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Theories
- Autochthonous - Cossacks is a local condition that arose due to the need to protect the southern border of the Lithuanian Principality. The Cossacks arose centrally in accordance with the state policy of the then government. The first one was written by Martin Belsky, a descendant of the Cossack elder. On this was also Samiylo Velychko, and subsequently, in a detailed justification, Mikhail Maksymovych. The supporter of this dogma was also Mikhail Hrushevsky.[1][2]
- Boyar - Cossacks formed on the basis of the Russian boyars and the infamous military people of Lithuania and Poland, professional soldiers who did not receive the status of gentry and were forced to engage in war and robbery (Antonovich, Lepiavko).[1][3]
- Caregiver - Cossacks were formed on the basis of industrial workers of representatives of different classes, who went to the seasonal crafts in the Black Sea and Caspian steppes. A large part of the nurses were runaway peasants from Lithuania, Poland and Muscovy, which is why runaway theory is also called runaway. For the defense of the Tatars, nurses took their weapons, organized themselves in armed units. They survived chiefly from hunting and fishing and raiding the Asiatic tribes for horses and food. In the 16th century, a great organizer, Dmytro Vyshnevetsky, a Ukrainian noble, united these different groups into a strong military organization.[4] This theory is dominant in Soviet and post-Soviet historiography.[1]
Hypothesis
- Nomadic The nomadic hypothesis was that the Cossacks came from one or more nomadic peoples who at different times lived in the territory of the Northern Black Sea. It is not clear when the first Cossack communities on the Lower Dnieper began to form. There are signs and stories of similar people living in the steppes as early as the 12th century AD. According to this hypothesis the Cossacks' ancestors were the Scythians, Sarmatians, Khazars, Polovtsy (Cumans), Circassians (Adygs), Tatars, and others. The nomadic hypothesis of the origin of the Cossacks was formed under the influence of the Polish historical school of the 16th-17th centuries and was connected with the theory of the Sarmatian origin of the gentry. According to the traditional tradition of deriving the origin of the state or people from a certain people of antiquity, the Cossack chroniclers of the 18th century advocated the Khazar origin of the Cossacks.[5][6] With the expansion of the source base and the formation of historical science, nomadic hypotheses were rejected by official historiography. For the first time, Alexander Rigelman pointed out the imperfection of the hypothesis.[7] In the 20th century, the Russian scientist Gumilyov was an apologist for the Polovtsian origin of the Cossacks. In the XXI century. This hypothesis - concerning Cossacks, Donts and Kubans - has been refuted by a number of genetic studies.[8]
- Brodnic Cossacks are the descendants of brodnici, berladnici and Galician moguls who lived in the 11th-13th centuries in the Northern Black Sea Coast (author Golubovsky). Partly this hypothesis was supported by Gumilev. At the same time, they pointed out that there was no direct connection between the communes of the brodnici and the Cossacks, due to the existence of a time gap.[1]
1866-1934., Hrushevsʹkyĭ, Mykhaĭlo,; 1866-1934., Грушевський, Михайло, (1991-<2000>). Istorii︠a︡ Ukraïny-Rusy : v odynadt︠s︡i︠a︡ty tomakh, dvanadt︠s︡i︠a︡ty knyhakh. Smoliĭ, V. A., Sokhanʹ, P. S. (Pavel Stepanovich), Смолій, В. А., Сохань, П. С. (Павел Степанович), Akademii︠a︡ nauk Ukraïnsʹkoï RSR. Arkheohrafichna komisii︠a︡., Ukraïnsʹka akademii︠a︡ nauk. Arkheohrafichna komisii︠a︡. (Repryntne vyd ed.). Kyïv: Nauk. dumka. ISBN 5120024688. OCLC 25048176. ; CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) |
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