Genitoplasty
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Genitoplasty is plastic surgery to the genitals. Genitoplasties may be reconstructive to repair injuries, and damage arising from cancer treatment, or congenital disorders, endocrine conditions, or they may be cosmetic.[1]
Genitoplasty surgery includes the following:
- Vaginoplasty
- Correction of congenital conditions
- congenital adrenal hyperplasia[2][3][4]
- microphallus repair[5]
- hypospadias repair[6][7]
- pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias repair[8]
- androgen insensitivity syndrome repair
- repair of a urethra that is short[9]
- labiaplasty
- vaginal construction[10][11]
- vaginal reconstruction[10][11]
- repair of vaginal vault prolapse[12]
- vaginal suspension and fixation[10][11]
- operations on cul-de-sac[10][11]
- repair of cystocele[10][11]
- repair of rectocele[10][11]
- genital prolapse
- retropubic paravaginal repair[12]
- hymenorrhaphy
The grafts used in genitalplasty can be an allogenic, an autograft, a xenograft, or an autologous material.[13]
Genital reconstruction surgery can correct prolapse of the urinary bladder into the vagina and protrusion of the rectum into the vagina.[2] Female infants born with a 46,XX genotype but have genitalia affected by congenital adrenal hyperplasia may undergo the surgical creation of a vagina.[citation needed] Vaginoplasty is commonly used to treat women with the congenital absence of the vagina.[3] Other reasons for the surgery are to treat adrenal hyperplasia, microphallus, Mayer-Rokitansky-Kustner disorder and for women who have had a vaginectomy after malignancy or trauma. Reconstructive and corrective vaginal surgery restores or creates the vagina.[11]
Surgeries to modify the cosmetic appearance of infants' and children's genitals are controversial due to their human rights implications. There is no clinical consensus about necessity, timing, indications or evaluation.[14]
See also
References
- ↑ Ruth A. Hannon (2010). Porth pathophysiology : concepts of altered health states (1st Canadian ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 128. ISBN 9781605477817.
- 1 2 Baggish, Michael (2016). Atlas of pelvic anatomy and gynecologic surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. ISBN 9780323225526.
- 1 2 Gundeti, Mohan (2012). Pediatric Robotic and Reconstructive Urology a Comprehensive Guide. City: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781444335538; Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ↑ Horbach, Sophie E.R.; Bouman, Mark-Bram; Smit, Jan Maerten; Özer, Müjde; Buncamper, Marlon E.; Mullender, Margriet G. (2015). "Outcome of Vaginoplasty in Male-to-Female Transgenders: A Systematic Review of Surgical Techniques". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 12 (6): 1499–1512. doi:10.1111/jsm.12868. ISSN 1743-6095. PMID 25817066.
- ↑ Pooler, Charlotte (2009-10-01). Porth Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9781605477817.
- ↑ Entry "hypospadias" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.
- ↑ OED 2nd edition, 1989 as /hɪpəʊˈspeɪdɪəs/~/haɪpəʊˈspeɪdɪəs/
- ↑ Eberhard Nieschlag; Hermann M. Behre; Susan Nieschlag (July 2009). Andrology: Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction. Springer. pp. 328–. ISBN 978-3-540-78354-1.
- ↑ Hiort, O (2014). Understanding differences and disorders of sex development (DSD. Basel: Karger. ISBN 9783318025590.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "2016 ICD-10-PCS Procedure Code 0UQG0ZZ : Repair Vagina, Open Approach". ICD10Data.com. Retrieved 2016-03-03.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hoffman, Barbara (2012). Williams gynecology. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 9780071716727.
- 1 2 Baggish, Michael (2016). Atlas of pelvic anatomy and gynecologic surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. ISBN 9780323225526; Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ↑ "Online ICD9/ICD9CM codes". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
- ↑ Lee, Peter A.; Nordenström, Anna; Houk, Christopher P.; Ahmed, S. Faisal; Auchus, Richard; Baratz, Arlene; Baratz Dalke, Katharine; Liao, Lih-Mei; Lin-Su, Karen; Looijenga, Leendert H.J.; Mazur, Tom; Meyer-Bahlburg, Heino F.L.; Mouriquand, Pierre; Quigley, Charmian A.; Sandberg, David E.; Vilain, Eric; Witchel, Selma; and the Global DSD Update Consortium (2016-01-28). "Global Disorders of Sex Development Update since 2006: Perceptions, Approach and Care". Hormone Research in Paediatrics. 85 (3): 158–180. doi:10.1159/000442975. ISSN 1663-2818. PMID 26820577.
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