Voiceless alveolar fricative
Consonantal sound often represented by ⟨s⟩ in IPA
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Voiceless alveolar fricatives are a type of fricative consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are at least five types with significant perceptual differences:
- A voiceless alveolar sibilant [s] (the standard symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet or IPA) has a strong hissing sound, as the s in English sink. It is one of the most common sounds in the world.
- A voiceless denti-alveolar sibilant [s̟] or [s̄] (an ad hoc notation), also called apico-dental, has a weaker lisping sound like English th in thin. It occurs in Spanish dialects in southern Spain (eastern Andalusia).[1]
- A voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant [s̠], and the subform apico-alveolar [s̺], has a weak hushing sound (also called "grave" frication) reminiscent of retroflex fricatives. It is used in the languages of northern Iberia, like Asturleonese, Basque, Peninsular Spanish (excluding parts of Andalusia), Catalan, Galician, and Northern European Portuguese. A similar retracted sibilant form is also used in Dutch, Icelandic, some southern dialects of Swedish, Finnish, and Greek. The retracted "S" is also used in Amerindian languages such as Muscogee, Garifuna, and many varieties of Quechua. It was supposedly the standard sound of s in Classical Latin. [citation needed] Its sound is between [s] and [ʃ].
- A voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative [θ̠] or [θ͇] (using the alveolar diacritic from the Extended IPA)[2] is similar to the th in English thin. It occurs in Icelandic as well as an intervocalic and word-final allophone of English /t/ in dialects such as Hiberno-English and Scouse.
- A voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [ɬ] sounds like a voiceless, strongly articulated version of English l (somewhat like what the English cluster **hl would sound like) and is written as ll in Welsh.
| Voiceless alveolar sibilant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| s | |||
| IPA number | 132 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | s | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0073 | ||
| X-SAMPA | s | ||
| Braille |  | ||
| |||
The first three types are sibilants, meaning that they are made by directing a stream of air with the tongue towards the teeth and have a piercing, perceptually prominent sound.
| Inter- dental |
Dental | Denti- alveolar |
Alveolar | Post-alveolar | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Retracted | Retroflex | Palato- alveolar |
Alveolo- palatal | |||||
| Sibilant | s̪ | s̟ | s͇ | s̠ | ʂ | ʃ | ɕ | |
| Non-sibilant | θ̟ | θ | θ̠ | θ͇ | ɻ̝̊ | ɹ̠̊˔ | ||
Voiceless alveolar sibilant
A voiceless alveolar sibilant is a common consonant sound in spoken languages. It is the sound in English words such as sea and pass, and is represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨s⟩. It has a characteristic high-pitched, highly perceptible hissing sound. For this reason, it is often used to get someone's attention, using a call often written as sssst! or psssst!.
Voiceless alveolar sibilants [s] are one of the most common sounds cross-linguistically. If a language has fricatives, it will most likely have [s].[3] However, some languages have a related sibilant sound, such as [ʃ], but no [s]. In addition, sibilants are absent from most Australian Aboriginal languages, in which fricatives are rare; however, [s] does occur in Kalaw Lagaw Ya.[4]
Features
Features of a voiceless alveolar sibilant:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant (a subclass of fricatives and affricates), which means it is generally produced with a higher-frequency turbulence. Sibilants may be articulated with various tongue shapes and degrees of palatalization, depending on their place of articulation.
- There are at least three specific variants of [s]:
- Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of [s] is very strong.[5]
- Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. According to Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) about half of English speakers use a non-retracted apical articulation.
- Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to laminal [ʂ] or (to a lesser extent) [ʃ].
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most speech sounds.
