Demographics of Indonesia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Indonesia is a highly diverse country, both ethnically and linguistically. The country's population reached 270.20 million according to the 2020 national census, up from 237.64 million in 2010.[3][4] As of mid-2025, the official estimate stood at 284.44 million, reflecting an annual growth rate of 1.11%.[5][6][7] It remains the fourth most populous country in the world. Java, excluding Madura, is home to approximately 54.4% of the national population, making it the most densely populated island globally.

PopulationIncrease 288.315.089 (2025 civil registration)[1]
Increase 270,203,917 (2020 census)
Growth rate+0.8% (2026)
Birth rate15.32 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate6.75 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Quick facts Population, Growth rate ...
Demographics of Indonesia
Population pyramid of Indonesia in 2026
PopulationIncrease 288.315.089 (2025 civil registration)[1]
Increase 270,203,917 (2020 census)
Growth rate+0.8% (2026)
Birth rate15.32 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate6.75 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancyIncrease 73.08 years
  male70.86 years
  female75.4 years
Fertility rateDecrease 2.0 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Infant mortality rate16.6 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate-0.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years23.33%
15–64 years70.72%
65 and over5.95%
Sex ratio
Total1 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.06 male(s)/female
Under 151.05 male(s)/female
65 and over0.66 male(s)/female
Nationality
NationalityIndonesian
Major ethnicJavanese (40.22%)[2]
Minor ethnic
Language
OfficialIndonesian
Spoken
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Historical population
Indonesian students during a school excursion to a museum; Indonesia currently possesses a relatively young population.

Despite a fairly effective family planning program that has been in place since 1967, Indonesia's average population growth per year was over 1.1% for the decade ending in 2020, nearly having 13% population growth for that decade.[8] At this rate, Indonesia's population is no longer projected to surpass the population of the United States (whose population is increasing at a faster rate), and it is itself projected by the United Nations (UN) to be overtaken in population by Nigeria and by Pakistan by 2040. Indonesia has a relatively young population compared to many Western countries, although it is gradually aging due to declining birth rates and rising life expectancy. As of 2017, the median age stood at 30.2 years.[9]

The country is among the most ethnically and linguistically diverse in the world, home to over 600 ethnic groups and more than 700 languages. Since gaining independence, Indonesian has served as the national language and is widely used in education, government, business, and formal communication. However, most Indonesians grow up speaking a regional language as their mother tongue, using Indonesian primarily as a lingua franca for interethnic interaction. Major regional languages include Javanese, Sundanese, Minangkabau, Buginese, Balinese, and Batak, among many others. The Javanese, who make up about 40% of the population, have historically held significant political influence, with every president since independence having at least partial or full Javanese ancestry.

Population

More information Year, Population ...
Historical Population of Indonesia with Annual Growth Rate
YearPopulation±% p.a.
12,000,000
10003,500,000+0.06%
15007,750,000+0.16%
17009,500,000+0.10%
184020,000,000[10]
193060,727,233+0.81%
195577,473,268+0.98%
196197,085,348+3.83%
1971119,208,229+2.07%
1976141,862,419+3.54%
1980147,490,298+0.98%
1990179,378,946+1.98%
2000206,264,595+1.41%
2010237,641,326+1.43%
2020270,203,917+1.29%
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Source: Our World in Data,[11] Statistics Indonesia,[3][12] Wertheim (1959),[13] Geografi dan Kependudukan (1976),[14] Widjojo Nitisastro (2006)[15]

