1390s
Decade
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The 1390s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1390, and ended on December 31, 1399.
Events
1390
January–June
- January 19 – The Treaty of Lyck confirms an alliance between Vytautas and the Teutonic Knights, in the Lithuanian Civil War against Vytautas's cousin, Jogaila.
- January 23 – Ko Cheng succeeds Che Bong Nga, as King of Champa (now eastern Vietnam).[1]
- February 16 – At Heidelberg (now in Germany) Ruprecht II] of the House of Wittelsbach becomes the new Elector of the Palatinate in the Holy Roman Empire upon the death of his uncle, Rupert I.[2]
- March 20 – Manuel III succeeds his father, Alexios III, as Emperor of Trebizond (now north eastern Turkey).[3]
- April 14 – John VII Palaiologos overthrows his grandfather, John V Palaiologos, as Byzantine Emperor.
- April 19 – Robert III succeeds his father, Robert II, as King of Scotland.
- May 26 – Lithuanian Civil War: The Treaty of Königsberg is signed in Königsberg, between Samogitian nobles and representatives of the Teutonic Knights.[4]
- June 7 – Construction begins on San Petronio Basilica in Bologna.[5]
1391
January–March
- January 16 – Yusuf II succeeds Muhammed V, as Nasrid Sultan of Granada (now southern Spain).[6]
- January 21 – Vytautas the Great, claimant to the throne of Lithuania, forges an alliance with the Grand Duchy of Moscow as his daughter, Sophia marries Vasily, Grand Prince of Muscovy.[7].
- February 16 –Manuel II Palaiologos becomes Byzantine emperor after his father, John V Palaiologos, dies from a nervous breakdown, due to his continued humiliation by the Ottoman Empire.[8]
- March 4– The University of Ferrara is founded on the Italian Peninsula.[9]
- March 10 – Stephen Dabiša succeeds Stephen Tvrtko I, as King of Bosnia.[10]
- March 12 – Konrad von Wallenrode succeeds Konrad Zöllner von Rotenstein, as Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.[11]
April–June
- April 1 – Rebelling against the rule of King Martin of Sicily, the rebel Brancaleone Doria begins the takeover of the island of Sardinia by laying siege to the Castel di Cagliari.[12]
- April 6 – Antoniotto Adorno returns to office as Doge of the Republic of Genoa after persuading Doge Giacomo Fregoso (who had replaced him eight months earlier) to resign.[13]
- May 27 – Dominique de Flourence, Bishop of Saint-Pons-de-Thomières, helps conclude a peace agreement between the Kingdom of France and the Crown of Castile, based on his influence as France's legate to King Juan I of Castile.[14]
- June 6 – Massacre of 1391: Anti-Jewish pogroms erupt in Seville, Spain.[15] Many thousands of Jews are massacred, and the violence spreads throughout Spain and Portugal, especially to Toledo, Barcelona and Mallorca. This event marks a turning-point in the history of the Spanish Jews, with most of the survivors leaving the Iberian Peninsula or being forced to convert.
July–September
- July 18 – Tokhtamysh–Timur war – Battle of the Kondurcha River: Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde, in present day southeast Russia.[16]
- August 16 – Brancaleone Doria takes control of Sassari and Osilo as he gains further power in Sardinia.[12]
- September 7 – King Richard II summons the English Parliament and directs the members to assemble at Winchester on November 3.
October–December
- October 3 – Brancaleone Doria captures Villa di Chiesa in Sardinia.[12]
- October 7 – Bridget of Sweden is canonized by Pope Boniface IX.
- November 2 – At Chambéry (now in France), Amadeus the Peaceful becomes the new Count of Savoy at the age of 8[17] upon the death from tetanus of his 31-year-old father, Amadeus VII, the Red Count, who was injured in a hunting accident.[18] Bonne of Bourbon, the mother of the older Amadeus, serves as regent for her grandson until 1397.
- November 2 – Al-Nasir Muhammad Salah al-Din, Imam of the Zaydi sect of Shia Islam in Yemen, dies at San'a from injuries sustained from being thrown off of his mule.[19] Nasir's death is not announced for two months while his son Al-Mansur Ali bin Salah ad-Din becomes the new Imam but three other claimants attempt to claim the office as well.[20]
- November 3 – King Richard II opens the new session of Parliament at Westminster.
- December 3 – The Parliament ends its session after passing numerous acts, and King Richard gives royal assent to multiple acts, including the Forcible Entry Act 1391 and the Admiralty Jurisdiction Act 1391.[21]
- December 29 – Representatives of Prince Amadeo of Savoy meet with Nerio I Acciaioli, Duke of Athens at the Acropolis in a pact against the Navarrese Company. The parties agree to oppose the Navarrese control of Morea and Nerio agrees to recognize Amadeo as Prince of Achaea.[22]
- December 25 – Jean II Le Maingre is named as the Marshal of France by King Charles V in a ceremony at the cathedral of St. Martin at Tours. [23]
- December – At Suceava, Roman I succeeds Petru Mușat, as Prince of Moldavia (now Moldova and northeastern Romania).[24]
Date unknown
- Shah Mansur becomes leader of the Timurid-occupied Muzaffarid Empire, in central Persia.
- A group of Muzaffarids under Zafar Khan Muzaffar establish a new Sultanate at Gujarat, in western India.
- Ushkuinik pirates from Novgorod sack the Muscovy towns of Zhukotin and Kazan.
- Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney, takes control of the Shetland Islands and the Faroe Islands.
1392
January–March
- January 16 – The semi-independent Serbian state (sanjak) of Uskup is annexed by the Ottoman Empire and General Pasha Yiğit Bey becomes the first Ottoman governor of the new province.[25]
- January 20 – A treaty halts the first of the Florentine–Milanese Wars after the Republic of Florence has liberated Padua from control by the Duchy of Milan. The treaty confirms the boundaries of Florence and Milan as they existed before the war, with the exception of Padua's new independence.[26]
- February 3 – Brancaleone Doria, the conqueror of most of the island of Sardinia, announces that he has recovered most of the territories that had been captured by his challenger, Martin of Aragon.[27]
- February 10 – Helena Dragaš, a descendant of King Stefan III Dečanski of Serbia, marries the Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos[28], and is crowned the next day as the Empress Consort of the Byzantine Empire.[29]
- March 16 – A fleet from Sicily, commanded by King Martin of Aragon, arrives at Capo San Marco on the island of Sardinia and makes, an unsuccessful attempt to capture the Sardinian leader Brancaleone Doria.[30]
April–June
- April 11 – In order to prevent an attack by the Duchy of Milan, led by Lord Gian Galeazzo Visconti, the Republic of Florence forms the League of Bologna, a defensive alliance with other Italian city-states of Bologna, Padua, Ferrara, Imola, Faenza and Ravenna.[31][32]
- May 29 – After the Fleet Street riot in London, King Richard II of England summons Lord Mayor of London, John Hende, along with the London sheriff and deputies, and aldermen to appear before him at Nottingham Castle on June 25 for a hearing on unspecified charges.[33]
- June 4 – Louis de Valois is created first Duke of Orléans of the second creation.[34]
- June 13 – An assassination attempt by Pierre de Craon against Olivier de Clisson, Constable of France, fails.
