List of heads of state of Tunisia

President of the Republic of Tunisia
President of the Republic of Tunisia
رئيس الجمهورية التونسية; Président de la République tunisienne
	Standard of the President of Tunisia
	Incumbent; Kaïs Saïed; since 23 October 2019
Style	Son Excellence
Residence	Palace of the Republic, Carthage
Term length	Five years, renewable once
Inaugural holder	Habib Bourguiba
Formation	25 July 1957
Website	www.carthage.tn

StyleSon Excellence

ResidencePalace of the Republic, Carthage

Term lengthFive years, renewable once

Inaugural holderHabib Bourguiba

The president of Tunisia is the head of state of Tunisia, directly elected to a five-year term by the people. The officeholder leads the executive branch of the Tunisian government along with the prime minister and is the commander-in-chief of the Tunisian Armed Forces.

Since the office was established in 1957, five men have served as president. The seventh and current president is Kais Saied since 23 October 2019. There are currently three living former presidents. The most recent former president to die was Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, on 19 September 2019.

This is a list of the beys of Tunis who ruled Tunisia from 1613, when the Corsican-origin Muradid dynasty came to power,^[1] until 1957, when the Cretan-origin Husainid monarchy was abolished.^[2]

[1]

[2]

Tenure	Name	Latin	Greek	Arabic	Notes
591–598	Gennadius (I)	Gennadius	Γεννάδιος (Gennadios)	n/a	Last magister militum per Africam and first Exarch, victor over the Romano-Berber realm of Garmul.
598–611	Heraclius the Elder	Heraclius	Ἡράκλειος (Herakleios)	n/a	Father of the emperor Heraclius
611–629	Niketas	Nicetas	Νικήτας (Nikētas)	n/a	A cousin of the emperor Heraclius, named as a patrikios in connection with Africa, may have been a de facto exarch, exercising gubernatorial power in the 610s and 20s, possibly as late as 629.^{[nb 1]} His daughter Gregoria was married to Heraclius's eldest son. The elder brother of the emperor was a hypostrategos under the exarch at this time, who is not explicitly named.^[7]^: 94–5 Not to be confused with Nicetas the Patrician.
629–647	Gregory the Patrician	Flavius Gregorius	Γρηγόριος, Φλάβιος Γρηγόριος (Grēgorios, Flabios Grēgorios)	جرجير, (Ĵarĵīr)	Led a revolt against the Emperor Constans II. He was the son of Heraclius' cousin Niketas.^[8]^[9]
647–665	Gennadius (II)	Gennadius	Γεννάδιος (Gennádios)	حباحبة, (Hubahiba)^[10]	Remained loyal to Constans II, overthrown in the military revolt against Constans that ended in the latter's assassination
665–695	Eleutherios the Younger	Eleutherius	Ελευθέριος (Eleuthérios)	الأطريون (al-At'rayūn)^[10]	Possibly Exarch of Africa. The Arabic al-At'riyūn is commonly read as Eleutherios. He overthrew Gennadios.
695–698	John the Patrician	Ioannes	Ἰωάννης	يوحنا البطريق (Yuhanna Al-Batriq)	Exarch of Africa until the coming of the Arabs in 698.^[11]
698–709	Julian, Count of Ceuta	(? Iulianus)	(? Iουλιανός)	يليان, بليان (Yulyan, Bilyan)^{[nb 2]}	"Commander of Septem". According to some scholars, possibly last Exarch of Africa.^{[according to whom?]} Historicity disputed by others.

Caliph	Reign
Mu'awiya I ibn Abu Sufyan	28 July 661 – 27 April 680
Yazid I ibn Mu'awiya	27 April 680 – 11 November 683
Mu'awiya II ibn Yazid	11 November 683 – June 684
Marwan I ibn al-Hakam	June 684 – 12 April 685
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan	12 April 685 – 8 October 705
al-Walid I ibn Abd al-Malik	8 October 705 – 23 February 715
Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik	23 February 715 – 22 September 717
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz	22 September 717 – 4 February 720
Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik	4 February 720 – 26 January 724
Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik	26 January 724 – 6 February 743
al-Walid II ibn Yazid	6 February 743 – 17 April 744
Yazid III ibn al-Walid	17 April 744 – 4 October 744
Ibrahim ibn al-Walid	4 October 744 – 4 December 744
Marwan II ibn Muhammad	4 December 744 – 25 January 750