Occurrence
Dentalized laminal alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acehnese[6][7] | seuôt | [s̻̪ɯˈʔot̠̚] | 'to answer' | See Acehnese phonology | |
| Arabic | Gulf[8] | مسجد (masjid) | [mɐˈs̪d͡ʒɪd̪] | 'mosque' | |
| Armenian | Eastern[9] | սար (sar) | ⓘ | 'mountain' | |
| Azerbaijani[10] | su | [s̪u] | 'water' | ||
| Belarusian[11] | стагоддзе (stağoddzě) | [s̪t̪äˈɣod̪d̪͡z̪ʲe] | 'century' | Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology | |
| Bulgarian[12] | всеки (vseki) | [ˈfs̪ɛkʲi] | 'everyone' | Contrasts with palatalized form. | |
| Chinese | Mandarin[13][14] | 三 (sān) | [s̪a̋n] | 'three' | See Mandarin phonology |
| Czech[15] | svět | ⓘ | 'world' | See Czech phonology | |
| Chuvash | савăт (savët) | [s̪aʋət] | 'vessel, glass' | ||
| English | Auckland[16] | sand | [s̪ɛnˑd̥] | 'sand' | See English phonology |
| Multicultural London[17] | [s̪anˑd̥] | ||||
| French[18][19][20] | façade | [fäs̪äd̪] | 'front' | See French phonology | |
| Hungarian[21] | sziget | [ˈs̪iɡɛt̪] | 'island' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian | Standard[22] | sali | [ˈsäːli] | 'you go up' | Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.[22] See Italian phonology |
| Ticino[23] | Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.[24] Both variants may be labiodentalized.[23] See Italian phonology | ||||
| Kashubian[25] | sus | [ˈsus] | 'ground squirrel' | ||
| Kazakh[26] | сом (sum) | [s̪u̯ʊm] | 'pure' | ||
| Kyrgyz[27] | сабиз (sabiz) | [s̪äˈbis̪] | 'carrot' | ||
| Latvian[28] | sens | [s̪en̪s̪] | 'ancient' | See Latvian phonology | |
| Macedonian[29] | скока (skoka) | [ˈs̪kɔkä] | 'jump' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Mirandese | sangre | [s̺ɐ̃(ŋ)ɡɾe] | 'blood' | Contrasts seven sibilants altogether, preserving medieval Ibero-Romance contrasts. | |
| Norwegian | Urban East[30] | sand | [sɑnː] | 'sand' | Most often dentalized laminal, but can be non-retracted apical for some speakers.[30] See Norwegian phonology |
| Polish[5][31] | sum | ⓘ | 'catfish' | See Polish phonology | |
| Romanian[32] | surd | [s̪ur̪d̪] | 'deaf' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[33] | волосы (volosy) | ⓘ | 'hair' | Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic[34] | Slàinte | [ˈs̪ɫ̪äːn̪t̪ʰʲə] | 'cheers' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[35][36] | село (selo) | [s̪ĕ̞lo̞] | 'village' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak | sto | [stɔ] | 'hundred' | See Slovak phonology | |
| Slovene[37] | svet | [s̪ʋêːt̪] | 'world' | See Slovene phonology | |
| Spanish | Andalusian[1] | casa | [ˈkäs̻̪ä] | 'house' | Present in dialects with ceceo. See Spanish phonology |
| Iberian[38] | estar | [e̞s̪ˈt̪äɾ] | 'to be' | Allophone of /s/ before dental consonants.[38] See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish[39] | Central Standard[40][41] | säte | [ˈs̪ɛːt̪ə] | 'seat' | Retracted in some southern dialects.[42] See Swedish phonology |
| Toda[43][44] | கொவ் (kos) | [kɔs̪] | 'money' | Contrasts /θ s̪ s̠ ʃ ʂ/. Voiced allophones are found in fast speech.[45] | |
| Turkish[18][46] | su | [s̪u] | 'water' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Ukrainian[47] | село (selo) | [s̪ɛˈɫ̪ɔ] | 'village' | Contrasts with palatalized form. See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Upper Sorbian[48] | sowa | [ˈs̪owä] | 'owl' | ||
| Uzbek[49] | soät | [ˈs̪o̞æt̪] | 'hour' | ||
| Vietnamese | Hanoi[50] | xa | [s̪äː] | 'far' | See Vietnamese phonology |
Alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | сэ (sė) | [sa] | 'I' | ||
| Arabic | Modern Standard[51] | جَلَس (ǧalasa) | [ˈdʒælæsɐ] | 'to sit' | See Arabic phonology |
| Assyrian | ܣܝܦܐ (sèpa) | [seːpaː] | 'sword' | ||
| Bengali | রাস্তা (rasta) | [raːst̪a] | 'street' | See Bengali phonology | |
| Breton | spered | ['spered] | 'spirit' | ||
| Burmese | စခန်း (ca.hkan:) | [sə kʰáɰ̃] | 'camp' | ||