- June 16 – Antoniotto di Montaldo is elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa upon the resignation of Antoniotto Adorno.[35]
- June 25 – At a hearing at Nottingham Council concerning the Fleet Street riot, King Richard II of England orders that London's Mayor Hende is to be arrested, removed from office and imprisoned.[36]
July–September
- July 1 – King Charles VI of France, outraged at an attempt to assassinate his advisor Olivier de Clisson, leads an invasion against the Duchy of Brittany and Duke Jean V for harboring the perpetrator, Pierre de Craon.
- July 22 – After a second hearing at Nottingham Council concerning the Fleet Street riot, former London Mayor John Hende and other imprisoned city officials are assessed a fine and released from prison after posting bond to secure their return for future charges.[36]
- August 4 – King Jogaila of Poland and Lithuania appoints his cousin Vytautas the Great as regent of Lithuania, in return for Vytautas giving up his claim to the Lithuanian throne. Vytautas replaces Jogaila's unpopular brother Skirgaila as regent.[37]
- August 5
- At Gaegyeong, General Yi Sŏng-gye crowns himself King Taejo of Korea, ending the Goryeo dynasty in the Korean Peninsula, and establishing the Joseon dynasty, which will last for more than 500 years.[38]
- King Charles VI of France (later known as "Charles the Mad") first displays symptoms of psychosis while crossing through the forests of Le Mans, attacking his own soldiers with his sword while under the delusion that they are enemy troops from the Duchy of Brittany. Charles' madness enables Philip II, Duke of Burgundy, to strengthen his power in the French court.[39][40]
- September 7 – Yi Pangsŏk, at 10 years old the youngest son of King Taejo of Korea, is designated as the heir to the throne.[41]
- September 23 – Aleid van Poelgeest, the mistress of Count Albert of Holland, is found dead at the Altena Castle in The Hague, along with the Count's chamberlain, Willem Cuser, the victim of Hook nobles who were opposed to Count Albert.[42]
- September 24 – Zhu Yuanzhang, the Hongwu Emperor of Ming dynasty China, declares that all males must wear the queue hairstyle.[43]
- September 28 – Prince Zhu Yunwen is designated as the heir to the throne of China by his father, the Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang.[44]
October–December
- October 5 – (16 Dhu al-Qadah 794 AH) Muhammed VII succeeds his father, Yusuf II, as Sultan of the Emirate of Granada (modern-day southern Spain).[45]
- October 15 – (28th year of 9th month of Meitoku 3) The division of Japan between the Southern Court (with a capital at Yoshino) and the Northern Court) (with a capital at Heian-kyō, now Kyoto) ends as the southern Emperor Go-Kameyama agrees to recognize northern Emperor Go-Komatsu as the ruler of the entire nation.
- November 19 – (5th day of the leap month of Meitoku 3) Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japan abdicates in favor of rival claimant Go-Komatsu, in order to end the nanboku-cho period of conflict between the Northern and Southern imperial courts.
- November 23 – King Richard II of England summons the English Parliament to assemble at Winchester on January 20.
- December 10 – The Parliament of France condemns the kingdom's Constable, Olivier V de Clisson, for having illegally enriched himself at the expense of King Charles VI.[46]
Date unknown
- Franciscan friar James of Jülich is boiled alive, for impersonating a bishop and ordaining his own priests.
- Maria, Queen of Sicily defeats an army of rebel barons.
- William le Scrope succeeds William II de Montacute, as King of Mann.
- Seoan mac Pilib succeeds Tomas mor mac Mathghamhna as King of East Breifne, in north-central Ireland.
- The city of Afyonkarahisar (in modern-day western Turkey) is conquered by Sultan Beyazid I, of the Ottoman Empire.
- Erfurt University is founded in Erfurt, central Germany.
- Penistone Grammar School, later to be one of the first community comprehensive schools in England, is founded near Barnsley, England.
1393
1394
January–March
- January 10 – Antonio Venier, Doge of the Republic of Venice appoints Desiderato Lucio as the Grand Chancellor. Lucio serves until April 23, 1396.[47]
- January 11 – The King of Naples, Ladislao of Anjou-Durazzo, grants Neapolitan-controlled Greece to Nerio Acciaioli as the Duchy of Athens.[48]
- January 15 – Grand Prince Chinan of the Joseon kingdom in Korea, eldest son of King Taejo and heir to the throne, dies at the age of 39 from complications of alcoholism.
- January 20 – In India, Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah becomes the new Sultan of Delhi upon the death of his father, Muhammad Shah III.[49]
- January 28 – The English Parliament, summoned by King Richard II of England, opens it session after having been summoned on November 13, 1393, and elects Sir John Bussy as its speaker.
- February 1 – Sikandar Shah is crowned Sultan in a ceremony at Delhi.[49]
- February 28 – Richard II of England grants Geoffrey Chaucer 20 pounds a year for life, for his services as a diplomat and Clerk of The King's Works.[50]
- March 6 – The English Parliament closes after a 37 day session. Among the acts receiving royal assent are the Money Act (prohibiting the melting of money and the import of foreign money), the Cloths Act ("Every person may make cloth of what length and breadth he will."), and the Exportation of Corn Act (allowing all of the King's subjects to ship grain from the Kingdom.)[51]
- March 8 – Mahmud Shah II becomes the new Sultan of Delhi when his brother, Sikandar, dies after less than seven weeks as monarch.[49] At the same time, another claimant to the throne, Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq, proclaims his rule at the royal palace in Firozabad.[52]
April–June
- April 26 – Martín Yáñez de la Barbudo of the Kingdom of Castile, master of the Order of Alcántara military group and leader of a crusade against the Muslim Emirate of Granada, leads an army across the border into the Emirate and marches toward the capital. Granadan Emir Muhammad VII sends emissaries to King Enrique III of Castile to complain about the violation of the truce between them, and then mobilizes the Granadan Army to repel the invasion by Barbuda, who is killed in the battle along with hundreds of other Castilians.[53]
- May 17 – By order of King Taejo of the Joseon dyanasty of Korea, who had taken power in 1392 by overthrowing the Goryeo dynasty, the former monarch, King Gongyang, is executed by strangulation at the prison in Samcheok, along with Crown Prince Jeongseong and the remaining survivors of the Goryeo royal family.[54]
- June 3 – At Tunis, Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz al-Mutawakkil becomes the new of Caliph of the Hafsid Sultanate of Ifriqiya in North Africa (now part of Algeria, Tunisia and Libya after the death of his father Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II,
- June 11 – The Venetians take over possession of Argos, from Despot Theodore I Palaiologos.[55]
July–September
- July 9 – Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, and the mentally unstable, King Charles VI of France, agree that Philip's first granddaughter would marry King Charles's son and heir apparent, the two-year-old Dauphin Charles de France. The agreement will not achieve a result, in that the Dauphin and will die at age nine in 1401.[56]
- July 16 – The agreement between the Swiss Confederacy (the cantons of Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz and Unterwaldeden) and the Duchy of Austria, originally signed on April 1, 1389, following the 1386 Battle of Sempach, is extended by amendment.[57]
- July 24 – General Paolo Savelli of the Republic of Venice and Giovanni Colonna, Lord of Palestrina, attempt a coup d'etat to overthrow the government of Rome and the rule of Pope Urban VI by attacking Capitoline Hill, but fail to get support.[58]
- August 2 &ndash (5th day of the 7th month of Meitoku 5), the Meitoku Era in Japan is declared to be at an end because of the misfortune of a smallpox epidemic, and the Ōei era begins.