Population by province

More information Province, Population (2010 census) ...
Province Population
(2010 census)
Urban %
in 2010
Total
Fertility
Rate
(2010 census)
Population
(2020 census)
Urban %
in 2022[16]
Total Fertility
Rate
(2020 census)
Aceh 4,494,410
23.6%
2.79 5,274,900
33.9%
North Sumatra 12,982,204
42.4%
3.01 14,799,400
55.5%
2.48
West Sumatra 4,846,909
29.0%
2.91 5,534,500
48.5%
2.46
Riau 5,538,367
43.7%
2.82 6,394,100
40.0%
2.28
Jambi 3,092,265
28.3%
2.51 3,548,200
33.8%
2.28
South Sumatra 7,450,394
34.4%
2.56 8,467,400
37.7%
2.23
Bengkulu 1,715,518
29.4%
2.51 2,010,700
33.3%
2.30
Lampung 7,608,405
21.0%
2.45 9,007,800
32.9%
2.28
Bangka Belitung Islands 1,223,296
43.0%
2.54 1,455,700
57.6%
2.24
Riau Islands 1,679,163
67.4%
2.38 2,064,600
87.1%
2.21
Banten 10,632,166
52.2%
2.35 11,904,600
72.4%
2.01
Jakarta 9,607,787
100.0%
1.82 10,562,100
100.0%
1.75
West Java 43,053,732
50.3%
2.43 48,274,200
77.5%
2.11
Central Java 32,382,657
40.4%
2.20 36,516,000
51.7%
2.09
Special Region of Yogyakarta 3,457,491
57.7%
1.94 3,668,700
73.1%
1.89
East Java 37,476,757
40.9%
2.00 40,665,700
54.9%
1.98
Bali 3,890,757
49.8%
2.13 4,317,400
66.9%
2.04
West Nusa Tenggara 4,500,212
34.8%
2.59 5,320,100
49.6%
East Nusa Tenggara 4,683,827
15.9%
3.82 5,325,600
25.9%
2.79
West Kalimantan 4,395,983
25.1%
2.64 5,414,400
36.4%
2.33
Central Kalimantan 2,212,089
27.5%
2.56 2,670,000
42.2%
2.31
South Kalimantan 3,626,616
36.3%
2.35 4,073,600
48.5%
2.31
East Kalimantan 3,028,487
57.6%
2.61 3,766,000
68.6%
2.18
North Kalimantan 524,656 701,800
63.4%
North Sulawesi 2,270,596
37.0%
2.43 2,621,900
53.7%
2.10
Gorontalo 1,040,164
25.5%
2.76 1,171,700
43.5%
2.30
Central Sulawesi 2,635,009
19.7%
2.94 2,985,700
31.5%
2.32
South Sulawesi 8,034,776
29.4%
2.55 9,073,500
44.6%
2.22
Southeast Sulawesi 2,232,586
20.8%
3.20 2,624,900
37.6%
2.57
West Sulawesi 1,158,651 -- 3.33 1,419,200
21.4%
2.58
Maluku 1,533,506
25.9%
3.56 1,848,900
37.0%
2.52
North Maluku 1,038,087
29.5%
3.35 1,282,900
27.3%
2.47
Papua 2,833,381
22.2%
2.87 4,303,700
30.2%
2.76
West Papua 760,422 -- 3.18 1,134,100
42.8%
2.66
Indonesia 237,641,326 2.41 270,203,900
56.4%
2.18
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Source: Population Census 2010,[4] except for final column, taken from Population Census 2020.

Note: (a) North Kalimantan province was created in 2012 (by separation from East Kalimantan province); the 2010 total figures given are those for the provinces as they were following that splitting (Urban % and Total Fertility Rate columns unadjusted).

Age structure

0-14 years: 23.33%
15-64 years: 70.72%
65 years and over: 5.95% (2020 census)[17][18]
Age structure in Indonesia (2020)[3]
  1. Minor: 0-14 years (23.3%)
  2. Workforce: 15-64 years (70.7%)
  3. Retiree: 65 years and over (6.00%)
Median age of Indonesia by district (2022)

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020) (Data are based on the publication: "Indonesia Population Projection 2015-2045"):[19]

