Talk:Leadership

Can we please focus a little more on what is known of current day leadership, especially as it pertains to ethics in leadership? My point being that of all the theories and practices covered in most leadership texts, we are still facing a serious crisis in leadership...in both commercial, non-commercial and political contexts. So I would suggest a section on the effectiveness/ineffectiveness of leadership theories, and references to the latest studies and publications that shine a spotlight on that aspect. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.150.248.47 (talk) 18:21, 7 March 2011 (UTC)

A lot of work needs doing here. Let's start with structuring the article, keeping edits within the structure, and all making a commitment to using only referenced material. I am removing any content that is irrelevant and unreferenced as a start ChrisTW (talk) 19:23, 27 November 2008 (UTC).

Some good improvements have been made, and I think it's time to move work that is not up to standard to the discussion to leave the main article reasonably professional. I have moved Leadership Cycles and Leadership in Politics to the discussion so far. ChrisTW (talk) 07:37, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

I agree a lot of work is necessary. I particularly liked the suggestion of structure bellow, that is not signed and I am repeating here.

It might make more sense to lay the page out by the major schools of leadership theory:

* Trait/Skills

* Behavioral Style

* Situational Leadership

* Contingency theory

* Relational

* Principled

* Ethical

* Transformational/Transactional

Then move to leadership in an applied setting:

* Business settings

* Small Teams and Groups

* Military

* Political

I can work on the leadership theories in a separate article, trying to clean up/expand the theories, and then summarize in the main article. Thoughts? --Editor br (talk) 21:44, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

I began to expand the trait/skill theory and welcome comments. --Editor br (talk) 21:45, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

The following suggested structure is not exhaustive since there are so many leadership theories. I have changed "behavior" to "behavioral style" since this is a major theory and all theories involve behavior. Situational theories are important and should be included. More needs to be said about Transformational Leadership.

I would like to see the contexts of leadership section tidied up. I suggest removing politics and primates until they can be written in a scholarly fashion. I think Thomas Carlyle is overdone - this isn't an article about Thomas Carlyle although a link could be placed from this article to his shrine ChrisTW (talk) 06:02, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

Thanks for the input. I am working in other articles in -en and -pt, but I will come back to this one later. According to Heifetz, there are four main schools of thought in leadership: 1) trait (leaders have certain characteristics), 2) situational (the situation defines the type of leadership and leader), 3) conditional (synthesis of trait and situational), 4) transactional (emphasis on leader-follower exchanges). There are also two types of approaches, A) descriptive (explain how leader behaves), B) prescriptive (explain how you should behave to become one). In prescriptive approach there is a lot of crap, so we need to sort some things out. I will try to work on bringing more scholarship and fixing the text in the next few weeks. Cheers, Editor br (talk) 17:11, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

I am thinking about a 'scope of leadership' section as well - traditional studies on leadership where related to the concept of authority as a way to provide protection, direction and order in groups. Early studies where predominantly about military and political leaders. There is also studies that define the scope of leadership as change. I will write down a proposal of a different outline in a while, if I can. Editor br (talk) 19:41, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

Books that are listed in the references, but no longer are cited in the text. I am keeping it here until I finish the restructuring of the article. Editor br (talk) 05:24, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