- August 15 – Two months after being captured by King Zsigmond of Hungary, the Serbian rebel Janos Horvati, is brutally executed at Pécs by dismemberment to avenge the 1387 execution of the former Queen consort of Hungary, Elizabeth of Bosnia.[59]
- September 17 – King Charles VI of France orders the expulsion of all Jews from France.[60]
- September 28 – Cardinal Pedro Martínez de Luna of the Kingdom of Aragon, opposed to the rule of the Roman Pope Urban VI, is elected at Avignon as the antipope Benedict XIII to succeed the antipope Clement VII.[61]
October–December
- October 10 – At the Battle of Karanovasa, Wallachia (now southern Romania) resists an invasion by the army Ottoman Empire and its Serb and Bulgarian vassals.[62]
- October 11 – The antipope Benedict XIII begins his reign.[63]
- November 29 – The capital city of the Joseon dynasty (in present-day Korea) is moved from Gaegyeong (now Gaeseong) to Hanseong (now Seoul).
- December 6 – The astronomical clock of St. Nicholas Church in Stralsund is finished and signed by Nikolaus Lilienfeld.
Date unknown
- The Ottomans conquer Thessaly (now eastern Greece) and begin an eight-year siege of Constantinople, in the Byzantine Empire. In the same year, they begin building the Anadoluhisarı fortress to defend themselves during the siege.[64]
- Ashikaga Yoshimitsu retires as shōgun of Japan, and is succeeded by his son, Ashikaga Yoshimochi.
- Gyeongbokgung Palace and the Jongmyo royal ancestral shrine are built in Hanseong (now Seoul).
- After the death of Sultan Mahmud II, civil war breaks out in the Delhi Sultanate, splitting the state between east and west.
- Battle of Ros-Mhic-Thriúin: The Kingdom of Leinster, led by King Art mac Art MacMurrough-Kavanagh, defeats an invading army from England, led by King Richard II of England and Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March.
- Ştefan I succeeds Roman I, as Prince of Moldavia (now Moldova and eastern Romania).
- Abu Zayyan II succeeds his brother, Abul Hadjdjadj I, as ruler of the Abdalwadid dynasty in present-day eastern Algeria.[65]
- Abd al-Aziz II succeeds Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II, as ruler of the Hafsid dynasty in present-day Tunisia.[66]
- The Allgäuer Brauhaus brewery is founded in present-day Germany.[67]
- The Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty in China orders the Ministry of Public Works to issue a public notice, that every 100 households in the lijia system are to set aside 2 mu (1,390 m2) of land, for planting mulberry and jujube trees.
1395
January–March
- January 10 – Smil Flaška of Pardubice, the Supreme Provincial Scribe of the Kingdom of Bohemia, joins the League of Lords (Panská jednota), a group of nobles opposed to the rule of King Wenceslaus IV.
- January 27 – The 22nd English Parliament of King Richard II assembles after being summoned on November 20. John Bussy is elected as Speaker of the House of Commons.
- February 12 – At the Battle of Ghindăoani The army led by King Sigismund of Hungary and Croatia is ambushed by Prince Stephen I of Moldavia, on its way back after conquering Neamț Citadel, and the Hungarians must retreat empty handed.
- February 15 – The English Parliament adjourns after a 19-day session.
- March 18 – After Donato Acciaioli, Duke of Athens, rewards Captain Andrea Bembo for defending Athens against an Ottoman attack, Senate of the Republic of Venice votes to annex the Duchy of Athens.[68]
April–June
- April 14 – Tokhtamysh–Timur war – At the Battle of the Terek River, the Mongol conqueror Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde at the Volga. The Golden Horde capital city, Sarai, is razed to the ground, and Timur installs a puppet ruler, Quyurchuq, on the Golden Horde throne. Tokhtamysh escapes to Lithuania.[69]
- May 1 – The Duchy of Milan is created, after Lord Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan buys the title of Duke from Wenceslaus, King of the Romans.[70]
- May 17
- Battle of Rovine: With the help of the Hungarians, Wallachia resists an invasion by the Ottomans and their Serb and Bulgarian vassals. But Mircea I of Wallachia has to temporarily flee to Transylvania, and Vlad I Uzurpatorul is placed on the throne by the Ottomans.
- Mary of Hungary dies, ending of the reign of Hungary by the Capet-Anjou family. Her co-reigning estranged husband, King Sigismund, becomes sole ruler of Hungary.
- June 3 – Sultan Bayezid I of the Ottoman Empire has the former Bulgarian Emperor Ivan Shishman beheaded after Shishman is accused of collaborating with the Principality of Wallachia during the 1394 Battle of Karanovasa.[71]
- June 13 – Prince Albert of Austria marries his first cousin, once-removed, Joanna Sophia of Bavaria at Vienna ending a feud between her father, Albert, Duke of Bavaria and his father, Albert III, Duke of Austria.[72]
July–September
- July 8 – At a gathering of French cardinals at the Palais des Papes in Avignon, the assembled clerics demand the resignation of the antipope Benedict XIII (Pedro Martinez de Luna), who nine months earlier had been elected as the alternative to the Roman Pope Boniface IX. The only dissenting voice is Cardinal Martín de Zalba, but Benedict refuses to step down.[73]
- July 28 – (7 Shawwal 797 AH) Ali ibn Ajlan, the Emir of Mecca is killed and is succeeded by his brother Muhammad ibn Ajlan.[74]
- August 6 – Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, issues an ordinance prohibiting the cultivation of the Gamay grape on any lands under his jurisdiction, in favor of the increased production of pinot noir wine.[75]
- August 29 – Albert IV succeeds his father, Albert III, as Duke of Austria.[76]
- September 5 –
- The Kingdom of Nepal comes under the joint rule of brothers Jayadharma, Jayajyotir and Jayakiti Malla upon the death of their father, King Jayasthiti.[77][78]
- Gian Galeazzo Visconti is crowned as the first Duke of Milan.[79]
- September 8 – The death of King Stjepan Dabiša leads to the election of his wife Jelena Gruba as Queen of Bosnia. However, most of the Bosnian land is soon appropriated by King Sigismund of Hungary.[80]
1396
January–December
- January 4 – Irene Shpata, daughter of Gjin Bua Shpata, becomes the new Ottoman Despotess of Ioannina when she marries the despot Esau de' Buondelmonti of Epirus.[81]
- February 4 – (24 Rabi' al-Thani 798 AH) Hasan ibn Ajlan becomes the Emir of Mecca as his brother Muhammad ibn Ajlan steps aside.[82]
- March 9 – King Richard II of England, 29, marries Princess Isabelle of France, the 6-year-old daughter of King Charles VI of France, by proxy.[83] The two will marry in person on October 31 in Calais.