More information Age group, Male ...
Age group Male Female Total %
Total 135 337 011 134 266 419 269 603 430 100
0–4 11 101 528 10 850 465 21 951 993 8.14
5–9 11 205 657 10 739 503 21 945 160 8.14
10–14 11 284 333 10 884 509 22 168 842 8.22
15–19 11 189 861 10 949 531 22 139 392 8.21
20–24 11 070 774 10 887 555 21 958 329 8.14
25–29 10 963 605 10 736 361 21 699 966 8.05
30–34 10 777 337 10 524 673 21 302 010 7.90
35–39 10 477 475 10 305 704 20 783 179 7.71
40–44 9 830 929 9 693 109 19 524 038 7.24
45–49 9 140 315 9 023 924 18 164 239 6.74
50–54 7 975 551 7 947 477 15 923 028 5.91
55–59 6 632 329 6 691 467 13 323 796 4.94
60–64 5 234 762 5 287 052 10 521 814 3.90
65-69 3 758 966 3 921 263 7 680 229 2.85
70-74 2 485 308 2 757 062 5 242 370 1.94
75+ 2 208 281 3 066 764 5 275 045 1.96
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 33 591 518 32 474 477 66 065 995 24.50
15–64 93 292 938 92 046 853 185 339 791 68.75
65+ 8 452 555 9 745 089 18 197 644 6.75
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Vital statistics

Fertility rate of Indonesia by province (2017)

