3C 28
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| 3C 28 | |
|---|---|
 SDSS image of 3C 28. | |
| Observation data (J2000.0 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Pisces |
| Right ascension | 00h 55m 50.60s[1] |
| Declination | +26° 24′ 37.459″[1] |
| Redshift | 0.195298[1] |
| Heliocentric radial velocity | 58,549 km/s[1] |
| Distance | 2.513 Gly |
| Group or cluster | Abell 115 |
| Apparent magnitude (B) | 18.63 |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | E; BrCIG LERG[1] |
| Size | ~410,000 ly (125.70 kpc) (estimated)[1] |
| Other designations | |
| 4C +26.02, PKS 0055+26, LEDA 138263, RBS 0131, 2MASX J00555058+2624366, DA 028, CTA 008, TXS 0053+261, NRAO 048[1] | |
3C 28 is a massive Type-cD elliptical galaxy[2] located in the constellation of Pisces. It has a redshift of (z) 0.1971, meaning it is located 2.5 billion light-years from Earth[1] and was discovered in 1959.[3] It is the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG), residing in the center of the northern subcluster region of the merging galaxy cluster, Abell 115.[4][5]
3C 28 is a low-excitation Fanaroff-Riley class type II radio galaxy with a total radio luminosity of 2.3 × 1026 W Hz−1 sr−1 at 178 MHz.[6][7][8] The isophotal structure of the galaxy is classified as disky and its appearance elongated northwest to southeast direction.[9][2] Its stellar population is mainly reddened and dominated by young stars aged around two billion years old.[10] The star formation luminosity is estimated to be 5.3 × 1010 LSFIR.[11]
The source is classified as a classical bend double based on radio mapping.[8][12] Its structure is unusual, with two compact components on located both sides of the galaxy displaying low-surface brightness tails.[12] Two radio jets are connected together with the structure by a pair of radio lobes.[13][14] Radio imaging has shown there is a faint, narrow filament present, crossing the gaps of the lobes and passing its nucleus position.[6] The spectral index of one of the components is noted as steepening.[7][8]
Imaging showed both components of the source display a fair bit of polarization. The fractional polarization of component A has been calculated as 9 ± 2 % at 60° whereas component B has a fractional polarization degree of 8 ± 2 % at 25%. However, 1.4 GHz data reanalysis have found the source is unpolarized at polarization percentage of 2%.[15]
Further observations have found the lobes and the radio structure of the galaxy are mainly confined by interstellar medium, indicative of the radio tails displaying extended structures towards the west, suggesting by buoyancy effects. Evidence also showed there is a misalignment between the optical galaxy and its radio components in addition to its extended tails, meaning ram pressure also played a role as well. High luminosity X-ray emission was also found centering on the galaxy with a gas mass of 1011 M☉ and a short cooling time period of 5 × 108 per year. These characteristics of X-ray emission are caused by the effects of thermal bremsstrahlung.[12]
The galaxy can be classified as a remnant radio galaxy. Based on data observations, it shows an absence of a radio core, suggesting its active galactic nucleus ceased its activity between 6 and 9 million years ago. This causes the lobes' brightness to slowly dim out through adiabatic and radiative losses.[16]
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "NED search results for 3C 28". NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. Retrieved 2025-07-27.
- 1 2 Madrid, Juan P.; Chiaberge, Marco; Floyd, David; Sparks, William B.; Macchetto, Duccio; Miley, George K.; Axon, David; Capetti, Alessandro; O'Dea, Christopher P.; Baum, Stefi; Perlman, Eric; Quillen, Alice (2006-06-01). "Hubble Space Telescope Near-Infrared Snapshot Survey of 3CR Radio Source Counterparts at Low Redshift". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 164 (2): 307–333. arXiv:astro-ph/0603239. Bibcode:2006ApJS..164..307M. doi:10.1086/504480. ISSN 0067-0049.
- ↑ Elsmore, B.; Ryle, M.; Leslie, P. R. R. (1959). "The positions, flux densities and angular diameters of 64 radio sources observed at a frequency of 178 Mc/s". Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society. 68: 61–67. Bibcode:1959MmRAS..68...61E.
- ↑ Gutierrez, K.; Krawczynski, H. (2005-01-20). "The Off-Axis Galaxy Cluster Merger A115". The Astrophysical Journal. 619 (1): 161–168. arXiv:astro-ph/0312454. Bibcode:2005ApJ...619..161G. doi:10.1086/426420. ISSN 0004-637X.