#	Kunya	Given name	Regnal name	Reign	Birth	Death	Remarks	refs
1	Abu Muhammad أبو محمد	Abd Allah عبد الله	al-Mahdi bi'llah المهدي	27 August 909 – 4 March 934	873 Salamiyah, Syria	4 March 934	His claim to be the Mahdi caused the Qarmatian schism in 899. Fled Salamiya in 903, and settled at Sijilmasa in 905 while Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i overthrew the Aghlabids and established the Fatimid Caliphate in his name in 909. Fatimid rule over Ifriqiya was consolidated and extended to Sicily, but three attempts to invade Egypt and thence attack the Abbasids failed.
2	Abu'l-Qasim ابو القاسم	Muhammad محمد	al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah القائم بأمر الله	4 March 934 – 17 May 946	893 Salamiyah, Syria	17 May 946	Only son of al-Mahdi bi'llah, his reign was dominated by the Kharijite revolt of Abu Yazid, who reduced the Fatimids to their palace city, al-Mahdiya.
3	Abu Tahir أبو طاهر	Isma'il اسماعیل	al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah المنصور بنصر الله	17 May 946 – 18 March 953	913 Raqqada	18 March 953	Defeated the rebellion of Abu Yazid, and resumed the war against the Byzantines in southern Italy.
4	Abu Tamim أبو تميم	Ma'ad معد	al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah المعز لدين الله	19 March 953 – 18 December 975	26 September 931	18 December 975	His general Jawhar occupied most of the Maghreb for him, and proceeded to conquer Egypt in 969. In 973, al-Mu'izz moved the Fatimid court and capital to newly founded Cairo. The Zirids were left in Ifriqiya as Fatimid viceroys.
5	Abu Mansur أبو منصور	Nizar نزار	al-Aziz bi'llah العزيز بالله	18 December 975 – 13 October 996	10 May 955	14 October 996	Succeeded in expanding Fatimid control over most of Syria, where he entered into conflict with the Byzantines over Aleppo.	^[13]
6	Abu Ali أبو علي	Mansur المنصور	al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah الحاكم بأمر الله	14 October 996 – 13 February 1021	13 August 985	13 February 1021 (disappeared)	Concluded a lasting peace with the Byzantines in 1000. He is a respected religious figure due to his divine knowledge and extra ordinary personality. He disappeared, and was likely murdered, during a night excursion.
7	Abu'l-Hasan ابو الحسن	Ali علي	al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah الظاهر لإعزاز دين الله	13 February 1021 – 13 June 1036	20 June 1005	13 June 1036	His reign represents a return to normality after al-Hakim's turbulent final years.
8	Abu Tamim أبو تميم	Ma'ad معد	al-Mustansir bi'llah المستنصر بالله	13 June 1036^[a] – 29 December 1094/ 6 January 1095^[18]^[19]	2 July 1029 Cairo	29 December 1094/ 6 January 1095^[20]^[21] Cairo	The longest-reigning Fatimid caliph, his reign saw increasing political instability and the near collapse of the dynasty at the hands of the Sunni warlord Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan. The Armenian general Badr al-Jamali restored order and saved the dynasty, but installed himself as a virtual military dictator ("vizier of the sword") independent of the caliph.