- March 28 – A War Council in Buda, led by King Sigismund of Hungary is held with representatives of various Christian nations to begin the Nicopolis Crusade against the Muslims of the Ottoman Empire for the liberation of Bulgaria.[84]
April–June
- April 30 – Thousands of Christian crusaders from France depart from Dijon and march to Strasbourg, then sail on the Danube river to join forces with King Sigismund.[84]
- May 19 – Martin I succeeds his brother, John I, as King of Aragon (modern-day northeastern Spain).[85]
- June 14 – The University of Zadar is founded with the establishment of a theological seminary in the Croatian city.
- July 20 – Queen Margaret I of Denmark, Norway and Sweden publishes the Treaty of Kalmar, proposing the personal union of the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway (with Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Shetland and Orkney) and Sweden (including Finland and Åland).[86]
July–September
- July 23 – Queen Margaret makes her great-nephew and adopted son Eric of Pomerania joint ruler of Sweden. Eric has already been made joint ruler of Norway.[86]
- August 29 – The Battle of Schoterzijl is fought in the third of the Friso-Hollandic Wars between Holland, led by Albert I, Duke of Bavaria, and Friesland, a semi-independent kingdom, led by Juw Juwinga. Although Juwinga is killed in battle, the Frisians are able to hold onto independence.[87]
- September 12 – The Crusaders, with more than 17,000 troops from France, Hungary, the Knights Hospitaler, Wallachia and the Holy Roman Empire , arrive at the outskirts of Nicopolis (now Nikopol in Bulgaria).[84]
- September 19 – John V marries Joan of France.[88]
- September 25 – Battle of Nicopolis: The Ottomans defeat a joint crusade by Hungary, France, the Holy Roman Empire, and Wallachia,[89] led by King Sigismund of Hungary. This is the last large-scale crusade of the Middle Ages.[90]
- late September – Battle of the North Inch ("Battle of the Thirty"): In a mass trial by combat on the North Inch of Perth, Scotland, the Clan Cameron defeat the Clan Mackintosh.[91] Records refer to "warpipes" being carried into battle, perhaps predecessors of the Great Highland bagpipe.[92]
October–December
- October 31 – The widowed Richard II of England (29), and six-year-old Isabella of Valois (daughter of Charles VI of France), are married in Calais, resulting in a temporary peace between the kingdoms of England and France.[93]
- October – A Transylvanian expedition captures Vlad I Uzurpatorul, thus allowing the restoration of Mircea I of Wallachia to the throne.[94]
- November 24 – The Transit of Venus, the last not to be part of a pair, is possibly observed by Aztec astronomers.[95]
- November 27 – Antoniotto I Adorno, Doge of the Republic of Genoa, voluntarily steps down and turns control of the republic over to France's King Charles VI. King Charles then appoints Adorno as the governor of French-ruled Genoa.[96]
- November 29 – Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, marries Joan Beaufort in England.[97]
- November 30 – King Richard II summons the members of the English House of Lords and the House of Commons to open the English Parliament on January 22.
- December 30 – Waleran III of Luxembourg, becomes the French Governor of the former Republic of Genoa.[98]
Date unknown
- The Ottomans capture the Bulgarian fortress of Vidin and Tsar Ivan Sratsimir, ending the Second Bulgarian Empire.[99] The Bulgarian state is reestablished in 1878 as the Principality of Bulgaria.[100]
- France conquers the Republic of Genoa.[101]
- After a 14-year interregnum, Pedro de San Superano is declared ruler of the Principality of Achaea (modern-day Peloponnese, southern Greece).[102]
- Abu Amir succeeds Abdul Aziz II as ruler of the Marinid dynasty, in modern-day Morocco.[103]
- Timur appoints his son Miran Shah, as Timurid viceroy of present-day Azerbaijan.[104]
- The Kart dynasty is brought to an end in east Persia after its remaining rulers are murdered at a banquet by Miran Shah.[105]
- Philibert de Naillac succeeds Juan Fernández de Heredia, as Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller.[106]
- Huitzilihuitl succeeds his father, Acamapichtli, as ruler of the Aztecs.[107]
- The Ulu Camii Mosque is built in Bursa by the Ottomans.
- The Ming dynasty court of China sends two envoys, Qian Guxun and Li Sicong, to the Ava Kingdom of Burma and the Tai polity of the Mong Mao, in order to resolve a dispute between these two. The travels of the Chinese ambassadors are recorded in the historical text of the Baiyi Zhuan.[108]
- Timur orders the construction of a garden in a meadow, House of Flowers.[109]
- Peasants in the modern-day provinces of Hunan and Hubei in the east of China plant 84 million fruit trees.
- The University of Zadar is founded, the first university in Croatia.[110]
1397
January–March
- January 8 – Isabella of Valois, the 7-year-old wife of King Richard II since their marriage on October 31, is formally crowned as Queen consort of England at Westminster Abbey.[111]
- January 22 – The 23rd Parliament of King Richard II of England assembles after having been summoned on November 30, and re-elects Sir John Bussy as the Speaker of the House of Commons, then meets for three weeks.
- January –
- Tran Thuan Tong, the Vietnamese Emperor of Dai Viet since 1388, moves the imperial capital from Thang Long to Thanh Hóa.[112]
- Mircea I takes back the throne of Wallachia.
- February 10 – John Beaufort becomes Earl of Somerset in England.
- February 12 – The English Parliament adjourns, and King Richard II gives royal assent to several acts passed, including the Act against riding with weapons, and barring the carrying of a lancegay (a light spear) except in wartime. Another law places a penalty on "him who taketh another's horse or best for the King's service without sufficient warrant.[113]
- March 18 – The Duchy of Milan, led by Gian Galeazzo Visconti, declares war against the Republic of Florence, led by Chancellor Coluccio Salutati, on the Italian peninsula.[114]
- March 28 – King Charles VI of France and King Richard II of England sign a treaty settling the final issues remaining from the War of the Breton Succession, restoring the land confiscated from John IV, Duke of Brittany.