| Chechen | сурт (surt) | [suʊrt] | 'picture' | ||
| Chinese | Cantonese | 閃 (sim2) | [siːm˧˥] | 'twinkle' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Danish[52][53][54] | sælge | [ˈseljə] | 'sell' | Most often non-retracted apical, but can be dentalized laminal for some speakers.[52][53][54] See Danish phonology | |
| Dutch | Belgian Standard[55] | scheepvaart | ⓘ | 'navigation' | Laminal.[55] See Dutch phonology |
| Northern Standard[56][57] | ⓘ | Laminal. It is laxer than in English, has a graver frication and is sometimes labialized. It is often retracted when preconsonantal, after rounded vowels and /r/.[56] See Dutch phonology | |||
| Emilian | sèl | [ˈs̺ʲɛːl] | 'salt' | Palatalized apical;[58] may be [ʂ] or [ʃ] instead.[58] | |
| English | sit | ⓘ | 'sit' | See English phonology | |
| Esperanto | Esperanto | [espeˈranto] | 'Who hopes' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Faroese | sandur | [sandʊɹ] | 'sand' | ||
| German | Standard[59] | Biss | [bɪs] | 'bite' | Varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical.[59] See Standard German phonology |
| Georgian[60] | სამი (sami) | [ˈsɑmi] | 'three' | ||
| Hebrew | ספר (sefer) | [ˈsefeʁ] | 'book' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindustani | साल / سال (sāl) | [säːl] | 'year' | See Hindustani phonology | |
| Italian | Standard[22] | sali | [ˈsäːli] | 'you go up' | Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.[22] See Italian phonology |
| Ticino[23] | Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.[24] Both variants may be labiodentalized.[23] See Italian phonology | ||||
| Japanese[61] | 複数形 (fukusūkē) | [ɸɯkɯ̊sɯːkeː] | 'plural' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Kabardian | сэ (sė) | [sa] | 'I' | ||
| Karen | S'gaw Karen | စ့ၤ[romanization needed] | [sē] | 'silver' | |
| Western Pwo | စဲၪ့[romanization needed] | [sàiɴ] | 'to run' | ||
| Katë | su | [su] | 'sun' | ||
| Khmer | អេស្ប៉ាញ (éspanh) | [ʔeːˈspaːɲ] | noun: 'Spain' adjective: 'Spanish' | See Khmer phonology | |
| ម៉ាស៊ីន (masin) | [maːˈsiːn] | 'machine' | |||
| Korean | 섬 (seom) | [sʌːm] | 'island' | See Korean phonology | |
| Malay | satu | [satu] | 'one' | ||
| Malayalam | സ്വപ്നം (svapnaṁ) | [sʋəpɨn̪əm] | 'dream' | See Malayalam phonology | |
| Maltese | iebes | [eaˈbes] | 'hard' | ||
| Marathi | साप (sāp) | [säːp] | 'snake' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Nepali | सगरमाथा (sagarmāthā) | [sʌɡʌrmät̪ʰä] | 'Mount Everest' | See Nepali phonology | |
| Odia | ସମାନ[romanization needed] | [sɔmänɔ] | 'equal' | ||
| Occitan | Limousin | maichent | [mejˈsẽ] | 'bad' | |
| Persian | سیب (sib) | [sib] | 'apple' | See Persian phonology | |
| Portuguese[62] | caço | [ˈkasu] | 'I hunt' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| Punjabi | ਸੱਪ (sapp) | [səpː] | 'snake' | ||
| Spanish[38] | Latin American | saltador | [s̻a̠l̪t̪a̠ˈð̞o̞r] | 'jumper' | See Spanish phonology and Seseo |
| Canarian | |||||
| Andalusian | |||||
| Filipino | |||||
| Swahili | Kiswahili | [kiswaˈhili] | 'Swahili' | ||
| Sylheti | ꠢꠂꠍꠦ (oise) | [ɔise] | 'done' | ||
| Tagalog | lasa | [ˈlasɐ] | 'taste' | ||
| Tamil | சாப்பிடு (sāppidu) | [saːpːɪɖɯ] | 'to eat' | See Tamil phonology | |
| Ticino[23] | [example needed] | Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.[24] Both variants may be labiodentalized.[23] See Italian phonology | |||
| Toki Pona | suwi | [suwi] | 'sweet' | Varies. See Toki Pona phonology | |
| Vietnamese[63] | xa | [saː˧] | 'far' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Yi | ꌦ (sy) | [sɹ̩˧] | 'die' | ||
Retracted alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asturian | pasu | [ˈpäs̺u] | 'step' | Apical. | |
| Basque[64][65] | su | [s̺u] | 'fire' | Apical. Contrasts with a dentalized laminal sibilant.[64][65] | |
| Catalan[66][67] | Most dialects | set | [ˈs̺ɛt̪] | 'seven' | Apical. See Catalan phonology |
