a popular destination among families in the city due to its playgrounds, barbecue kiosks, picnic spots and green areas. The disordered occupation of the hills represents both an environmental as well as a geological risk: the deforestation leads to frequent landslides, mainly from January to March, the traditional rainy season in the region.

Most waterways on the island were channeled when sanitation engineer Saturnino de Brito designed the system of canals in the city. As examples, we can cite the rivers Dois Rios ("Two Rivers") and Ribeirão dos Soldados ("Soldiers Creek"), which is now referred to by santistas as Canal 4 on Avenue Siqueira Campos.

Major water courses cut the island in the north, such as the Rio de São Jorge (St. George River), which suffers from overpollution and siltation due to its proximity to local urban neighborhoods.

Beaches

Islands

• Urubuqueçaba Island
• Barnabé Island
• Diana Island

Climate

Despite the fact that it is located just beyond the tropics, Santos has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen: Af) with no real dry season.^[19] Tropical rainforest climates are typically found near the equator, so Santos featuring this type of climate is an exceptional situation. All months of the year average more than 60 mm of rainfall during the course of the year. Santos features warm weather throughout the year, though June in Santos is somewhat cooler (and drier) than January. Mean temperatures in the city are around 19 °C during wintertime and around 25 °C in the summer months. Precipitation in Santos is very high, amounting to around 2,000 mm (78.7 in) annually. Santos lies in one of the few isolated regions of Brazil outside of the tropical Amazon Basin that receive more than 2,000 mm (79 in) of total average precipitation annually, although nearby Ubatuba, approximately 140 km (87 mi) to the east-northeast, is considerably wetter than Santos, receiving an average of 2,645 mm (104.1 in) of precipitation annually.

Airport and Air Force Base

Santos Air Force Base – BAST, a base of the Brazilian Air Force, is located in the adjoining city of Guarujá.

The city will be served by Guarujá Civil Metropolitan Aerodrome, located in Guarujá.

Rail

Santos is served by the Baixada Santista Light Rail which connects the city to neighbouring São Vicente along a former Estrada de Ferro Sorocabana [ps] rail line.

A heritage tram system operates along a touristic route in the Valango district, anchored by the historic Valango Station (Estação Valongo [pt]). The station previously served as the terminus of the São Paulo Railway which connected Santos to São Paulo and Jundiaí, but ceased passenger operations by 1994. In the 21st century, the São Paulo State Government has been exploring reinstating a regional rail network known as Trens Intercidades.