April–June
- April 20 – At Kalaburagi in the Bahmani Kingdom (now in India's state of Karnataka) Ghiyath-ad-din Shah becomes the new Shah upon the death of his father, Mohammed Shah II.[115]
- May 17 – Callistus II Xanthopoulos becomes the new Patriarch to lead the Eastern Orthodox Church after the death of the previous Patriarch Antony IV.[116][117]
- June 14 – Shams-ud-Din Shah becomes the new Shah of the Bahmani Kingdom (now in India's state of Karnataka) upon the death of his brother, Ghiyath-ad-din Shah.[115]
- June 17 – Eric of Pomerania is crowned in Kalmar (Sweden) as ruler of the Kalmar Union, a personal union of the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway (with Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Shetland and Orkney) and Sweden (including Finland and Åland) engineered by Queen Margaret I of Denmark, his great-aunt and adoptive mother, who retains de facto power in the realm.
July–December
- July 12 – King Richard II of England orders the arrest of members of a group of powerful barons known as the Lords Appellant, including Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester and Richard Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel. Gloucester is murdered while under house arrest on September 9 and Arundel is behaded on September 21.[118]
- August 28 – As part of a division of the state of Holstein, the northernmost member of the Holy Roman Empire, between Count Albert II and his brother Count Gerhard VI (following the death of their uncle, Nicholas, Gerhard receives the Duchy of Schleswig and nearly all of Rendsburg, while Albert receives HOlstein-Segeberg.[119]
- September 9 – While under house arrest at Calais, awaiting trial for treason against his nephew, King Richard II of England, Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester is assassinated.[120]
- September 29
- John Holland, Earl of Huntingdon is created Duke of Exeter, by his half-brother King Richard II of England.
- Thomas Holland, 3rd Earl of Kent, John's brother, is created Duke of Surrey by King Richard.
- Ralph Neville, Baron Neville is created as the first Earl of Westmorland.
- October 13 – Richard Whittington, Lord Mayor of London since June 8 when he was chosen by King Richard II following the June 6 death of the Lord Mayor Adam Bamme, is overwhelmingly approved by London's freemen to serve permanently after Whittington had negotiated a deal to settle its debt to the King for £10,000.[121]
- October –
- The Lin Kuan rebellion by the Kam people and Miao people of China in the Huguang province (now parts of the Hubei and Hunan provinces, against the Ming dynasty, ends after less than a year as Lin Kuan and his surviving followers are executed. Historical accounts indicate that more than 21,000 of the Kam civilians were killed during the suppression of the insurrection.[122]
- Matthew I of Constantinople becomes the new Patriarch to lead the Eastern Orthodox Church to replace the previous Patriarch, Callistus II Xanthopoulos.[123]
- November 8 – Thomas Arundel, accused of high treason by King Richard II of England, is replaced by Roger Walden as Archbishop of Canterbury.
- December 31 – The Peace of Breno is signed in Val Camonica to temporarily halt the fighting between the Guelphs (who favor the Republic of Venice) and the Ghibellines (who favor the Duchy of Milan) in the fighting between the two nations.[124]
Date unknown
- The Ottomans capture the town of Vidin, the capital of the Tsardom of Vidin, the only remaining independent Bulgarian state. Emperor Ivan Sratsimir of Vidin is taken prisoner by early this year and later disappears while his son Constantine II becomes Emperor in his place.
- Temür Qutlugh is crowned as the Khan of Golden Horde with the help of general Edigu, although Edigu continues to hold the real power.
- The Università, a form of local government, is established in Malta.
- The Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery is founded in northwestern Russia.
- The Sretensky Monastery is founded in Moscow.
- The first hospital in al-Andalus is created, at Granada.[125]
- Neuhausergasse 4, the brewer of Spaten, is listed on the register of Munich breweries.
- Gregory of Tatev writes the Book of Questions, a ten-volume encyclopedic work, at the Tatev Monastery, in Armenia.
1398
January–March
- January 6 – In Amberg, Ruprecht III "the Righteous" of the House of Wittelsbach becomes the new Elector of the Palatinate within the Holy Roman Empire upon the death of his father, Ruprecht II "the Hard".[126]
- January 31 – The 24th English Parliament of King Richard II is dissolved after having met since September 17. The King gives royal assent to numerous laws, including the Treason Act 1397, providing for new definitions of treason (compassing the death of the King, making war against the King within the realm, attempting to repeal any judgments made by parliament convicting "certain traitors", or attempting to repeal the Treason Act itself.[127]
- January – The Dao Ganmeng rebellion in the Chinese vassal state of Möng Mao,started in December by Dao Genmeng, is brought to an end in what is now Myanmar two months after Dao Ganmeng's takeover. With the intervention of the Chinese Empire, led by the Ming dynasty Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, the deposed ruler Si Lunfa is restored to leadership.[128]
- February 20 – The vicar John de Aston of Colston Bassett is released from incarceration at Fleet Prison in England by order of King Richard II upon the payment of mainprise or bail.[129]
- March 15 – Trần Thuận Tông is forced to abdicate as ruler of the Trần dynasty in modern-day Vietnam, in favour of his three-year-old son Trần Thiếu Đế.
- March 17 – The Teutonic Knights resume their attack on Lithuania as a fleet of 84 ships, 4,000 men and 400 horses departs from Danzig toward Gotland, and arrive on March 21.[130]
- March 19 – Abu Said Uthman III succeeds his older brother Abdallah ibn Ahmad II as the ruler of the Marinid dynasty in modern-day Morocco, reigning until his death in 1420.[131]
April–June
- April 5 – The Teutonic Knights conquer the island of Gotland, near Sweden, which has previously been run by the piratical Victual Brothers. In the agreement of surrender, the city of Visby and the entire island are ceded to Johan of Mecklenburg, and merchants from the Hanseatic League are allowed free trade. In addition, the Knights receive the opportunity to clear all known pirates and other enemies from Gotland.[132]
- May 10 – Stephen Ostoja is enthroned as the new King of Bosnia after Queen Helen is deposed.[133]
- May 11 – The Treaty of Pavia is signed between the Republic of Florence and the Duchy of Milan to end the Mantuan War after 14 months.[134][135]
- May 22 – The Assembly of Paris begins, as Catholic clergy and bishops discuss whether withdraw obedience from the rival popes, Boniface IX in Rome and the antipope Benedict XIII at Avignon withdrawing the right of either of the popes to bestow benefices to officials in France in return for past or future services.