| Some Valencian speakers[68] | peix | [ˈpe̠js̠ʲ] | 'fish' | Normally transcribed with ⟨ʂ⟩; realized as pre-palatal [ɕ] in Standard Catalan and Valencian. | |
| patisc | [päˈt̪is̠ʲk] | 'I suffer' | |||
| Dutch[57] | Netherlandic speakers | sik | ⓘ | 'goatee' | Laminal and on the lax end of articulation spectrum. Can be labialized. If retracted is not the main allophone, may appear as such when preconsonantal, after rounded vowels and /r/.[56] See Dutch phonology |
| English | Glasgow[69] | sun | [s̺ʌn] | 'sun' | Working-class pronunciation, other speakers may use a non-retracted [s] |
| Emilian | sèinpar | [ˈs̠æ̃.pər] | 'always' | ||
| Estonian[70] | sõna | [ˈsɤnɑ] | 'word' | ||
| Finnish[71] | sinä | [ˈsinæ] | 'you' | Varies between non-retracted and retracted.[71] See Finnish phonology | |
| Galician | saúde | [s̺äˈuðe] | 'health' | Apical. | |
| Greek[72] | Κωνσταντινούπολις (Kōnstantinoúpolis) | ⓘ | 'Constantinople' | Varies between non-retracted and retracted, depending on the environment.[72] See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Icelandic[73][74] | USSS | ⓘ | '(initialism) USSS' | Usually apical,[73][74] can alternatively be laminal.[75] See Icelandic phonology | |
| Italian | Central Italy[76] | sali | [ˈs̠äːli] | 'you go up' | Present in Lazio north of Cape Linaro,[76] most of Umbria[76] (save Perugia and the extreme south),[76] Marche and south of Potenza.[76] |
| Northern Italy[77][78] | Apical.[23] Present in many areas north of the La Spezia–Rimini Line.[79][80] Derived from local languages of northern Italy. See Italian phonology | ||||
| Sicily[76] | Present south and west of a line drawn from Syracuse to Cefalù.[76] | ||||
| Leonese | pasu | [ˈpäs̺ʊ] | 'step' | Apical. | |
| Low German[42] | [example needed] | ||||
| Mirandese | passo | [ˈpäs̺u] | 'step' | Apical. Contrasts with /s̪/. | |
| Occitan | Gascon | dos | [d̻ys̺] | 'two' | See Occitan phonology |
| Languedocien | [d̻us̺] | ||||
| Piedmontese | sapin | [s̠apiŋ] | 'pine' | Apical. | |
| Portuguese[62][81] | European, inland northern | cansaço | [kɐ̃ˈs̺as̻u] | 'weariness' | Apical. Contrasts with /s̻/. See Portuguese phonology |
| European, coastal northern | [kɐ̃ˈs̺as̺u] | Merges with /s̻/. See Portuguese phonology | |||
| Inland and southern Capixaba | pescador | [pe̞s̺käˈd̻oχ] | 'fisherman' | Realization of Portuguese coda sibilant, which may be postalveolars, depending on dialect | |
| Carioca do brejo | escadas | [is̺ˈkäd̻ɐs̺] | 'stairs' | ||
| Spanish | Andean | saltador | [s̺äl̪t̪äˈð̞o̞ɾ] | 'jumper' | Apical. In Andean and Paisa (except in southern parts of Antioquia) alternates with a more frequent coronal-dental /s/.[82][83] See Spanish phonology and seseo |
| Castilian[38] | |||||
| Paisa accent | |||||
| Swedish | Blekinge[42] | säte | [ˈs̠ɛːte] | 'seat' | See Swedish phonology |
| Bohuslän[42] | |||||
| Halland[42] | |||||
| Scania[42] | |||||
| Toda[43][44] | pōs̠ | [po:s̠] | 'milk' | Contrasts /θ s̪ s̠ ʃ ʂ/. Voiced allophones are found in fast speech.[45] | |
| Vietnamese | Saigon[84] | xe | [s̺ɛ˧] | 'vehicle' | Apical. |
| West Frisian[56] | sâlt | [sɔːt] | 'salt' | Laminal. It is laxer than in English and has a graver frication. It varies between retracted and non-retracted, depending on the environment.[56] See West Frisian phonology | |
Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative
| Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative | |
|---|---|
| θ̠ | |
| t̞ |
A voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative (also known as a slit fricative) is a consonantal sound in some spoken languages. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for non-sibilant alveolar fricatives, this sound can be transcribed by use of diacritics, such as ⟨θ̠⟩ (a retracted [θ]) or ⟨t̞⟩ (a lowered [t], appears in the IPA Handbook).[85] Additional symbols include ⟨θ͇⟩ (with the alveolar diacritic, in extIPA) and ⟨ɹ̝̊⟩[86][a] (a raised and devoiced [ɹ], typically part of the affricate [tɹ̝̊]).