9	Abu'l-Qasim ابو القاسم	Ahmad أحمد	al-Musta'li bi'llah المستعلي بالله	29 December 1094/6 January 1095^[22]^[23]–1101	16 September 1074 Cairo	12 December 1101	Probably the youngest son of al-Mustansir, he was raised to the throne by Badr's son and successor, al-Afdal Shahanshah. This caused the rebellion and death of his older brother Nizar, and split the Isma'ili movement into rival Musta'li and Nizari branches. A puppet of al-Afdal, his reign saw the arrival of the First Crusade.
10	Abu Ali أبو علي	Mansur منصور	al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah الآمر بأحكام الله	1101 – 8 October 1130	31 December 1096	8 October 1130	Raised to the throne as a child by al-Afdal, who was his uncle and became his father-in-law. Until al-Afdal's murder in 1121. His reign saw the progressive loss of the coastal cities of the Levant to the Crusaders.
Interregnum due to al-Amir dying without a stable succession other than the infant al-Tayyib, who died or was killed soon after. Regency of Abd al-Majid (the future al-Hafiz) and usurpation of Kutayfat.
11	Abu'l-Maymun أبو الميمون	Abd al-Majid عبد المجيد	al-Hafiz li-Din Allah الحافظ لدين الله	23 January 1132 – 8 October 1149	1074/5	8 October 1149	The oldest surviving grandson of al-Musta'li, he became regent following al-Amir's death, and claimed the caliphate following the murder of Kutayfat. His irregular succession caused the split of Musta'li Isma'ilism into Hafizi and Tayyibi branches. His reign was relatively peaceful abroad, but turbulent domestically, as he had to confront over-mighty viziers and even the ambitions of his own sons. He was the last Fatimid caliph to exercise true authority over the government.
12	Abu Mansur أبو منصور	Isma'il اسماعیل	Al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah الظافر بأمر الله	1149–1154	February 1133	March 1154	His rule marks the beginning of the end for the Fatimid state: from then on the caliphs were underage youths, sidelined and mere puppets	^[24]
13	Abu'l-Qasim ابو القاسم	Isa عيسى	al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah الفائز بيناصر الله	1154–1160	1149	23 July 1160	Raised to the throne at the age of five after the murder of his father by the vizier Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh, and spent his entire life as a puppet of Abbas' successor, Tala'i ibn Ruzzik. Experiencing epileptic seizures, al-Fa'iz died from an episode at the age of eleven, and his nephew, al-Adid, the final Fatimid caliph, succeeded him.
14	Abu Muhammad أبو محمد	Abdallah عبدالله	al-Adid li-Din Allah العاضد لدين الله	1160–1171	16 May 1151	13 September 1171	Al-Adid, a child ruler, became a puppet of powerful figures as the Fatimid Caliphate crumbled. Saladin took control, dismantled the regime, and suppressed Isma'ilism.

