Blue Train (Japan)

The first Blue Train was known as the Asakaze. It ran between Hakata and Tokyo beginning in 1956; air-conditioned cars were added two years later. As was the case with sleeper train services in other parts of the world, the Blue Trains acquired a romantic aspect and, at the peak of their popularity in the late 1970s, appeared in many novels. They were sometimes described as "moving hotels".^[1]

However, as buses, airplanes, and the Shinkansen became faster, more popular, and sometimes cheaper, the Blue Trains saw a severe decline in ridership and therefore revenues. 2005 ridership on sleeper trains traveling west from Tokyo was calculated as one fifth of that in 1987. For this and other reasons, such as aging equipment and a shortage of overnight staff, JR made plans to eliminate the majority of the overnight services.^[2]

The Asakaze service connecting Hakata and Tokyo was eliminated in 2005, its average occupancy below 30 percent. The Hayabusa and Fuji were eliminated in March 2009. The daily Hokuriku train from Tokyo to Kanazawa was discontinued on 13 March 2010 along with its former Blue Train counterpart, the Noto.

Services like the Cassiopeia (a Blue Train in all but color) retained some popularity among tourists until the completion of the Shinkansen line to Hokkaido. West Express Ginga is a counter example. Being a blue overnight train is often considered as not enough signs to list this train as a Blue Train. Having similar route to classic Ginga express, it uses completely different rolling stock and even the shade of blue (but not the logo) is far from original. It is obvious that the train is a reference to Blue Trains, but technically it has gone quite far from the original idea.

• Akatsuki – connected Kyoto and Nagasaki/Sasebo discontinued in March 2008.
• Akebono – connected Ueno (Tokyo) and Aomori; discontinued in March 2014.^[3][4]
• Aki – connected Shin-Osaka and Shimonoseki; discontinued in October 1978.
• Asakaze – connected Tokyo and Shimonoseki/Hakata and Hiroshima discontinued in 2005.
• Cassiopeia – connected Ueno (Tokyo) and Sapporo three times a week; used deluxe cars; discontinued in March 2016.^{[Note 1]}
• Chōkai – connected Ueno and Aomori; merged with Akebono in March 1997.
• Dewa – connected Ueno and Akita; merged with Chōkai in December 1993.
• Fuji – connected Tokyo and Ōita; discontinued in March 2009.
• Hakutsuru – connected Ueno and Aomori; discontinued in November 2002.
• Hayabusa – connected Tokyo and Kumamoto; discontinued in March 2009.
• Hokuriku – connected Ueno and Kanazawa; discontinued in March 2010.
• Hokusei – connected Ueno and Morioka; discontinued in November 1982.
• Hokutosei – connected Ueno and Sapporo; discontinued in August 2015.^[5]
• Inaba – connected Tokyo and Yonago; discontinued in October 1978.
• Izumo – connected Tokyo and Hamada; replaced in March 2006 by Sunrise Izumo.^{[Note 2]}
• Kii – connected Tokyo and Kii-Katsuura; discontinued in January 1984.
• Mizuho – connected Tokyo and Kumamoto/Nagasaki; discontinued in December 1996.
• Myōjō – connected Shin-Osaka and Nishi-Kagoshima; discontinued in November 1986.
• Naha – connected Kyoto and Kumamoto; discontinued in March 2008.
• Nihonkai – connected Osaka and Aomori/Sapporo discontinued in March 2012 , but the train some times connected to Sapporo and Hakodate some days.
• Sakura – connected Tokyo and Nagasaki/Sasebo; discontinued in March 2005.
• Seto – connected Tokyo and Takamatsu; replaced in July 1998 by Sunrise Seto.^{[Note 2]}
• Suisei – connected Kyoto and Minami-Miyazaki; discontinued in October 2005.
• Tsurugi – connected Osaka and Niigata; discontinued in December 1996.
• Twilight Express – connected Osaka and Sapporo four times a week; used deluxe cars; discontinued from 12 March 2015 and replaced by Twilight Express Mizukaze in 2017.^[3][6]
• Yūzuru – connected Ueno and Aomori; discontinued in March 1988.

• Amanogawa – connected Ueno and Akita; discontinued in March 1985.
• Chikuma – connected Nagano and Osaka; downgraded from Blue Train status in October 1997; discontinued in October 2005.
• Daisen – connected Osaka and Izumoshi; downgraded from Blue Train status in October 1999, discontinued in October 2004.
• Ginga – connected Tokyo and Osaka; discontinued in March 2008 and replaced by West Express Ginga in 2020.
• Kaimon – connected Mojikō and Nishi-Kagoshima; replaced by Dream Tsubame in March 1993.
• Kitaguni – connected Osaka and Niigata; downgraded from Blue Train status in March 1985; discontinued in 2012.
• Marimo – connected Sapporo and Kushiro; downgraded from Blue Train status in March 1993; discontinued in August 2008.
• Myōkō – connected Ueno and Naoetsu via the Shin'etsu Main Line; downgraded from Blue Train status in March 1985; discontinued in March 1993.
• Nichinan – connected Hakata and Nishi-Kagoshima via the Nippō Main Line; replaced in March 1993 by Dream Nichirin.
• Noto – connected Ueno and Kanazawa via the Shin'etsu Main Line; downgraded from Blue Train status in March 1993; discontinued in March 2010.
• Rishiri – connected Sapporo and Wakkanai; downgraded from Blue Train status in March 1991; discontinued in September 2007.
• Sanbe – connected Yonago and Hakata; discontinued in February 1984.
• Shinsei – connected Ueno and Sendai; discontinued in November 1982.
• Taisetsu – connected Sapporo and Abashiri; replaced in March 1992 by Okhotsk.
• Towada – connected Ueno and Aomori via the Jōban Line; discontinued in March 1985.
• Tsugaru – connected Ueno and Aomori via the Ōu Main Line; discontinued in March 1985.