Voiced retroflex plosive
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɖ⟩ in IPA
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A voiced retroflex plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is â¨âÉââ©. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of a d, the letter that is used for the corresponding alveolar consonant. Many South Asian languages, such as Hindi and Urdu, have a two-way contrast between plain and murmured (breathy voice) [âÉâ].
| Voiced retroflex plosive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| É | |||
| IPA number | 106 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɖ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0256 | ||
| X-SAMPA | d` | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
Features
Features of a voiced retroflex stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives, laminal (flat).
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asturian | Astierna dialect | ḷḷingua | [ÉiÅÉ¡wä] | 'tongue' | Corresponds to /Ê/ in other dialects. See Che Vaqueira |
| Balochi | ÚÙâ/dèl | [Éɪl] | 'female donkey' | ||
| Bengali[1] | ডাà¦à¦¾à¦¤ | [Éakat̪] | 'robber' | Apical postalveolar.[1] See Bengali phonology | |
| English | Indian dialects | dine | [Éaɪn] | 'to eat' | Corresponds to /d/ in other dialects. See English phonology |
| General American | herd | [hÉÉ] | 'herd' | Allophone of /d/ before /ɹ/ or /É/ | |
| Fon | Éù | [Éù] | 'to celebrate' | ||
| Gujarati[2] | હાડ | [ɦaÉ] | 'bone' | Subapical.[2] See Gujarati phonology | |
| Hindustani[3][4] | डालना/ÚاÙÙا | [ÉaËlnaË] | 'to put' | Apical postalveolar.[4] See Hindustani phonology | |
| Javanese | ꦣꦲê¦/dhahar/ÚاÙارâ | [Éahaɽ] | 'to eat' | ||
| Kannada | ಠಡಸೠ| [ÉÉÉsu] | 'to join' | ||
| Kashmiri | ÚÙر | [Éar] | 'fear' | ||
| Maba | kodrok/ÙÙÚÙÙ | [kÉÉÉk] | 'false' | ||
| Malayalam | à´ªà´à´/padam | [pÉÉÉm] | 'picture' or 'movie' | See Malayalam phonology | |
| Marathi[2] | हाड | [haËÉ] | 'bone' | Subapical.[2] See Marathi phonology | |
| Nepali | डर | [ÉÊr] | 'fear' | Apical postalveolar. See Nepali phonology | |
| Nihali | [biÉum] | 'one' | |||
| Norwegian | varde | [ËÊÉÉËÉ] | 'beacon' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Odia | ଡà¬àà¬à¬¾/á¸aá¹ gÄ | [ÉÉÅga] | 'boat' | Apical postalveolar. | |
| Pashto | Úï» | [Éak] | 'full' | ||
| Punjabi | ਡੱਡ੠| [ÉÉÉËu] | 'frog' | ||
| Sardinian | cherveddu | â | 'brain' | ||
| Sicilian | coá¸á¸u | [kÉÉËu] | 'neck' | ||
| Sindhi | ÙاÚÙ/vÄá¸ho/वाढॠ| [ÊÉÉʱo] | 'carpenter' | ||
| Sinhala | බඩ | [baÉÉ] | 'stomach' | ||
| Somali | dhul | [Éul] | 'earth, land, ground' | See Somali phonology | |
| Swedish | nord | â | 'north' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Tamil[2][5] | வணà¯à®à®¿ | [ÊÉɳÉi] | 'cart' | Subapical;[2] allophone of /Ê/.[5] See Tamil phonology | |
| Telugu | à°à°¡à±à°¡à°¿ | [kÉÉËi] | 'rod' | Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. Aspirated form articulated as breathy consonant. | |
| Torwali[6] | ÚÙغ٠| [ÉiÉ£u] | 'late afternoon' | Realised as [ɽ] between vowels. | |