Timeline of São Luís, Maranhão

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The following is a timeline of the history of the city of São Luís, in the state of Maranhão, Brazil.

  • Present-day São Luís was a large village of the Tupinambá people

16th century

  • 1535. Division of Brazil by the Portuguese into hereditary captaincies.[1]
  • 1536. Donatory-Captain of Maranhão João de Barros granted colonization of Maranhão region.[1]
  • 1550s. Nazaré founded by João de Barros, in the general vicinity of present-day São Luís.[1]
  • 1550s. Nazaré abandoned by the Portuguese due to indigenous resistance and difficulty in access to the site.[1]

17th century

  • 1611. French friars of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin describe site of the promontory of São Luís.
  • 1612.
    • August 12. Settlement of Saint-Louis as part of Equinoctial France and celebration of inaugural mass.[1]
    • September 8. Declaration of foundation of Saint-Louis by Daniel de La Touche and end of the construction of the Fort of Saint Louis.[2]: 21 
  • 1614. Fort of Saint Louis augmented to guard against invasion of the new colony; governor's residence built as part of expansion of fort.
  • 1614. Governor General of Brazil orders military expedition under Jerônimo de Albuquerque from Pernambuco to French Saint-Louis.[3]: 11 
  • 1615.
  • 1621.
  • 1619. São Luís, elevated to the category of town (vila), with establishment of Municipal Council.[3]: 14 
    • Brothers of the Carmelite Order enters São Luís.[4]: 116 
  • 1623
    • September 23. Francisco Coelho de Carvalho appointed the first Governor and Captain General of the State of Maranhão and Grão-Pará.[5]: 159 
  • 1624. Governor Coelho de Carvalho orders the renovation of Fort São Felipe and reconstruction of first Governors' residence on site.
  • 1641. Dutch occupation of São Luís by Admiral Jan Cornelizoon Lichtardt and Colonel Koin Anderson, as wider Dutch invasions of Brazil.[3]: 17 
  • 1642. São Luís has a population of 700-800 and 500 to 600 houses.[3]: 29 
  • 1644. Portuguese reoccupation of São Luís by Antonio Muniz Barreiros and Teixeira de Melo, the plantation owners of the Mearim River region.[3]: 17 
  • 1654. State of Maranhão and Grão-Pará established.
  • 1661. Jesuit Father Antônio Vieira deported to Portugal over dispute on the treatment of indigenous peoples in Maranhão.[6]: 36 
  • 1665. Caminho Grande, a road connecting the urban center to the villages and towns in the interior, consolidated.[3]: 15 
  • 1670. São Luís elevated to the category of city (cidade).[3]: 15 
  • 1642. São Luís has a population of approximately 1,000.[3]: 30 
  • 1684. Beckman's Revolt occurs based on local discontent against the Maranhão Trading Company.

18th century

19th century

  • 1811. Population of São Luís: approximately 30,000.[3]: 19 
  • 1812. Completion of the Quinta das Laranjeiras Gate.[3]
  • 1814. Completion of the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, with celebration of first procession and mass.[7]
  • 1817
    • Completion and consecration of the Church of São Pantelão.[3]: 202–203 
    • Opening of the Hospital of São José of the Holy House of Mercy (Hospital de São José da Santa Casa de Misericórdia).[9]: 14 
    • Opening of the first theater, Teatro União, now Artur Azevedo Theater.[9]: 14 [10]: 160, 207 
  • 1818. Economy of Maranhão reaches one million pounds, and the fourth most populous city in Brazil.
  • 1821.
  • 1823. Portuguese driven from Maranhão by Admiral Lord Cochrane during Brazil's war of independence.
  • 1825. First public lighting in São Luís, powered by olive oil, and later turpentine alcohol.[3]: 19 
  • 1829. Foundling wheel placed in Church of São Pantelão by the Holy House of Mercy.[3]: 202–203 
  • 1831.
    • The Setembrada revolt breaks out, calling for the expulsion of Portuguese and the Franciscan friars.
    • Prohibition of burials inside church buildings and mandate of burials outside the city as part of wider sanitary reforms in Brazil.[9]: 20 
  • 1836. Foundation of first public library.[9]: 14 
  • 1838. The Balaiada Revolt broke out, a popular movement that opposed the rural aristocracy.
  • 1839. Foundation of first high school, Liceu.[9]: 14 
  • 1840. São Luís has 22 lime mills, six rice mills, six printing presses, three soap and candle factories, two cotton presses, eight potteries.[3]: 21 
  • 1841.
    • The School of Artisan Education (Escola dos Educandos Artífices) opened at Largo do Diamante (now Praça da República) to educate poor youth.[9]: 18 
    • Construction began on the Sagração Wharf (Cais da Sagração).[9]: 18–19 
  • 1847. Creation of the Commercial Bank of Maranhão (Banco Comercial do Maranhão).[3]: 20 
  • 1849. Construction of the Public Slaughterhouse by engineer João Nunes de Campos and Manoel Antônio da Silva Campelo.[9]: 20 
  • 1852. Establishment of the Portuguese Reading Cabinet (Gabinete Português de Leitura), an intellectual society similar to those in Salvador, Recife, and Rio de Janeiro.[9]: 22 
  • 1855. Establishment of the Gavião Cemetery, formerly known as the São Pantaleão Cemetery.[9]: 23 
  • 1852. Reliquary image Relics of Saint Severa brought from Italy and placed in Church of São Pantelão.[3]: 202–203 
  • 1854. Companhia Confiança Maranhense established to construct commercial stores for rental.[3]: 21 
  • 1861. Companhia de Iluminação e Gás do Maranhão installs hydrogen gas lighting.[3]: 19 
  • 1866. City Chamber establishes building codes to address aesthetic and sanitation issues.[3]: 59 
  • 1862. Campos Melo Ramp, second ramp built at end Rua do Trapiche.[9]: 25 
  • 1863. Sidewalk paving in Portuguese lioz stone added as part of modernization of São Luís.
  • 1881. Publication of O Mulato by Aluísio Azevedo, a novel about Mixed-race Brazilians in São Luís.[8]: 200 
  • 1889. Proclamation of the Republic; Province of Maranhão becomes the current state of Maranhão
  • 1891. Promulgation of first State Constitution.
  • 1896. Façade of Governor's Palace greatly modified under state governor Manuel Inácio Belfort Vieira.

20th century

21st century

References

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