United Nations estimates

More information Period, Population (thousands) ...
Period Population
(thousands)
Live births
(thousands)
Deaths
(thousands)
Natural change
(thousands)
CBR[i] CDR[i] NC[i] TFR[i] IMR[i] Life expectancy
(years)
1950 69 568 2 826 1 505 1 321 40.6 21.6 19.0 5.19 189.1 39.40
1951 71 019 2 926 1 522 1 404 41.2 21.4 19.8 5.23 186.8 39.79
1952 72 571 3 035 1 517 1 518 41.8 20.9 20.9 5.27 182.0 40.69
1953 74 208 3 146 1 526 1 620 42.4 20.6 21.8 5.31 177.4 41.42
1954 75 925 3 257 1 533 1 723 42.9 20.2 22.7 5.35 172.9 42.19
1955 77 742 3 359 1 542 1 817 43.2 19.8 23.4 5.37 168.4 42.92
1956 79 662 3 475 1 544 1 931 43.6 19.4 24.2 5.41 164.0 43.80
1957 81 691 3 589 1 556 2 033 43.9 19.0 24.9 5.45 159.8 44.50
1958 83 819 3 701 1 575 2 126 44.2 18.8 25.4 5.48 155.8 45.05
1959 86 048 3 811 1 578 2 233 44.3 18.3 26.0 5.51 151.9 45.86
1960 88 383 3 929 1 593 2 337 44.5 18.0 26.4 5.55 148.3 46.45
1961 90 817 4 031 1 602 2 429 44.4 17.6 26.7 5.57 144.8 47.12
1962 93 345 4 127 1 603 2 523 44.2 17.2 27.0 5.59 141.4 47.87
1963 95 963 4 217 1 614 2 603 43.9 16.8 27.1 5.60 138.1 48.43
1964 98 675 4 304 1 609 2 695 43.6 16.3 27.3 5.61 134.8 49.23
1965 101 158 4 380 2 121 2 259 43.3 21.0 22.3 5.62 142.7 42.60
1966 103 561 4 426 1 740 2 686 42.7 16.8 25.9 5.60 129.5 48.20
1967 106 261 4 468 1 596 2 871 42.0 15.0 27.0 5.58 124.8 51.07
1968 109 139 4 503 1 594 2 909 41.3 14.6 26.7 5.54 121.4 51.63
1969 112 149 4 555 1 582 2 973 40.6 14.1 26.5 5.51 118.0 52.35
1970 115 228 4 596 1 576 3 021 39.9 13.7 26.2 5.45 114.6 52.99
1971 118 347 4 627 1 570 3 056 39.1 13.3 25.8 5.36 111.5 53.58
1972 121 504 4 667 1 560 3 107 38.4 12.8 25.6 5.29 108.4 54.24
1973 124 709 4 720 1 554 3 166 37.9 12.5 25.4 5.22 105.3 54.85
1974 127 945 4 727 1 547 3 180 37.0 12.1 24.9 5.09 102.3 55.43
1975 131 213 4 783 1 544 3 239 36.5 11.8 24.7 5.04 99.4 55.97
1976 134 521 4 813 1 540 3 273 35.8 11.5 24.3 4.92 96.8 56.51
1977 137 862 4 849 1 534 3 315 35.2 11.1 24.0 4.81 94.1 57.08
1978 141 251 4 908 1 535 3 373 34.7 10.9 23.9 4.72 91.6 57.57
1979 144 693 4 952 1 530 3 422 34.2 10.6 23.7 4.61 89.3 58.15
1980 148 177 4 981 1 521 3 460 33.6 10.3 23.4 4.49 86.9 58.75
1981 151 686 4 997 1 526 3 472 33.0 10.1 22.9 4.36 84.6 59.14
1982 155 229 5 036 1 514 3 522 32.4 9.8 22.7 4.25 82.3 59.76
1983 158 791 5 016 1 507 3 508 31.6 9.5 22.1 4.10 79.9 60.27
1984 162 332 4 986 1 502 3 484 30.7 9.3 21.5 3.94 77.6 60.73
1985 165 792 4 836 1 481 3 355 29.2 8.9 20.2 3.71 75.2 61.31
1986 169 135 4 736 1 472 3 264 28.0 8.7 19.3 3.53 72.8 61.72
1987 172 421 4 732 1 481 3 251 27.4 8.6 18.9 3.42 70.4 61.97
1988 175 695 4 738 1 495 3 244 27.0 8.5 18.5 3.33 68.0 62.21
1989 178 949 4 707 1 487 3 220 26.3 8.3 18.0 3.22 65.6 62.70
1990 182 160 4 647 1 477 3 170 25.5 8.1 17.4 3.10 63.1 63.18
1991 185 361 4 702 1 484 3 218 25.4 8.0 17.4 3.06 60.6 63.54
1992 188 558 4 644 1 468 3 176 24.6 7.8 16.8 2.94 58.1 64.13
1993 191 737 4 652 1 464 3 188 24.3 7.6 16.6 2.88 55.7 64.60
1994 194 929 4 681 1 481 3 201 24.0 7.6 16.4 2.84 53.3 64.86
1995 198 140 4 714 1 487 3 227 23.8 7.5 16.3 2.80 51.0 65.24
1996 201 374 4 762 1 519 3 244 23.6 7.5 16.1 2.77 48.9 65.36
1997 204 628 4 797 1 526 3 271 23.4 7.5 16.0 2.74 46.8 65.73
1998 207 855 4 744 1 544 3 200 22.8 7.4 15.4 2.66 44.8 65.96
1999 210 997 4 683 1 559 3 123 22.2 7.4 14.8 2.58 42.9 66.22
2000 214 072 4 680 1 581 3 099 21.9 7.4 14.5 2.54 41.1 66.43
2001 217 112 4 679 1 591 3 088 21.5 7.3 14.2 2.50 39.5 66.76
2002 220 115 4 662 1 596 3 066 21.2 7.2 13.9 2.46 37.8 67.13
2003 223 080 4 658 1 612 3 046 20.8 7.2 13.7 2.43 36.3 67.41
2004 225 939 4 678 1 807 2 871 20.8 8.1 12.7 2.42 36.9 65.75
2005 228 805 4 746 1 679 3 067 21.0 7.4 13.6 2.45 33.5 67.65
2006 231 797 4 819 1 698 3 121 20.9 7.4 13.5 2.46 32.2 67.91
2007 234 858 4 923 1 719 3 205 21.0 7.4 13.5 2.48 31.0 68.19
2008 237 937 4 927 1 763 3 164 20.5 7.4 13.1 2.44 29.8 68.23
2009 240 981 4 913 1 780 3 133 20.4 7.5 12.9 2.44 28.7 68.49
2010 244 016 4 920 1 807 3 112 20.4 7.5 12.8 2.46 27.6 68.68
2011 247 100 5 029 1 843 3 186 20.6 7.5 13.1 2.52 26.5 68.82
2012 250 223 5 028 1 875 3 153 20.4 7.5 12.9 2.51 25.6 68.97
2013 253 276 4 917 1 889 3 029 19.6 7.5 12.1 2.44 24.6 69.26
2014 256 230 4 857 1 904 2 953 19.1 7.5 11.6 2.39 23.7 69.53
2015 259 092 4 780 1 933 2 847 18.6 7.5 11.1 2.35 22.8 69.70
2016 261 850 4 718 1 972 2 746 18.1 7.5 10.6 2.31 22.0 69.80
2017 264 499 4 634 2 004 2 629 17.5 7.5 10.0 2.25 21.2 69.94
2018 267 067 4 588 2 002 2 586 17.1 7.6 9.6 2.22 20.5 70.34
2019 269 583 4 559 2 032 2 526 16.9 7.6 9.4 2.21 19.8 70.52
2020 271 858 4 526  2 437 2 089 16.7 8.8 7.8 2.19 19.2 68.81
2021 273 753 4 496 2 755 1 741 16.4 10.0 6.4 2.17 18.6 67.57
2022 278 830 4 518 2 088 2 429 16.2 7.5 8.7 2.15
2023 281 190 4 482 2 117 2 364 15.9 7.5 8.4 2.13
2024 283 487 4 468 2 161 2 307 15.8 7.6 8.1 2.11
2025 285 721 4 441 2 203 2 237 15.5 7.7 7.8 2.10
  1. CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births
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Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects, 2022[20]