- June 25 – Zhu Yunwen succeeds his grandfather, Zhu Yuanzhang, as Emperor Ming dynasty China, bringing an end to the Hongwu Era and beeginning the Jianwen era.[136]
July–September
- July 14 – In what is now central Turkey, Kadi Burhan al-Din, the vizier of and regent for the Sultanate of Eretnia, on a campaign to conquer the Emirate of Erzincan (eastern Turkey and western Armenia) and capture its Emir Mutahharten, is killed in battle by Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg.[137]
- July 22 – The first ships to complete passage on the 60 miles (97 km) long Stecknitz Canal in Germany arrive at Lübeck, with 30 barges carrying salt from Lüneburg. The canal, completed after seven years between the rivers Elbe and Trave, is one of the earliest navigable summit level canals in the world.[138]
- July 27 – Following the consensus of the Assembly of Paris of that had begun meeting on May 11, King Charles V of France signs an ordinance withdrawing obedience to both the French Avignon pope Benedict XIII and to Rome's Pope Boniface IX to issue benefices to persons who offer services to the Catholic Church.[139] An army led by Geoffrey Boucicaut occupies Avignon, and starts a five-year siege of the papal palace.[140]
- August 21 – King Martin of Aragon, and ruler of Valencia, Majorca and Barcelona, begins the Bona crusade of Christians against the Muslims of Tunisia and departs from the island of Menorca with 13 galleys, 77 warships and 7,500 crusaders toward the Harsid Kingdom, ruled by the Caliph Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II.[141]
- September 2 – The Bona crusaders from Spain sack the Algerian village of Tedelis in the Kingdom of Tlemcen, killing around 1,000 people, before abandoning the African crusade and returning to defend the siege of Avignon at France.[141]
- September 9 – Janus of the House of Poitiers-Lusignan becomes the new King of Cyprus upon the death of his father, King Jacques I, who had reigned since 1382.[142][143]
- September 16 – King Richard II of England exiles his cousin Henry Bolingbroke (the future Henry IV of England) for 10 years, in order to end Henry's feud with Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, who is also exiled.[144]
October–December
- October 12 – The Treaty of Salynas is signed by Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and Konrad von Jungingen, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, in an attempt to cede Samogitia to the Knights.
- October 14 – King Taejo of Joseon abdicates the throne of the Joseon dynasty in modern-day Korea, following the murder of his heir Yi Bangsuk, during a coup by Yi's older half-brother, Yi Bang-won, in The First Strife Of Princes. Taejo's eldest son Jeongjong succeeds to the throne.
- November 11 – Janus succeeds his father, James I, as King of Cyprus and claimant to the throne of Armenian Cilicia.
- December 17 – Timur defeats the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, which has been weakened after four years of civil war. Following his victory, Timur's Islamic troops sack the city of Delhi, and proceed to massacre hundreds of thousands of the state's Hindu inhabitants.
Date unknown
- The Kingdom of Singapura falls, after being invaded by the Majapahit Empire.
- Bunei succeeds his father, Satto, as King of Chūzan (modern-day central Okinawa, Japan).
- Glendalough monastery in Wicklow, Ireland is destroyed by English troops.
- Ferapontov Monastery is founded in modern-day northwest Russia by Therapont of Belozersk.
- The Munmyo Confucian shrine and Sungkyunkwan University are founded in modern-day Seoul.
- Mount Grace Priory is established in Yorkshire, England.
- According to fringe theorists, the Scottish explorer Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney, reaches North America.
1399
January–March
- January 13 – In the Delhi Sultanate in what is now the Uttarakhand state of India, Timur the Lame captures and sacks Haridwar.[145]
- February 3 – John of Gaunt, Duke of Aquitaine uncle of King Richard II of England and father of Henry Bolingbroke, dies and King Richard becomes ruler of the Duchy.[146]
- February 19 – The Principality of Piombino is formed after Prince Gherardo Appiani sells the city of Pisa to the Duchy of Milan for 200,000 florins and possession of five cities and three islands (including Elba).[147]
- March 18 – Richard II of England cancels the legal documents allowing the exiled Henry Bolingbroke to inherit his father's lands, leading to Henry's decision to overthrow King Richard.[148]
April–June
- April 13 – The coronation of Martin of Aragon as King takes place in Barcelona.[149] His wife Maria de Luna is crowned as the Queen consort takes place on April 23.
- May 3 – Pope Boniface IX of Rome excommunicates Onorato Caetani, Great Constable of the Kingdom of Naples, who had previously been excommunicated in 1367 by Pope Urban V of Rome, and then was forgiven in 1378 by Pope Clement VII of Avignon. Boniface's action follows Caetani's continued support of the Avignon papacy, after which a crusade against Caetani's properties at Fondi.[150]
- May 10 – The Treaty of Tarbes is signed between representatives of King Charles VI of France and Archambaud of Grailly, who has been an ally of the French monarch's enemy, King Richard II of England. Under the treaty, de Grailly is made Count of Foix in southern France, in return for breaking his alliance with King Richard. Two of the Count of Foix's sons are sent as hostages to the Royal Court of France in order to secure the terms of the agreement.[151]
- June 20 – An-Nasir Faraj becomes the Sultan of Egypt and Syria upon the death of his father, the Sultan Sayf ad-Din Barquq.[152]
July–September
- July 4 – While Richard II of England is away on a military campaign in Ireland, Henry Bolingbroke, with exiled former archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Arundel as an advisor, returns to England and begins a military campaign to reclaim his confiscated lands.[153]
- July 10 – Ladislaus regains the throne of the Kingdom of Naples, after King Louis II of Anjou and his army have left the city to suppress a rebllion in Apulia.[154]
- July 17 – Władysław II Jagiełło becomes sole ruler of Poland, after the death of his co-ruling wife, Queen Jadwiga.[155]
- August 6 – Prince of Yan (Zhu Di) of China starts a rebellion, the Jingnan campaign in Beijing against his nephew, the Emperor Zhu Yunwen, after two of Zhu Di's officials are arrested for "subversive activity".[156]
- August 12 – At the Battle of the Vorskla River, Golden Horde forces, led by Mongol Khan Temür Qutlugh and Emir Edigu, annihilate a crusading army led by former Golden Horde Khan Tokhtamysh, and Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania.. [157][158]
- August 19 – Richard II of England is taken prisoner by Henry Bolingbroke upon his return from Ireland and surrenders at Flint Castle in return for his life.[159]
- September 1 – Richard II, though still nominally the King of England, is imprisoned by Henry Bolingbroke at the Tower of London.[160]
- September 30 – King Richard II of England surrenders his crown to Henry Bolingbroke at an assembly of the House of Lords at Westminster Hall in London, where articles of desposition are read to him by the Archbishop of Canterbury. King Richard abdicates, and the Lords proclaim Bolingbroke as King Henry IV.[161]
October–December
- October 13 – Henry Bolingborke is crowned as King Henry IV of England at Westminster Abbey.[162]
- October 19 – Thomas Arundel is formally restored as Archbishop of Canterbury by King Henry, replacing Roger Walden, who had been installed by King Richard II upon Arundel's dismissal in 1397.[163][164]
- November 1 – At Nantes, Jean V of the House of Montfort begins his reign of 43 years as the Duke of Brittany (Bretagne), an independent duchy that is now part of France, upon the death of his father, Jean IV.[165]
- November 28 – At Suceava (now in Romania), Iuga Voda Ologul becomes prince of Moldavia[166]
- December 10 – Manuel II Palaiologos, The Emperor of Byzantium, departs from Constantinople along with French General Jean II Le Maingre (known as Boucicaut) and a ships of the Venetian navy on a diplomatic mission to obtain military aid, traveling first to the Republic of Venice to negotiate with the Doge Antonio Venier.[167]
Date unknown
- Sultan Bayezid I of the Ottoman Empire invades Mamluk-occupied Syria. A rift forms between Sultan Bayezid and Timur of the Timurid Empire, who also wanted to conquer Syria.