- ↑ Feretti, L.; Gioia, I. M.; Giovannini, G.; Gregorini, L.; Padrielli, L. (1984), Mardirossian, F.; Giuricin, G.; Mezzetti, M. (eds.), "High Resolution Radio and X-Ray Observations of 3C28 in A115", Clusters and Groups of Galaxies: International Meeting Held in Trieste Italy, September 13–16, 1983, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 289–290, doi:10.1007/978-94-009-6412-9_56, ISBN 978-94-009-6412-9, retrieved 2025-07-27
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link) - 1 2 "3CRR Atlas:3C 28: Main Page". www.jb.man.ac.uk. Retrieved 2025-07-27.
- 1 2 Hardcastle, M. J.; Worrall, D. M. (1999-11-01). "ROSAT X-ray observations of 3CRR radio sources". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 309 (4): 969–990. arXiv:astro-ph/9907034. Bibcode:1999MNRAS.309..969H. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02945.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
- 1 2 3 Macklin, J. T. (1983-05-01). "Multifrequency radio observations of 3C 28, 76.1, 186 and 319". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 203 (1): 147–155. Bibcode:1983MNRAS.203..147M. doi:10.1093/mnras/203.1.147. ISSN 0035-8711.
- ↑ Tremblay, G. R.; Chiaberge, M.; Donzelli, C. J.; Quillen, A. C.; Capetti, A.; Sparks, W. B.; Macchetto, F. D. (2007-09-01). "Isophotal Structure and Dust Distribution in Radio-loud Elliptical Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 666 (1): 109–121. arXiv:0705.3642. Bibcode:2007ApJ...666..109T. doi:10.1086/520333. ISSN 0004-637X.
- ↑ Wills, K. A.; Tadhunter, C. N.; Robinson, T. G.; Morganti, R. (2002-06-01). "The ultraviolet excess in nearby powerful radio galaxies: evidence for a young stellar component". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 333 (1): 211–221. Bibcode:2002MNRAS.333..211W. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05397.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
- ↑ Shi, Yong; Ogle, Patrick; Rieke, George H.; Antonucci, Robert; Hines, Dean C.; Smith, Paul S.; Low, Frank J.; Bouwman, Jeroen; Willmer, Christopher (2007-11-01). "Aromatic Features in AGNs: Star-forming Infrared Luminosity Function of AGN Host Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 669 (2): 841–861. arXiv:0707.2806. Bibcode:2007ApJ...669..841S. doi:10.1086/521594. ISSN 0004-637X.
- 1 2 3 Feretti, L.; Gioia, I. M.; Giovannini, G.; Gregorini, L.; Padrielli, L. (October 1984). "High resolution radio and X-ray observations of A115". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 139: 50–54. Bibcode:1984A&A...139...50F. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ↑ Forman, W.; Churazov, E.; Giacintucci, S.; Machacek, M.; Kraft, R.; Jones, C.; Heinz, S.; Markevitch, M.; Vikhlinin, A.; Murgia, M.; Randall, S.; Johnson, R. (July 2010). "3C28 in Abell 115- A Radio Source With a Twist". X-ray Astronomy 2009; Present Status, Multi-Wavelength Approach and Future Perspectives. AIP Conference Proceedings. 1248: 273–276. Bibcode:2010AIPC.1248..273F. doi:10.1063/1.3475231. ISSN 0094-243X.
- ↑ Capetti, A.; Buttiglione, S.; Axon, D. J.; Robinson, A.; Celotti, A.; Baldi, R. D.; Chiaberge, M.; Macchetto, F. D.; Sparks, W. B. (2011-01-27). "An optical spectroscopic survey of the 3CR sample of radio galaxies with z < 0.3". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 527: L2. arXiv:1101.1787. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201016026. ISSN 0004-6361.
- ↑ Giovannini, G.; Feretti, L.; Gregorini, L. (May 1987). "Radio observations of the first ranked galaxies in A 98, A 115, A 160, A 278 and A 568". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 69: 171–182. ISSN 0365-0138.
- ↑ Harwood, Jeremy J.; Hardcastle, Martin J.; Croston, Judith H. (2015-12-01). "Spectral ageing in the lobes of cluster-centre FR II radio galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 454 (4): 3403–3422. arXiv:1509.06757. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2194. ISSN 0035-8711.
External links
- 3C 28 on WikiSky: DSS2, SDSS, GALEX, IRAS, Hydrogen α, X-Ray, Astrophoto, Sky Map, Articles and images
- 3C 28 on SIMBAD