millionyears50100150200250300195019601970198019902000201020202030PopulationIndonesia Population
%year51015202530194019601980200020202040Natural_change_per_1000Population Growth Rate
Infant Mortality per thousendyears0306090120150180210195019601970198019902000201020202030Indonesia Infant Mortality
TFRyears23456194019601980200020202040Indonesia Total Fertility Rate

Demographic and Health Surveys

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):[21]

More information Year, Total ...
Year Total Urban Rural
CBRTFR CBRTFR CBRTFR
1981-1983 4.3
1987 3.4 (3.1) 2.9 (2.6) 3.7 (3.4)
1991 25.1 3.02 (2.50) 24.0 2.60 (2.03) 25.6 3.24 (2.73)
1994 2.9 (2.4) 2.3 (1.8) 3.2 (2.7)
1997 2.8 (2.4) 2.4 (2.0) 3.0 (2.6)
2002-2003 21.9 2.6 (2.2) 22.1 2.4 (2.1) 21.7 2.7 (2.3)
2007 20.9 2.6 (2.2) 20.2 2.3 (2.0) 21.5 2.8 (2.4)
2012 20.4 2.6 (2.0) 20.1 2.4 (1.9) 20.7 2.8 (2.2)
2017 18.1 2.4 (2.1) 17.7 2.3 (1.9) 18.5 2.6 (2.2)
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Fertility rate and aging population (by province)

Total fertility rate (TFR) and population over age 60 by region as of 2010:[22]

More information Province, Total fertility rate ...
Province Total fertility rate Population over age 60 (2010)
2010 2020
North Sumatra3.01 2.485.9
West Sumatra2.91 2.468.1
Riau2.82 2.284.0
Jambi2.51 2.285.5
South Sumatra2.56 2.236.2
Bengkulu2.51 2.305.8
Lampung2.45 2.287.2
Bangka Belitung2.54 2.245.8
Riau Islands2.38 2.213.4
Jakarta1.82 1.755.1
West Java2.43 2.117.0
Central Java2.20 2.0910.3
Yogyakarta1.94 1.8912.9
East Java2.00 1.9810.4
Banten2.35 2.014.6
Bali2.13 2.049.7
East Nusa Tenggara3.82 2.797.4
West Kalimantan2.64 2.335.8
Central Kalimantan2.56 2.314.6
South Kalimantan2.35 2.315.8
East Kalimantan2.61 2.184.0
North Sulawesi2.43 2.108.4
Central Sulawesi2.94 2.326.6
South Sulawesi2.55 2.228.2
Southeast Sulawesi3.20 2.575.8
Gorontalo2.76 2.305.9
West Sulawesi3.33 2.586.2
Maluku3.56 2.526.2
North Maluku3.35 2.474.8
West Papua3.18 2.663.2
Papua2.87 2.762.4
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Marriages and Divorces