- The Principality of Achaea (now southern Greece) resists an invasion by the Ottoman Empire.
Births
1390
- October 3 – Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (d. 1447)
- December 27 – Anne de Mortimer, claimant to the English throne (d. 1411)
- date unknown
- Moctezuma I, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, son of Huitzilihuitl (d. 1469)[168]
- probable
- John Dunstaple, English composer (d. 1453)
- Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, Swedish statesman and rebel leader (d. 1436)
- Contessina de' Bardi, politically active Florentine woman (d. 1473)
- Jan van Eyck, Flemish painter (d. 1441)
1391
- June 24 – Joan of France, Duchess of Brittany (d. 1433)
- July 31 – Cyriacus of Ancona, Italian merchant, "father of archaeology" (d. 1453/5)
- October 31 – Edward, King of Portugal (d. 1438)
- November 6 – Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, English politician (d. 1425)
- Gedun Drub, 1st Dalai Lama (d. 1474)
- Thomas West, 2nd Baron West, English soldier (d. 1415)
1392
- January 10 – Johanna van Polanen, Dutch noblewoman (d. 1445)
- December 9 – Peter, Duke of Coimbra (d. 1449)
- December 18 – John VIII Palaiologos, penultimate Byzantine emperor (d. 1448)
- date unknown
- Alain Chartier, French poet and political writer (approximate date; d. c. 1430)
- Flavio Biondo, Italian humanist and historian (d. 1463)
- Barbara of Cilli, Holy Roman Empress, queen consort of Hungary and Bohemia (d. 1451)
- John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk (d. 1432)
- John II of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny, French nobleman (d. 1441)
- Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan (d. 1447)
- Idris Imad al-Din, supreme leader of Tayyibi Isma'ilism, scholar and historian (d. 1468)[169]
1393
- February 3 – Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland (d. 1455)[170]
- August 24 – Arthur III, Duke of Brittany (d. 1458)
- December – Margaret of Burgundy, Dauphine of France (d. 1442)
- date unknown
- John Capgrave, English theologian (d. 1464)
- Giovanni Antonio Del Balzo Orsini, Prince of Taranto (d. 1463)
- Anna of Moscow, Byzantine empress consort (d. 1417)[171]
- Osbern Bokenam, English Augustinian friar and poet
- Thomas de Morley, 5th Baron Morley
- Andrea Vendramin, Doge of Venice (d. 1478)
- Alvise Loredan, Venetian admiral and statesman (d. 1466)
1394
- March 4 – Prince Henry the Navigator, Portuguese patron of exploration (d. 1460)[172]
- June 4 – Philippa of England, Queen of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (d. 1430)[173]
- July 12 – Ashikaga Yoshinori, Japanese shōgun (d. 1441)
- July 25 – James I of Scotland (d. 1437)[174]
- November 24 – Charles I, Duke of Orléans, French poet (d. 1465)[175]
- date unknown
- probable – Cymburgis of Masovia, Duchess of Austria
1395
- January 11 – Michele of Valois, French princess and Duchess Consort of Burgundy (d. 1422)
- March 18 – John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter, English military leader (d. 1447)
- September 7 – Reginald West, 6th Baron De La Warr, English politician (d. 1427)
- date unknown
- Fra Angelico, Italian painter (d. 1455)
- Niccolò Da Conti, Italian merchant and explorer (d. 1469)
- George of Trebizond, Greek philosopher and scholar (d. 1484)
- Jacques Cœur, French merchant (d. 1456)
1396
- July 31 – Philip III, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1467)
- October 16 – William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, English noble (d. 1450)
- date unknown
- Alfonso V of Aragon (d. 1458)
- Bonne of Artois, countess regent of Nevers (d. 1425)
- Ambroise de Loré, baron of Ivry in Normandy (d. 1446)
- Michelozzo, Italian architect and sculptor (d. 1472)
- Ponhea Yat, ruler of the Khmer Empire (d. 1460?)
1397
- February 21 – Infanta Isabel, Duchess of Burgundy (d. 1471)
- May 15 – Sejong the Great of Joseon, ruler of Korea (d. 1450)
- August 10 – Albert II of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1439)
- November 15 – Pope Nicholas V (d. 1455)[177]
- date unknown
- Chimalpopoca, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlán (d. 1427)[178]
- Tlacaelel, Aztec nobleman (d. 1487)
- Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli, Italian mathematician (d. 1482)
- John de Ros, 7th Baron Ros, English noble and soldier (d. 1421)
- Paolo Uccello, Florentine painter (d. 1475)
1398
- August 19 – Íñigo López de Mendoza, 1st Marquis of Santillana, Spanish poet (d. 1458)
- date unknown
- Cecília Rozgonyi, Hungarian noble and heroine (d. 1434)
- Spytko III of Melsztyn, Polish nobleman (d. 1439)
- Moctezuma I, second Aztec emperor (d. 1469)
- William Waynflete, English Lord Chancellor and bishop of Winchester (d. 1486)
- Johannes Gutenberg, German inventor of the printing press
- Tlacaélel, Aztec warrior, thinker, high priest and noble for the Mexica Empire (d. 1487)
1399
- March 16 – Xuande Emperor of China (d. 1435)
- June 26 – John, Count of Angoulême (d. 1467)
- date unknown
- William II Canynges, English merchant (approximate date; d. 1474)
- Zara Yaqob, Emperor of Ethiopia (d. 1468)
- Rogier van der Weyden, Dutch painter (or 1400)
Deaths
1390
- January 26 – Adolph IX, Count of Holstein-Kiel (b.c 1327)
- February 16 – Rupert I, Elector Palatine (b. 1309)
- March 20 – Alexios III Megas Komnenos, Emperor of Trebizond (b. 1338)
- April 19 – King Robert II of Scotland (b. 1316)
- July 8 – Albert of Saxony, Bishop of Halberstadt and German philosopher (b. c. 1320)
- August 14 – John FitzAlan, 2nd Baron Arundel, English soldier (b. 1364)
- September 23 – John I, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1346)
- October 9 – King John I of Castile (fall from a horse) (b. 1358)
- September – Towtiwil, Prince of Black Ruthenia
- date unknown
- Sandaki Mari Djata, Mansa of the Mali Empire
- Keratsa of Bulgaria, Byzantine empress consort (b. 1348)
- Sa'ad al-Din Masud ibn Umar ibn Abd Allah al-Taftazani, Ilkhanate polymath (b. 1322)