Start	End	Name	Notes	Caliph	Refs
979	983	Ya'qub ibn Killis	Jewish convert of Iraqi origin	al-Aziz Billah (975–996)	^[25]
983	983	Jabr ibn al-Qasim	An Isma'ili official from the Maghreb, served as vizier for three months during Ibn Killis' disgrace and imprisonment.		^[26]
983	990	Ya'qub ibn Killis	Restored to office		^[25]
990	991	Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn Umar al-Addas	Not vizier, but "guarantor" (ḍāmin) of the state affairs after Ibn Killis' death. Dismissed and imprisoned due to mismanagement.		^[27]
992	993	Abu'l-Fadl Ja'far ibn al-Fadl ibn al-Furat	Sunni official of Iraqi origin, from a long line of Abbasid viziers; he had served as vizier under the last Ikhshidids and was retained after the conquest of Egypt.		^[28]
993	996	Isa ibn Nasturus ibn Surus	A Coptic Egyptian scribe, known for his efficiency in tax collection. Executed by Caliph al-Hakim in 1000.		^[29]
996	997	Muhammad al-Hasan ibn Abbar ibn Abi'l-Husayn	A Kutama nobleman, resigned after clashes between the Turkish and Maghrebi army factions. The first to receive an honorific title, amīn al-dawla ("trusted servant of the realm").	al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (996–1021)	^[30]
997	999	Barjawan	An Isma'ili eunuch slave from Sicily, designated as tutor of al-Hakim by al-Aziz, but coming to power only after the departure of Ibn Ammar. His great power led him to be killed on al-Hakim's orders.		^[31]
999	1002	al-Husayn ibn Jawhar	Son of Jawhar, the conqueror of Egypt. Co-vizier with Fahd ibn Ibrahim, bore the title "chief commander" (qāʿid al-quwwād).		^[31]
999	1002	Abu'l-Ala Fahd ibn Ibrahim	A Christian scribe from Egypt. Co-vizier with al-Husayn ibn Jawhar, bore the title al-raʿīs ("the chief" or "the headsman"). Murdered by Caliph al-Hakim.		^[32]
1002	1010	position vacant			^[33]
1010	1012	Zar'ah ibn Isa ibn Nasturus	Son of vizier Isa ibn Nasturus, bore the title of al-shāfi ("the healer").		^[32]
1012	1014	al-Husayn ibn Tahir al-Wazzan	Scribe of Iranian origin. Not a vizier, but wāsiṭa ("intermediary") with the title of amīn al-umanāʾ ("chief secretary", lit. '"secretary of secretaries"'). Killed by Caliph al-Hakim in person.		^[32]
1014	1014	al-Hasan ibn Abi al-Sayyid and Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi al-Sayyid	Brothers, officials of unknown origin, held the post of wāsiṭa in tandem. Despite a reputation for honesty, both were killed by the Caliph after 62 days in office.		^[34]
1014	1014	Abu'l-Abbas al-Fadl ibn Ja'far ibn al-Fadl ibn al-Furat	Son of vizier Ja'far ibn al-Furat, in office as wāsiṭa for five days before being killed on the Caliph's orders.		^[35]
1015	1018	Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn Ja'far ibn Falah	Son of the Kutama general Ja'far ibn Falah and close friend and favourite of al-Hakim. ALongside the vizierate he was governor of Alexandria, Tinnis, and Damietta, as well as police prefect (ṣāḥib al-shurṭa) and inspector of the marketplaces (ḥisbah). He was assassinated on the Caliph's orders while riding home. Received the honorifics of wāzir al-wuzarāʾ ("chief vizier", lit. '"vizier of viziers"'), dhū'l-riāsatayn ("the one of the two headships"), al-amīr al-muzaffar ("victorious commander"), and quṭb al-dawla ("axis of the realm").		^[35]
1018	1018	Sa'id ibn Isa ibn Nasturus	Son of vizier Isa ibn Nasturus and brother of Zar'ah ibn Nasturus. He held extensive powers as "sharer of the caliphate" (qāsim al-khilāfah), with the titles of al-amīn al-ẓahir ("the outer secretary"), sharaf al-mulk ("honour of the kingship"), tāj al-maʿālī ("crown of the finances"), and dhū'l-jādayn ("the one of the two hands"). Executed after five months in office.		^[36]
1018	1019	Abu'l-Fath al-Mas'ud ibn Tahir al-Wazzan	Brother of vizier al-Husayn ibn Tahir al-Wazzan. 1st tenure, as wāsiṭa rather than full vizier.		^[36]
1020	1021	Abu'l-Husayn Ammar ibn Muhammad	Isma'ili official, served as wāsiṭa with the titles of al-amīr al-khaṭīr ("the significant commander") and raʿīs al-ruʿasāʾ ("chief headsman", lit. '"head of heads"'). He was in office during al-Hakim's disappearance and supervised the accession of al-Zahir, but was executed a few days after completing seven months in office.		^[36]
