1872

1872 (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1872nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 872nd year of the 2nd millennium, the 72nd year of the 19th century, and the 3rd year of the 1870s decade. As of the start of 1872, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Quick facts

1872 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1872 MDCCCLXXII
Ab urbe condita	2625
Armenian calendar	1321 ԹՎ ՌՅԻԱ
Assyrian calendar	6622
Baháʼí calendar	28–29
Balinese saka calendar	1793–1794
Bengali calendar	1278–1279
Berber calendar	2822
British Regnal year	35 Vict. 1 – 36 Vict. 1
Buddhist calendar	2416
Burmese calendar	1234
Byzantine calendar	7380–7381
Chinese calendar	辛未年 (Metal Goat) 4569 or 4362 — to — 壬申年 (Water Monkey) 4570 or 4363
Coptic calendar	1588–1589
Discordian calendar	3038
Ethiopian calendar	1864–1865
Hebrew calendar	5632–5633
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1928–1929
- Shaka Samvat	1793–1794
- Kali Yuga	4972–4973
Holocene calendar	11872
Igbo calendar	872–873
Iranian calendar	1250–1251
Islamic calendar	1288–1289
Japanese calendar	Meiji 5 (明治５年)
Javanese calendar	1800–1801
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar	4205
Minguo calendar	40 before ROC 民前40年
Nanakshahi calendar	404
Thai solar calendar	2414–2415
Tibetan calendar	ལྕགས་མོ་ལུག་ལོ་ (female Iron-Sheep) 1998 or 1617 or 845 — to — ཆུ་ཕོ་སྤྲེ་ལོ་ (male Water-Monkey) 1999 or 1618 or 846

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Events

January

January 12 – Yohannes IV is crowned Emperor of Ethiopia in Axum, the first ruler crowned in that city in over 500 years.
January 20 – The Cavite mutiny was an uprising of Filipino military personnel of Fort San Felipe, the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, Philippine Islands.^[1]^: 107

February

February 2 – The government of the United Kingdom buys a number of forts on the Gold Coast, from the Netherlands.^[2]
February 4 – A great solar flare, and associated geomagnetic storm, makes northern lights visible as far south as Cuba.^[3]
February 13 – Rex, the most famous parade on Mardi Gras, parades for the first time in New Orleans for Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia.
February 17 – Filipino priests José Burgos, Mariano Gomez and Jacinto Zamora, collectively known as Gomburza, are executed in Bagumbayan Fields, Manila, Philippines by the authorities of New Spain, on charges of subversion arising from the 1872 Cavite mutiny.
February 20 – The Metropolitan Museum of Art opens in New York City.^[4]
February 22 – The Prohibition Party holds its first national convention in Columbus, Ohio, nominating James Black as its presidential nominee.

March

March 1 – In the United States, Yellowstone National Park (once dubbed "Colter's Hell" after John Colter, of the Lewis and Clark Expedition) is established as the world's first national park.
March 4 – The Boston Globe is founded in Boston, Massachusetts, as the largest newspaper of the New England region.
March 5
- George Westinghouse receives a United States patent for the "failsafe" automatic railway air brake.
- The Tichborne case is decided in London against claimant Arthur Orton (who, as a result, is convicted of perjury in 1874).
March 9 – Alfred B. Miller and Elmer Crockett found the South Bend Tribune newspaper in the United States.
March 11 – Work begins on the Seven Sisters Colliery in South Wales, located on one of the richest coal sources in Britain.
March 16 – 1872 FA Cup Final: In the first ever final of the FA Cup, the world's oldest football competition, Wanderers F.C. defeat Royal Engineers A.F.C. 1–0 at The Oval in Kennington, London.^[5]
March 26 – The 7.4–7.9 M_w  Lone Pine earthquake shakes eastern California, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme); 27 people are killed and 56 injured.

April

April 10 – The first Arbor Day is celebrated in Nebraska.
April – Japan introduces its first modern paper currency (designed by Italian engraver Edoardo Chiossone) in the form of Meiji Tsuho notes. These are initially worth up to 1 yen before higher denominations are printed/released in June and August.

May

May 4 – The magazine Popular Science is first published in the United States.
May 10 – Victoria Woodhull becomes the first woman nominated for President of the United States, although she is a year too young to qualify and does not appear on the ballot.
May 14 – The Battle of Mañaria, near Bilbao, Spain during the Third Carlist War (1872–1876).
May 15 – The New Zealand Wars end after 17 years, with the conclusion of Te Kooti's War; Maori spiritual leader Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Turuk crosses the Waikato River, and enters the territory of the Māori King Tāwhiao, where he is granted asylum.
May 22
- Reconstruction: U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signs the Amnesty Act of 1872 into law, restoring full civil rights to all but about 500 Confederate sympathizers.
- Georges Bizet's comic opera Djamileh is premièred at the Opéra-Comique in Paris, France.
May – Rangers F.C., founded in March as an Association football club in Glasgow (Scotland) by brothers Moses and Peter McNeil, Peter Campbell and William McBeath, play their first ever game on the public pitches of Glasgow Green, a 0 to 0 draw against Callander.

June

June 14 – Trade unions are legalised in Canada.^[6]
June 15 – Thomas Hardy anonymously publishes his novel Under the Greenwood Tree in England.

