Istriot
Romance language spoken in Croatia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Istriot language (Lèngua Eîstriota) is a Romance language of the Italo-Dalmatian branch spoken by about 400 people in the southwestern part of the Istrian peninsula in Croatia, particularly in Rovinj and Vodnjan.
L2 speakers: 900 (2007)[1]
-
Italic
- Latino-Faliscan
- Latin
- Romance
- Italo-Western
- Italo-Dalmatian
- Dalmatian Romance?
- Istriot
- Dalmatian Romance?
- Italo-Dalmatian
- Italo-Western
- Romance
- Latin
- Latino-Faliscan
| Istriot | |
|---|---|
| Eîstrioto, Lèngua Eîstriota Bumbar, Valìʃe, Ruvignìʃ, Faʃanìʃ, Siʃanìʃ, Galiʃaneʃ | |
| Native to | Croatia |
| Region | Istria |
Native speakers | 400 (2007)[1] L2 speakers: 900 (2007)[1] |
Indo-European
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | ist |
| Glottolog | istr1244 |
| ELP | Istriot |
| Linguasphere | 51-AAA-na |
 Istriot is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Classification
Istriot is a Romance language currently only found in Istria. Its classification has remained mostly unclear; it has been variously regarded:
- as being related to the Ladin populations of the Alps. According to the Italian linguist Matteo Bartoli, the Ladin area used to extend – until the year 1000 AD – from southern Istria to Friuli and eastern Switzerland.[2]
- as an independent Northern Italian language, belonging neither to the Venetian language nor to the Gallo-Italic group (opinion shared by linguists Tullio De Mauro and Maurizio Dardano);
- as a variety of the Rhaeto-Romance languages by the Istriot Antonio Ive[3]
- as an independent language of the Italo-Dalmatian group[4]
- as an autochthonous Romance language heavily influenced by Venetian, Friulian and Slavic superstrates by Mirko Deanović[3]
- In 2017 it was classified by the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History with the Dalmatian language in the Dalmatian Romance subgroup,[5]
When Istria was a region of the Kingdom of Italy, Istriot was considered by the authorities as a subdialect of Venetian.[6]
Historically, its speakers never referred to it as "Istriot"; it had six names, after the six towns where it was spoken. In Vodnjan it was named "Bumbaro", in Bale "Valìʃe", in Rovinj "Ruvignìʃ", in Šišan "Siʃanìʃ", in Fažana "Faʃanìʃ" and in Galižana "Galiʃaneʃ". The term Istriot was coined by the 19th-century Italian linguist Graziadio Isaia Ascoli.
This language is still spoken by some people in the Istriot communities in Fertilia and Maristella, in Sardinia.
There are about 400 speakers left, making it an endangered language.
Vocabulary
Below is a comparison of Istriot with several closely related Romance languages and Latin:
| Latin | Italian | Istriot (Rovignìʃ) | Venetian | Bisiacco Venetian | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| clave(m) | chiave | ciàve | ciave | ciave | key |
| nocte(m) | notte | nuòto | note/not | note | night |
| cantare | cantare | cantà | caŋtar | caŋtar | to sing |
| capra(m) | capra | càpra, càvara | càvara | cavra | goat |
| lingua(m) | lingua | lèngua | lengua | lengua | language |
| platea(m) | piazza | piàsa | pia-sa | pia-sa | square |
| ponte(m) | ponte | pònto | poŋte/poŋt | poŋt | bridge |
| ecclesia(m) | chiesa | cièʃa | cexa | cesa | church |
| hospitale(m) | ospedale | uspadàl | ospedal | ospedal | hospital |
| caseu(m) lat.vulg.formaticu(m) |
formaggio/cacio | furmàio | formajo | formai | cheese |
Phonology
Orthography
The Istriot alphabet is the following:
| Letter | Pronunciation (IPA) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| A, a | /a/ | à |
| B, b | /b/ | – |
| C, c | /k/, /tʃ/ | /k/ when followed by "a", "o", "u" or a consonant; /tʃ/ when followed by "e" or "i" |
| Ch, ch | /k/ | When followed by "e" or "i" |
| Ci, ci | /tʃ/ | When followed by "a", "o", "u" |
| D, d | /d/ | – |
| Dz, dz | /dz/ | – |
| E, e | /ɛ/, /e/ | è, é |
| F, f | /f/ | – |
| G, g | /ɡ/, /dʒ/ | /ɡ/ before "a", "o", "u" or a consonant, /dʒ/ before "e" and "i" |
| Gh, gh | /ɡ/ | When followed by "e" or "i" |
| Gi, gi | /dʒ/ | When followed by "a", "o", "u" |
| H, h | – | Used in [ch] and [gh] |
| I, i | /i/, /j/ | í, î |
| J, j | /j/ | – |
| L, l | /l/ | – |
| M, m | /m/ | – |
| N, n | /n/ | – |
| Nj, nj / Gn, gn | /ɲ/ | |
| O, o | /ɔ/, /o/ | ò, ó |
| P, p | /p/ | – |
| R, r | /r/ | – |
| S, s | /s/ | – |
| T, t | /t/ | – |
| Ts, ts | /ts/ | – |
| U, u | /u/, /w/ | ú, û |
| V, v | /v/ | – |
| Z, z | /z/ | – |
Example
This is a poem called "Grièbani" by Ligio Zanini in the dialect of Rovinj-Rovigno.
| Istriot | Italian |
|---|---|
|
La nostra zì oûna longa cal da griebani: |
La nostra è una lunga strada irta di sassi: |