Other bibliography

• Avolio, B. J., Sosik, J. J., Jung, D. I., & Berson, Y. (2003). Leadership models, methods, and applications. In W. C. Borman, D. R. Ilgen & R. J. *Klimoski (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Industrial and organizational psychology, Vol. 12. (pp. 277-307): John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F., & Weber, T. J. (in press). Leadership: Current theories, research, and future directions. Annual Review of Psychology.
• Bass, B. M. (1990). Bass & Stogdill's handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial applications (3rd ed.). New York, NY, US: Free Press.
• Borman, W. C., & Brush, D. H. (1993). More progress toward a taxonomy of managerial performance requirements. Human Performance, 6(1), 1-21.
• Bray, D. W., Campbell, R. J., & Grant, D. L. (1974). Formative years in business: a long-term AT&T study of managerial lives: Wiley, New York.
• Campbell, J. (1990). An overview of the Army selection and classification project. Personnel Psychology, 43, 231-240.
• Campbell, J., McCloy, R., Oppler, S., & Sager, C. (1993). A theory of performance. In N. Schmitt & W. Borman (Eds.), Personnel Selection in organizations (pp. 35-71). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
• Day, D. V., & Lord, R. G. (1988). Executive leadership and organizational performance: suggestions for a new theory and methodology. Journal of Management, 14(3), 453-464.
• Den Hartog, D. N., & Koopman, P. L. (2002). Leadership in organizations. In N. Anderson, D. S. Ones, H. K. Sinangil & C. Viswesvaran (Eds.), Handbook of industrial, work and organizational psychology, Volume 2: Organizational psychology. (pp. 166-187): Sage Publications, Inc.
• Fleishman, E. A. (1953). The description of supervisory behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 37(1), 1-6.
• Fleishman, E. A., Mumford, M. D., Zaccaro, S. J., Levin, K. Y., Korotkin, A. L., & Hein, M. B. (1991). Taxonomic efforts in the description of leader behavior: A synthesis and functional interpretation. Leadership Quarterly, 2(4), 245-287.
• Hackman, J. R., & Wageman, R. (2005). A Theory of Team Coaching. Academy of Management Review, 30(2), 269-287.
• Hackman, J. R., & Walton, R. E. (1986). Leading groups in organizations. In P. S. Goodman (Ed.), Designing effective work groups (pp. 72-119). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
• Hogan, R., Curphy, C. J., & Hogan, J. (1994). What we know about leadership: effectiveness and personality. American Psychologist, 49(6), 493-504.
• Howard, A., & Bray, D. W. (1988). Managerial lives in transition: advancing age and changing times: New York: Guilford Press.
• Jacobs, T. O., & Jaques, E. (1987). Leadership in Complex Systems In Praeger (Ed.), Human Productivity Enhancement (Vol. 2, pp. 7-65). New York.
• Jacobs, T. O., & Jaques, E. (1990). Military executive leadership. Measures of leadership, 281-295.
• Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Ilies, R., & Gerhardt, M. W. (2002). Personality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 765-780.
• Kaiser, R. B., Hogan, R., & Craig, S. B. (2008). Leadership and the Fate of Organizations. American Psychologist, 63(2), 96.
• Klein, K. J., Ziegert, J. C., Knight, A. P., & Xiao, Y. (2006). Dynamic delegation: Shared, hierarchical, and deindividualized leadership in extreme action teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 51(4), 590-621.
• Kozlowski, S. W. J., Gully, S. M., Salas, E., Cannon-Bowers, J. A., Beyerlein, M. M., Johnson, D. A., et al. (1996). Team leadership and development: *Theory, principles, and guidelines for training leaders and teams. In Advances in interdisciplinary studies of work teams: Team leadership, Vol. 3. (pp. 253-291): Elsevier Science/JAI Press.
• Lord, R. G., De Vader, C. L., & Alliger, G. M. (1986). A meta-analysis of the relation between personality traits and leadership perceptions: An application of validity generlization procedures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 402-410.
• McGrath, J. E. (1962). Leadership behavior: Some requirements for leadership training. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Civil Service Commission.
• Meindl, J. R., & Ehrlich, S. B. (1987). The romance of leadership and the evaluation of organizational performance. Academy of Management Journal, 30(1), 91-109.
• Morgeson, F. P. (2005). The External Leadership of Self-Managing Teams: Intervening in the Context of Novel and Disruptive Events. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(3), 497-508.
• Motowidlo, S. J. (2003). Job performance. Borman, Walter C (Ed); Ilgen, Daniel R (Ed); et al, (2003). Handbook of psychology: Industrial and organizational psychology, NY, US: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Mumford, M. D. (1986). Leadership in the organizational context: Conceptual approach and its application. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16(6), 508-531.
• Mumford, M. D., Zaccaro, S. J., Harding, F. D., Jacobs, T. O., & Fleishman, E. A. (2000). Leadership skills for a changing world solving complex social problems. The Leadership Quarterly, 11(1), 11-35.
• Stogdill, R. M. (1974). Handbook of leadership: A survey of the literature. New York: Free Press
• Yukl, G. A. (2006). Leadership in Organizations. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
• Zaccaro, S. J. (2001). The nature of executive leadership: A conceptual and empirical analysis of success. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Zaccaro, S. J., & Klimoski, R. J. (2001). The nature of organizational leadership: An introduction. In S. J. Zaccaro & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), The nature of organizational leadership: Understanding the performance imperatives confronting today’s leaders (pp. 3-41). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
• Zaccaro, S. J., Rittman, A. L., & Marks, M. A. (2001). Team leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 12(4), 451-483.

The text bellow is written in an essay-like manner, and seems original research. I kept the transformational/transactional part until I find time to rewrite them. Weber is an important theorist and I will reinsert this text once I improve it under the "Behavior & Style Theory" section. Editor br (talk) 06:03, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

Gendered leadership theories are conflicted. See: Collins, Burris & Meyers (2014); Eagly and Carli (2003); Vecchio (2002); etc. This section is poorly written and unacademic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.188.201.228 (talk) 15:09, 8 July 2015 (UTC)

'Leadership has been described as the "process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task'.