July

July 1
- Thomas François Burgers becomes State President of the South African Republic.^[7]
- Schenker, predecessor of DB Schenker, the worldwide logistics and freight operator, is founded in Vienna, Austria.^[8]
July 4
- The Society of Jesus is pronounced illegal in the German Empire.
- Tsukuba University is founded in Japan, as a teacher training college.^[9]
July 15 – Hochi Mail News, later Hochi Daily News, a Japanese language newspaper, is first published in Tokyo, although it changes coverage from general news to a sports newspaper from December 1949.^{[citation needed]}

July 18 – Mexican President Benito Juarez dies of a heart attack, and Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada becomes interim president.^[10]
July 19 – Explorer William Gosse reaches Uluru in central Australia and names it Ayers Rock.

August

August 22 – The Australian Overland Telegraph Line is completed, providing a telegraphic link between Australia and the rest of the world for the first time.

September

September 1 – A group of Icaiche Maya under Marcos Canul attack the British garrison at Orange Walk Town in British Honduras.^[11]
September 17 – Shiseido Pharmacy Shop, predecessor of Shiseido, a major worldwide cosmetics brand, is founded in Ginza, Tokyo, Japan.
September 18 – Upon the death of King Charles XV of Sweden and Norway, he is succeeded as King of both crowns by his brother Oscar II.
September 26 – The first Shriners Temple (called Mecca) is established in New York City.

October

October 1
- The Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College begins its first academic session (the university is later renamed Virginia Tech).
- The first case is reported in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, of the Great Epizootic of 1872 (equine influenza, or the "horse flu") which will substantially disrupt life in North America by mid-December.
October 16 – University College Wales (later to become Aberystwyth University) begins its first academic session.^[12]

November

November 5
- 1872 United States presidential election: Ulysses S. Grant defeats Horace Greeley.
- Women's suffrage: In defiance of the law, American suffragist Susan B. Anthony votes for the first time (on November 18 she is served an arrest warrant, and in the subsequent trial is fined $100, which she never pays).
November 7 – The Mary Celeste sets sail from New York; bound for Genoa, Italy.
November 9 – Great Boston Fire of 1872: In Boston, Massachusetts, a large fire begins to burn on Lincoln Street (the 2-day disaster destroys about 65 acres (0.26 km²) of the city, 776 buildings, much of the financial district and causes US$60 million in damage).
November 11 – U.S. government geologist Clarence King reveals the diamond hoax in Wyoming.
November 12 – Dresdner Bank is founded in Dresden, Germany.
November 13 – Claude Monet begins painting Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant, the painting that will give a name to Impressionism) as viewed from his hotel room at Le Havre in France.^[13]
November 16 – The first ever Metropolitan Police strike in London.
November 22 – "Spitzeder Swindle": Adele Spitzeder's pioneering Ponzi scheme in Munich collapses.
November 27 – A meteor shower display of Andromedids is seen over France.
November 29
- American Indian Wars: The Modoc War begins with the Battle of Lost River.
- Horace Greeley, President Ulysses S. Grant's opponent in this year's U.S. presidential election, dies. His electoral votes are divided among several candidates.
November 30 – The first international Association football match to be recognised (retrospectively) by FIFA as "official" takes place at Hamilton Crescent, Scotland; the result is Scotland 0-0 England.^[14] Earlier international football matches have already taken place in 1870, in 1871 and again in 1872 at the Oval, London.

December

December 1
- Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada becomes constitutional President of Mexico.^[10]
- Responsible government is granted to Cape Colony (South Africa). Sir John Molteno, first Prime Minister of the Cape of Good Hope, forms the first Cape Cabinet^[15] which immediately plans to establish Cape Government Railways and take over the operation of all private railways in the Colony.^[16]
December 3 – Assyriologist George Smith presents the first translation of the Epic of Gilgamesh, to a meeting of the Society of Biblical Archaeology in London.
December 4 – The now-crewless American ship Mary Celeste is found (still seaworthy) by the British brig Dei Gratia in the Atlantic.
December 9 – In Louisiana, P. B. S. Pinchback becomes the first African-American to govern a U.S. state.
December 14 – President Ulysses S. Grant establishes the San Carlos Apache Reservation, in southeastern Arizona.
December 21 – Challenger expedition: HMS Challenger (1858) sails from Portsmouth, England, on the 4-year scientific expedition that lays the foundation for the science of oceanography.

Date unknown

In the aftermath of the Paraguayan War, the new government of Paraguay makes peace with Brazil, granting reparations and territorial concessions.
The Kolozsvári Egyetem, predecessor of the University of Szeged, is founded.
Under Japan's Meiji Restoration:
- A conscription law, modeled on the French version, is issued.
- Universal public schools are called for.
The first Marist Brothers travel to Australia.
S. T. Dupont begins the manufacture of luxury leather goods in France.
Kimberly, Clark and Co. is founded in Neenah, Wisconsin, by John A. Kimberly, Charles B. Clark, Havilah Babcock and Franklyn C. Shattuck.
Essendon Football Club is founded in Melbourne, Australia.
Summer: Swedish teacher, scholar, folklorist and museum director Artur Hazelius begins the Scandinavian-etnographic collection, which becomes the foundation to the Nordic Museum and Skansen open-air museum in Stockholm.^[6]^[9]