1020	1021	Abu'l-Husayn Ammar ibn Muhammad		Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah (1021–1036)	^[36]
1022	1022	Musa ibn al-Hasan	In office for nine months as wāsiṭa with the titles of yadd al-dawla ("hand of the realm") and abū'l-futūḥ ("father of victories"), before being deposed, imprisoned, and executed.		^[37]
1023	1024	Abu'l-Fath al-Mas'ud ibn Tahir al-Wazzan	Second tenure, as full vizier		^[36]
1024	1027	Abu Muhammad al-Hasan ibn Salih al-Ruzbari	A veteran official, served as governor of Ramla and Syria and head of the army bureau before being appointed vizier with the title of ʿamīd al-dawla wa naṣīḥuhā ("support and councillor of the realm"). Despite his advanced age, he was mistreated by the Caliph, who dismissed him and then restored him to office, only to dismiss him again.		^[37]
1027	1045	Abu'l-Qasim Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i	Member of an Iraqi family which moved to Egypt and became an administrator. Complaints against him led Caliph al-Hakim to cut off his hands, but al-Zahir appointed him vizier. He was in office when al-Zahir died, and supervised the accession of al-Mustansir, serving as his vizier until his death. He bore the titles al-wazīr al-ajall ("the most illustrious vizier"), al-awḥad ("the unique"), and ṣafī amīr al-muʿminīn wa khāliṣatuh ("the true and chosen friend of the commander of the faithful").		^[38]
1027	1045	Abu'l-Qasim Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i		al-Mustansir Billah (1036–1094)	^[38]
1045	1047	Abu Mansur Sadaqah ibn Yusuf al-Falahi	A Jewish convert, he was a close friend and aide of al-Jarjara'i, who nominated him as his successor. Nevertheless, he was obliged to share his office with Abu Sa'd al-Tustari, the steward of the Caliph's mother. He managed to have his rival eliminated, but as himself soon after deposed and killed at the instigation of al-Muntasir's mother. He bore the titles al-wazīr al-ajall, tāj al-riyāsa ("crown of the leadership"), fakhr al-mulk ("glory of the kingship"), and muṣṭafā amīr al-muʿminīn ("the chosen one of the commander of the faithful").		^[39]
1045	1047	Abu Sa'd al-Tustari	The original owner of al-Muntasir's mother, he later became her chief steward. He was killed at the instigation of his co-vizier.		^[40]
1048	1049	Abu'l-Barakat al-Husayn al-Jarjara'i	Brother of the vizier Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i, he was unpopular as he sent many into exile or prison and confiscated their properties. He was imprisoned and then exiled to Syria at the Caliph's orders. He bore the honorifics sayyid al-wuzarāʾ ("lord of viziers"), ẓahīr al-aʿimmah ("helper of the imams"), samāʾ al-khulaṣāʾ ("sky of the sincere ones"), and fakhr al-ummah ("glory of the [Muslim] community").		^[41]
1049	1050	Abu'l-Fadl Sa'id ibn Masud	A career scribe, he was head of the bureau of Syria before being appointed as wāsiṭa, with the titles ʿamīd al-mulk ("support of the kingship") and zayn al-kufāt ("ornament of the capable ones").		^[41]
1050	1058	Abu Muhammad al-Hasan ibn ali ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Yazuri	Of lowly origin, he rose quickly to prominence as steward of al-Mustansir's mother, and was appointed vizier during a period of severe crisis. As a result, he was able to extract several concessions from al-Mustansir, who was eager to distance himself from governance: although he was a Sunni, al-Yazuri was named chief Isma'ili missionary (dāʿī al-duʿāt). After subduing an Arab revolt, his name was included on the coins alongside the Caliph's. He was imprisoned and executed on the Caliph's orders after depleting the treasury, at a time when Egypt suffered from famine, pursuing his ambition of capturing Baghdad and finally replacing the Abbasid Caliphate with the Fatimids. He held the titles of al-wazīr al-ajall, al-awḥad, al-makīn ("the firm one"), sayyid al-wuzarāʾ, tāj al-aṣfiyāʾ ("crown of the pure ones"), qāḍī al-quḍāt ("chief judge", lit. '"qāḍī' of qāḍīs") and dāʿī al-duʿāt ("chief missionary", lit. '"dāʿī' of dāʿīs"), ʿalam al-majd ("world of glory") and khāliṣat amīr al-muʿminīn ("chosen one of the commander of the faithful").		^[42]