I would delete the word 'common' since the task itself might be only on the leader's list of objectives. The task would then only be 'common' in the sense that every follower helps deliver it.

It is important to recall that people who are 'good' at leading may be evil or disturbed - and are merely very skilled at leading their followers over a cliff.

Being good at leading is very different from being a good leader.

Historically an awful lot of so-called 'great' leaders, (maybe most of them) seem to have got their followers killed in very large numbers - and lots of other folk too. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.4.92.240 (talk) 15:13, 28 October 2010 (UTC)

There needs to be material on narcissistic leaders and leadership.--Penbat (talk) 20:56, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

Ladies and Gentlemen,

After much thought and research, in reading many peoples theories on leadership, I have determined that the definition of Leadership is, "Guiding Intent with Integrity."

In your own research, and on the discussion of Leadership, there primary theme is organizing people to reach a common goal. Or, put another way, "Who is guiding who where, when, how and why for what reason and what purpose." This algebraic expressing creates over 100,000 styles of leadership, that promote growth, retards growth, and / or maintains the status quo.

For clarity, it should be understood that Guiding, Intent and Integrity are ranges that run a scale from "100% for" - "0 / neutral" - "100% against". They should never be expected to be in a positive aspect, as leaders can/will/do use subterfuge to achieve needed / wanted results. (this goes back to style).

To insure that this definition is solid, I have sent it to many people who have written books on leadership, and have posted a blog articles about it. No one todate has refuted the definition. However, I would like to make sure that there is agreement before I take command and update the page on leadership with the definition. In the scientific community, if 3 scientists can reach the same conclusion about an experiment independently or through recreating ones experiment, then it moves from a hypothesis to a theory. Moving to a law is more work that I choose to take on at this time.

I look forward to your comments.

71.202.46.180 (talk) 01:35, 19 December 2010 (UTC) Michael J. Fuhrman E Net Arch mfuhrman@enetarch.net

I think a good leader should have some characteristic which includes responsibility,motivation, diversity and etc. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.121.23.152 (talk) 15:26, 9 August 2011 (UTC)

"This advent allowed trait theorists to create a comprehensive and parsimonious picture of previous leadership research rather than rely on the qualitative reviews of the past. "

The word parsimonious is used completely incorrectly here. It means extremely frugal or thrifty. I doubt this person is saying that the research was inexpensive. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.21.9.168 (talk) 12:32, 3 November 2011 (UTC)

One could take it in the sense of 'using a minimal number of assumptions', but I agree that it seems like extraneous rhetoric and adds no real value to the sentence. I've removed it. Hyarmendacil (talk) 09:30, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

A class of students who are working on a project with the Wikipedia Ambassador Program at James Madison University will soon be taking on this article to make improvements. If you have any issues or concerns please let me know; as I am serving as the campus ambassador for the class. Please keep in mind that the students who are working on this article are newcomers to the Wikipedia Community; and may make a few mistakes along the way. -dean (talk) 17:33, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

Anything that produces greater coherence here would be welcome. I suggest that any revision needs to engage with:

>the history of leadership theory

>whether leadership is a part of business studies or military studies or politics or history or psychology or philosophy or...

>how far there are empirical cross-cultural data to support ideas on leadership, and how far they are little more than individual opinion and assertion

>whether strategic leadership differs from supervision

>the "leadership" vs "management" debate

>transactional and transformational leadership

>the consensual vs authoritarian debate

>distributed leadership and "followership"

>trait theory

>behaviourist approaches

>contingency approaches

It may well be that more than one article is needed. Deipnosophista (talk) 14:05, 3 April 2012 (UTC)

Hi,

I did not realise that you can't put links to your own site under wiki rules. I was therefore wondering if anyone here would see if they think that the blog helps the reader with leadership. There is no advertising or selling on the page that the link goes to, but it is a business website.