More information Year, Mid-year population ...
Marriages and Divorces in Indonesia
YearMid-year populationMarriagesDivorces
2007234,858,0001,944,569175,713
2008237,937,0002,194,037193,189
2009240,981,0002,162,115223,371
2010238,518,8002,207,224285,184
2011247,100,0002,319,821276,791
2012250,223,0002,289,648346,480
2013253,276,0002,210,046324,247
2014256,230,0002,110,776344,237
2015255,587,5001,958,394347,256
2016258,496,5001,837,185365,633
2018264,161,6002,016,171408,202
2019266,911,9001,968,978439,002
2020270,203,9001,780,346291,677
2021272,682,5001,742,049447,743
2022275,773,0001,705,348516,344
2023278,696,2001,577,255463,654
2024281,603,8001,478,302394,608
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Note: No data is available for 2017.

[23]

Ethnic groups

More information Ethnic groups, Percentage ...
Ethnic groups Percentage
Javanese
40.06%
Sundanese
15.51%
Malay
3.70%
Batak
3.58%
Madurese
3.03%
Betawi
2.88%
Minangkabau
2.73%
Bugis
2.71%
Bantenese
1.96%
Banjarese
1.74%
Balinese
1.66%
Acehnese
1.44%
Dayak
1.36%
Sasak
1.34%
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Indonesia is a country of great ethnic diversity, with approximately 600 distinct indigenous ethnic groups living side by side across more than 17,000 islands.[24][25] The majority of Indonesia's population is descended from Austronesian peoples who are concentrated in western and central Indonesia, which is part of the Asian continent. Another large group is the Melanesian peoples, who inhabit the eastern part of Indonesia (the Maluku Islands, Western New Guinea, and the East Nusa Tenggara) in Oceania.[26][27][28]

The Javanese are the largest ethnic group, accounting for 40.2% of the population and are culturally, economically, and politically dominant. The Javanese are concentrated in Java, the most populous island, especially in the central and eastern parts, and also in significant numbers in most provinces due to extensive migration throughout the archipelago. The Sundanese are the next largest group (15.4%), followed by the Malays, Batak, Madurese, Betawi, Minangkabau, and Bugis. A sense of Indonesian nationalism is present along with strong ethnic and regional identities.[29]

Languages

Indonesian is the official and national language of Indonesia,[30] widely spoken by over 97% of the population.[31] However, Indonesia is a highly multilingual country. According to Ethnologue, there are currently 737 regional languages spoken across the Indonesian archipelago. This extensive linguistic diversity accounts for about 10% of the world’s total languages, making Indonesia the second most linguistically diverse country in the world.[32][33] The majority of these languages belong to the Austronesian language family, which is prevalent in the western and central regions of Indonesia, including languages such as Acehnese, Batak, Sundanese, Balinese, Banjarese and Buginese. In contrast, the eastern regions, particularly Papua and the Maluku Islands, are home to over 270 Papuan languages, which are distinct from the Austronesian language family and represent a unique linguistic heritage.[34] The most widely spoken language as a mother tongue is Javanese, spoken by over 80 million speakers, mainly in central and east Java, but also on many other islands due to migration.

Religion

Religion in Indonesia (2024)[35][36]
  1. Islam (87.1%)
  2. Protestantism (7.38%)
  3. Roman Catholic (3.07%)
  4. Hinduism (1.67%)
  5. Buddhism (0.71%)
  6. Folk/Other (0.04%)
  7. Confucianism (0.03%)

Indonesia is the world's most populous Muslim-majority nation; based on civil registration data in 2024 from Ministry of Home Affairs, 87.09% of Indonesians are Muslims, 10.45% Christians (7.38% Protestants, 3.07% Roman Catholic), 1.67% Hindu, 0.71% Buddhists, 0.03% Confucians and 0.04% Folk and other faiths.[6] Most Indonesian Hindus are Balinese[37] and most Buddhists in modern-day Indonesia are Chinese.[38]

See also

References

Sources

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