- probable – Altichiero, Italian painter (b. 1330)
1391
- January 16 – Emir Muhammed V of Granada (b. 1338)
- February 16 – John V Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor (b. 1332)
- March 10 – King Tvrtko I of Bosnia (b. 1338)
- November 1 – Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy (b. 1360)
- Gaston III, Count of Foix, co-prince of Andorra
- date unknown
- Petru, Prince of Moldavia
- Margaret, Countess of Mar (approximate date)
1392
- March 25 – Hosokawa Yoriyuki, Japanese samurai
- April 26 – Chŏng Mong-ju, Korean civil minister, diplomat and scholar (b. 1338)
- May 17 – Zhu Biao, crown prince of the Ming dynasty, China (b. 1355)
- November 22 – Robert de Vere, Duke of Ireland (b. 1362)
- December 23 – Isabella of Castile, Duchess of York (b. 1355)
- date unknown
- Abbot Methodius of Peshnosha, Eastern Orthodox saint
- Lalleshwari, Kashmiri poet and mystic (b. 1320)
1393
- March 7 – Bogislaw VI, Duke of Pomerania (b. c. 1350)
- March 23 – John of Nepomuk, saint
- March 29 - Shah Mansur, Ruler of the Muzaffarids
- June 6 – Emperor Go-En'yū of Japan, former Pretender to the throne (b. 1359)
- July 23 – Konrad von Wallenrode, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights
- July 30 – Alberto d'Este, Lord of Ferrara and Modena (b. 1347)
- August 6 – John de Ros, 5th Baron de Ros (b. 1365)[179]
- November 29 – King Leo V of Armenia (b. c. 1342)
- date unknown
- Fa Ngum, founder of the Lao Kingdom of Lan Xang (b. 1316)
- Valentina Visconti, Queen of Cyprus
- King Bagrat V of Georgia
- Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad al-Mustansir, Sultan of the Marinid dynasty in Morocco
1394
- June 25 – Dorothea of Montau, German hermitess (b. 1347)[180]
- March 17 – Louis, Count of Enghien, Count of Conversano and Brienne
- March 24 – Constance of Castile, claimant to the throne of Castile
- June 4 – Mary de Bohun, English countess, married to Henry IV of England[181]
- June 7 – Anne of Bohemia, queen of Richard II of England (plague) (b. 1366)[182]
- August 27 – Emperor Chōkei of Japan (b. 1343)
- September 16 – Antipope Clement VII (b. 1342)[183]
- December 28 – Maria Angelina Doukaina Palaiologina, basilissa of Epirus (b. 1350)
- date unknown
- John Hawkwood, English mercenary (b. 1320)
- Fazlallah Astarabadi, Persian founder of the mystical Hurufism sect (executed)
- Sultan Mahmud II of the Delhi Sultanate
- Former King Gongyang of Goryeo (b. 1345)
1395
- March 13 – John Barbour, Scottish poet
- May 17
- Prince Marko, Serbian leader
- Mary, Queen of Hungary, co-ruler
- June 3 – Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria, tsar (b. c.1350)
- August 29 – Duke Albert III of Austria (b. 1349)
- December 25 – Elisabeth, Countess of Neuchâtel, Swiss ruler
- date unknown
- Acamapichtli, 1st tlatoani (monarch) of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City), 1375-1395 (b. c. 1355)[184]
- Margaret the Barefooted, Italian saint (b. 1325)
1396
- January 11 – Isidore Glabas, Metropolitan bishop of Thessalonica (b. 1341/2)
- May 19 – John I of Aragon (b. 1350)
- July 31 – William Courtenay, Archbishop of Canterbury
- September 15 – Queen Sindeok, politically active Korean queen (b. 1356)
- November 29 – Robert Ferrers, 3rd Baron Ferrers of Wemme (b. 1373)
- date unknown
- John Beaumont, 4th Baron Beaumont, Constable of Dover Castle (b. 1361)
- Frederick II, Marquess of Saluzzo
- Saint Stephen of Perm (b. 1340)
- She Xiang, Chinese tribute chieftain (b. 1361)
1397
- January 11 – Skirgaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania
- February 18 – Enguerrand VII, Lord of Coucy (b. 1340)
- March 14 – Henry VIII the Sparrow, Duke of Żagań–Głogów (b. c. 1357)
- April 25 – Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent (b. 1350)
- June 3 – William Montacute, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, English military leader (b. 1328)
- June 16 – Philip of Artois, Count of Eu, French soldier (b. 1358)
- July 15 – Catherine of Henneberg, German ruler (b. c. 1334)
- September 2 – Francesco Landini, Italian composer
- September 8 – Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, son of King Edward III of England (b. 1355)
- September 15 – Adam Easton, English cardinal
- September 21 – Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel, English military leader (executed) (b. 1346)
- October 6 – Vuk Branković, Serbian lord (b. 1345)
1398
- January 6 – Rupert II, Elector Palatine (b. 1325)
- January 31 – Former Emperor Sukō of Japan (b. 1334)
- June 24 – Hongwu Emperor of China (b. 1328)
- July 20 – Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, heir to the throne of England (b. 1374)
- July/August (uncertain) – Kadi Burhan al-Din, poet, kadi, and ruler of Sivas (b. 1345)[185]
- September 9 – James I of Cyprus (b. 1334)
- October 5 – Blanche of Navarre, Queen of France (b. 1333)
- date unknown – Chŏng Tojŏn, Korean philosopher
1399
- January 4 – Nicholas Eymerich, Catalan theologian and inquisitor
- February 3 – John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (b. 1340)[186]
- March 24 – Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk (b. c. 1320)
- July 13 – Peter Parler, German architect (b. 1330)
- July 17 – King Jadwiga of Poland (b. 1374)
- August 12 – Demetrius I Starshy, Prince of Trubczewsk (in battle) (b. 1327)
- August 15 – Ide Pedersdatter Falk, Danish noblewoman (b. 1358)
- August 26 – Mikhail II, Grand Prince of Tver (b. 1333)
- September 22 – Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, English politician (b. 1366)
- October 3 – Eleanor de Bohun, English noble (b. c.1366)[187]
- October 5 – Raymond of Capua, Italian Dominic friar and venerated Christian (b. 1330)
- November 1 – John IV, Duke of Brittany (b. 1339)
- date unknown
- Spytek z Melsztyna, Polish nobleman
- William le Scrope, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (b. 1350)
- Sultan Barquq of Egypt
- Trần Ngung, former ruler of Trần dynasty Vietnam (forced to commit suicide)
- Stephen I of Moldavia