Ocinternational (talk) 15:33, 23 October 2012 (UTC)23rd Oct 2012Ocinternational (talk) 15:33, 23 October 2012 (UTC) Ocinternational (talk) 15:33, 23 October 2012 (UTC)OCinternationalOcinternational (talk) 15:33, 23 October 2012 (UTC)

We don't link to blogs per WP:ELNO point 11. - MrOllie (talk) 15:59, 23 October 2012 (UTC)

Hello! My name is Nika. I am a York College student working on a class assignment and I have intentions to edit this article on leadership. I invite you to please review my intended edit located in my sandbox. I will post the link below. Thank you. (MsNika349 (talk) 02:16, 8 May 2013 (UTC))

MsNika349 Sandbox

Hi Nika. there is already some coverage of transactional leadership in the article. Any edits pertaining to that topic should therefore be an improvement upon the current content. With this in mind, at this stage I would be concerned with the lack of references in your own writing. I would also be interested in how you see the content you propose as fitting in with the current Wikipedia article dedicated to transactional leadership. Cheers and best of luck with the assignment Andrew (talk) 06:51, 8 May 2013 (UTC)

Hi Andrew, first and for most thank you for responding. Although there is some coverage on "transactional theory," I think that there is room for extra information on the transactional style of leadership, hence why I chose to make the edit to the leadership section. I think it gives somewhat of a better understanding on the specific of transactional leadership styles. Thank you for your wishes on my assignment as I now have to ask my peers to review my edit. Thank you again for your response. (MsNika349 (talk) 02:02, 12 May 2013 (UTC))

I am a student at Harvard Kennedy School and would like to edit a short reference to the model of adaptive leadership which has been taught by Heifetz and others at Harvard for around 30 years. It will refer to a new article on the subject "adaptive leadersip."

Marburgmichi (talk) 18:17, 22 November 2013 (UTC)

Hi Marburgmichi. Welcome to Wikipedia and I look forward to seeing your contribution. One I suggestion I would like to make is to be careful to craft your edits such that they don’t come across as spam|spam. Spam is a major problem in Wikipedia; particularly in fields related to the cooperate world, where every man and his dog wants their pet theory and latest publication to feature prominently in Wikipedia. In fact, it might be worth double checking with yourself whether this particular approach warrants inclusion in the article in the first place.

Beyond this, two ways in which to avoid the perception of spam is to use older well cited sources (as opposed to a new article as you suggest), and to suitably embed the relevant content within the existing article structure. In other words, I would caution against simply tacking on another ‘theory of leadership’ to the article. Cheers Andrew (talk) 04:26, 23 November 2013 (UTC)

Hi Andrew, thank you for your feedback. I will ensure proper sourcing and relevance. I will focus on Heifetz main work, ensure neutrality and include criticism. I was intending to open a separate Wikipedia article with around 1.500 words and link it to this more general article on leadership. This work is part of a requirement I am taking for a media policy class at Harvard Kennedy School.Marburgmichi (talk) 23:05, 25 November 2013 (UTC)

Hi all. I am just looking at this section that has been added back into the article after recently being removed. Now the original removal was not explained, and so in terms of procedure I have no problem with MLKLewis's decision to add it back in (hi MLKLewis). In terms of content though, I am not sold on its appropriateness. Specifically, I am concerned that the paragraph a) is giving undue weight to a highly niche perspective, b) is a departure from the article topic (e.g. the definition raised essentially boils down to coordination rather than something resembling mainstream conceptions of leadership), c) has readability issues, and d) is an exercise in promotion. Do other editors share this concern? Or can other editors reassure me that the content is appropriate? In terms of the latter, it would be particularly reassuring to see evidence that this perspective on leadership has some substantial 'take up' in academic circles. Cheers Andrew (talk) 13:43, 17 August 2014 (UTC)

removing this section from article as it's unreferenced, OR-ish and adds little. Bacchiad (talk) 20:50, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

This section does not cite any sources. (September 2009)

This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this section if you can.

At certain stages in their development, the hierarchies of social ranks implied different degrees or ranks of leadership in society. Thus a knight led fewer men in general than did a duke; a baronet might in theory control less land than an earl. See peerage for a systematization of this hierarchy, and order of precedence for links to various systems.

In the course of the 18th to 20th centuries, several political operators took non-traditional paths to become dominant in their societies. They or their systems often expressed a belief in strong individual leadership, but existing titles and labels ("King", "Emperor", "President", and so on) often seemed inappropriate, insufficient, or downright inaccurate in some circumstances. The formal or informal titles or descriptions they or their subordinates employ express and foster a general veneration for leadership of the inspired and autocratic variety. The definite article when used as part of the title (in languages that use definite articles) emphasizes the existence of a sole "true" leader.