Features
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most speech sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emilian | Bolognese[23] | zidrån | [θ̠iˈdrʌn] | 'lemon' | |
| English | Australian[87][88] | mat | [ˈmæt̞] | 'mat' | Rare allophone of /t/.[87] See Australian English phonology |
| Irish[89] | Italy | [ˈɪt̞ɪli] | 'Italy' | Common allophone of /t/. See Hiberno-English § Phonology | |
| New Zealand[90] | batter | [ˈbɛt̞ə] | 'batter' | One of many allophones of intervocalic /t/; may also be preaspirated. See New Zealand English phonology | |
| Scouse[91][92] | fit | [ˈfɪθ͇] | 'fit' | Common allophone of /t/. See Scouse § Phonology | |
| Received Pronunciation[93] | potato | ⓘ | 'potato' | Common allophone of intervocalic /t/.[93] See Received Pronunciation § Phonology | |
| Icelandic[74][94] | þú | ⓘ | 'you' (≡ thou) | Laminal.[74][94] Variably removed from the front teeth, up to (nearly) spot on [θ].[95] May be affricated word initially.[96] See Icelandic phonology | |
Voiceless alveolar tapped fricative
| Voiceless alveolar tapped fricative | |
|---|---|
| ɾ̞̊ |
A few languages also have a voiceless alveolar tapped fricative, which is simply a very brief alveolar non-sibilant fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. This can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show full occlusion did not occur, such as ⟨ɾ̞̊⟩.[97] Tapped fricatives are occasionally reported in the literature, though these claims are not generally independently confirmed and so remain dubious.
Flapped fricatives are theoretically possible but are not attested.[97]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afenmai[97] | aru | [aɾ̞̊u] | 'hat' | tense equivalent of lax /ɾ/.[97] | |
| English | General American[98] | city | [ˈsɪɾ̞̊ɪ] | 'city' | In free variation with a plain voiceless tap [ɾ̥]. Intervocalic allophone of /t/, more typically realized as a voiced tap [ɾ].[98] See General American English § T and D flapping |
| Portuguese | European[99] | girar | [ʒiˈɾ̞̊aɾ] | 'rotate' | Common allophone of /ɾ/ in all positions, and in some cases may also be an allophone of /ʁ/.[99] See Portuguese phonology § Rhotics |
| Turkish[100] | bir | [biɾ̞̊] | 'a(n)' | Word-final allophone of /ɾ/.[100] See Turkish phonology | |
Voiceless alveolar approximant
| Voiceless alveolar spirant approximant | |
|---|---|
| s̞ |
A voiceless alveolar approximant is a similar sound with less turbulent airflow. The IPA has no dedicated symbol that represents this sound, but it may be transcribed as ⟨ɹ̥⟩ (a devoiced [ɹ]) or ⟨s̞⟩ (a lowered [s]). However, there may also be a featural distinction between these two transcriptions: [ɹ̥] has been described as a 'rhotic approximant', while [s̞] has been described as a 'spirant approximant'.[101]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dutch | Speakers mainly with coronal /r/[102] | Geert | [ɣeːɹ̥t] | 'Geert' | One of many possible realizations of /r/; distribution unclear. See Dutch phonology |
| English[103] | pray | [ˈpɹ̥eɪ] | 'pray' | Realization of /r/ after voiceless plosives, with [j̊] and [w̥] seeing equivalent patterning for /j/ and /w/.[103] See English phonology | |
| Faroese[104] | eiturkoppur | [ˈaiːtʊɹ̥ˌkʰɔʰpːʊɹ] | 'spider' | Devoiced approximant allophone of /r/.[104] See Faroese phonology | |
| Miyakoan | Irabu[105] | [ps̞tu] | 'man' | Devoiced allophone of [z̞] when occurring after a voiceless bilabial plosive /p/.[105] See Miyakoan language § Phonology | |
| Spanish | Chilean[106][107][101] | socito | [s̞oˈs̞it̪o] | 'partner/buddy' (dim) | Allophone of /s/. In variation with numerous other allophones (depending on position) with varying degrees of stigmatization, with up to 15 allophones of /s/ in total: three approximants [θ̞, θ̞᫈, s̞], ten fricatives [θ, θ̟, s, s͎, s̠, z, ɕ, ʂ᫈, h, ɦ], one affricate [ts], and one null phone [∅].[107] |