Charisma is an important aspect of leadership. I will ponder how to add this to the present article. Meanwhile, how would one add to "See also" a reference to the "Personality charisma" section of the article on charisma? Pring (talk) 16:43, 18 July 2015 (UTC)

Charisma is the main quality of a leader in the sense that one cannot lead without having positive moral inbeding skills Sylvia Savage (talk) 21:32, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

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Maybe the person that made the decision to cast this as psychology was abused by their boss. They're misguided to accuse their boss of insanity, but I don't really blame them for that. I would have accused that boss of feigning mental illness, as if in all the ways that are important there could be such a thing as mental illness. 203.215.118.62 (talk) 06:07, 24 May 2016 (UTC)

Ha ha. Good observation. But psychology concerns itself with all aspects of behavior and the mind, not just illnesses. SnailsSpace (talk) 19:46, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

As a newcomer to wikipedia I tried to add a journal reference to this page as a small contribution and starting point. It was * Cairns, Brett (2002). "Aerospace Power and Leadership". Canadian Military Journal. 3. Canadian Department of National Defence, Ottawa, Ontario: 37–44. ISSN 1492-465X. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help) and it was removed by another editor who advised me on this talk page that it was not notable enough. The first sentence of this leadership article states that leadership is both a research area and practical skill yet the article seems to be mostly a compendium of theories. Wikipedia describes an encyclopedia as a compendium holding all branches of knowledge and in the knowledge article states that knowledge can either be theoretical or practical. The leadership article seems to miss the practical part. The journal reference I tried to add focuses on the practical elements of leadership. After reading some of the other journal references I noticed that When I click on House Robert it takes me to a blank wiki page. The first House article cited is a discussion of a theory that the author states shows promise and should be furthers tested. The second House article is a review of a theory from that one persons perspective. When I click on Vroom Victor it takes me to a page with very little content on a business school professor. The article cited is nothing more than a very general discussion on a page promoting the sale of the article. I replied to the editor with these observations and he suggested that I go to the talk page of this article and seek advice. Why was what I added not considered notable when other journal references that are already there seem to be even less so? I am a bit confused. Before trying to make any other contributions I thought it best to seek advice on this page. thanks AFHistoryBuff (talk) 17:27, 30 November 2016 (UTC)

As all of those "journals" are contained in the references section of the article, they should be directly supporting material in the article itself and cited as such. For example, the House works are cited in footnotes 40 and 41. There are probably stray books/references that have creeped in over time and we'd likely need to prune those. Why were you wanting to add a reference without any material? Kuru (talk) 18:43, 30 November 2016 (UTC)

Im looking to add different styles of leadership, I do not really see a section for different styles. Does anyone have any input? — Preceding unsigned comment added by ChaparralCote (talk • contribs) 17:37, 20 April 2017 (UTC)

Hello I would like to try to just clean up article. One thought is to try to join common thoughts under different headings. Any imput as to how to accomplish? Also I found an article titled leadership styles my thought is that this article should be brought into the leadership article, it also needs some work, any thoughts?--ChaparralCote (talk) 17:02, 25 April 2017 (UTC)

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This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 4 July 2022 and 16 August 2022. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): YW5634 (article contribs).

— Assignment last updated by YW5634 (talk) 21:33, 13 August 2022 (UTC)

This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 7 September 2023 and 14 December 2023. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Ritalyo (article contribs).

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I am planning significant revisions to a related page, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_differences_in_leadership, as described in that page's Talk, and plan to revise this article's section on gender and leadership (and link between this section and that page) after finishing that. Sharp-shinned.hawk (talk) 16:40, 2 December 2024 (UTC)

I have completed revisions to Sex and gender differences in leadership and am turning my eye to this page. Planning to change the section "Leadership differences affected by gender" to "Leadership and gender" and expand the coverage to include not only the leader's gender, but also the gender of followers and the gendered nature of organizations, cultures, and context. Gender affects the leadership dynamic in many ways besides just what the leader's gender is. I plan to rely on the Sex and gender differences in leadership page for the bulk of that discussion, and to write a paragraph or two about the other two areas, which have received less attention from scholars. Some of the content under "Barriers for non-western female leaders" is already covered in Sex and gender differences in leadership but these are important ideas to raise up on this page, too -- but again, it's more than just the leader that's relevant, here. The cultural context is important for group / follower gender dynamics as well as the gendered nature of organizations and industries. Sharp-shinned.hawk (talk) 21:02, 19 January 2025 (UTC)

Regarding "Leadership differences affected by gender" , I have put the old section text here, and added comments about how and why I've revised it. Sharp-shinned.hawk (talk) 13:55, 22 January 2025 (UTC)

This section is non-sensical. I have no clue what it is trying to say. 198.251.52.192 (talk) 20:55, 27 March 2025 (UTC)

This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 7 January 2025 and 27 April 2025. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): NexoftheNight (article contribs).

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