1058	1058	Abu'l-Faraj Abdallah ibn Muhammad al-Babili	A mathematician and author who worked as scribe for al-Yazuri. He briefly succeeded him as vizier for the first of three tenures, lasting two months and 14 days. He bore the titles al-wazīr al-ajall, al-asʿad ("the auspicious"), al-makīn, al-ḥāfiz ("the protector"), al-amjad ("the glorious"), al-amīn ("the trustworthy one"), ʿamīd al-khilāfah ("support of the caliphate"), jalāl al-wuzarāʾ ("glory of the viziers"), tāj al-mamlaka ("crown of the kingdom"), wazīr al-imāama ("councillor of the imamate"), sharaf al-milla ("honour of the religion"), kafīl al-dīn ("patron of the Faith"), khalīl amīr al-muʿminīn wa khāliṣatuh ("the true and chosen beloved of the commander of the faithful").		^[43]
1058	1060	Abu'l-Faraj Muhammad ibn Ja'far al-Maghribi	An official under al-Yazuri and imprisoned by al-Babili, he was appointed to the vizierate after al-Babili's dismissal. He was the first to be re-employed after his dismissal two years later, being appointed head of the chancery (dīwān al-inshāʾ). He bore the titles of al-wazīr al-ajall, al-kāmil ("the perfect one"), al-awḥad, and ṣafī amīr al-muʿminīn wa khāliṣatuh.		^[44]
1060	1060	Abu'l-Faraj Abdallah ibn Muhammad al-Babili	Second tenure as vizier, for four months and ten days.		^[43]
1061	1061	Abdallah ibn Yahya ibn Mudabbir	Scion of a line of Abbasid viziers and a learned Sufi. His first tenure was of short duration. He bore the titles of al-wazīr al-ajall, al-ʿādil ("the just"), al-amīr ("the commander"), sharaf al-wuzarāʾ ("honour of the viziers"), sayyid al-ruʿasāʾ ("lord of the headsmen"), tāj al-aṣfiyā, ʿizz al-dīn ("glory of the Faith"), mughīth al-Muslimīn ("succourer of the Muslims"), and khalīl amīr al-muʿminīn ("beloved of the commander of the faithful").		^[45]
1061	1062	Abd al-Karim ibn Abd al-Hakim	The scion of a Syrian family of qāḍīs, his tenure lasted for five months, cut short by his death. He held the titles of al-wazīr al-ajall, fakhr al-wuzarāʾ ("glory of the viziers"), ʿamīd al-ruʿasāʾ ("dean of the headsmen"), qāḍī al-quḍāt wa dāʿī al-duʿāt, majd al-maʿālī ("glorious excellency"), kafīl al-dīn, and yamīn al-muʿminīn ("right hand of the commander of the faithful").		^[45]
1062	1062	Abu Ali Ahmad ibn Abd al-Hakim	A qāḍī and son of the vizier Abd al-Karim ibn Abd al-Hakim, becoming thus the first Fatimid vizier to succeed his father. Died after 17 days in office, probably of natural causes. Other than a reputation for piousness, his life is unknown. He held the titles of al-wazīr al-ajall, qāḍī al-quḍāt wa dāʿī al-duʿāt, thiqat al-Muslimīn ("the one trusted by the Muslims"), and khalīl amīr al-muʿminīn.		^[46]
1062	1062	Abu Abdallah al-Husayn ibn Sadid	An official from Damascus, he held the office for six months before being dismissed and returning to Syria as its governor. He held the titles of al-wazīr al-sayyid al-ajall, al-kāmil, and al-awḥad.		^[47]
1062	1062	Abu'l-Faraj Abdallah ibn Muhammad al-Babili	Third tenure, for five months, until his death.		^[43]
1063		Abu Ahmad Ahmad ibn Abd al-Karim ibn Abd al-Hakim	Two tenures, for three and a half months in total, alternating with the office of qāḍī al-quḍāt. He had the titles of al-wazīr al-ajall, al-awḥad, sayyid al-wuzarāʾ, majd al-aṣfiyāʾ ("exaltation of the pure ones"), and qāḍī al-quḍāt wa dāʿī al-duʿāt.		^[47]
		Abdallah ibn Yahya ibn Mudabbir	Second and brief tenure, cut short by his death.		^[45]
		Abu Ghalib Abd al-Zahir ibn Fadl ibn al-Ajami	First tenure for three months. He bore the titles of al-wazīr al-ajall, al-awḥad, al-asʿad, tāj al-wuzarāʾ ("crown of the viziers"), al-amīn, al-makīn, sharaf al-kufāt ("honour of the capable ones"), dhū'l-mafākhir ("the prideful one"), and khalīl amīr al-muʿminīn.		^[47]
		al-Hasan ibn al-Qadi ibn Kudaynah	First of five tenures held between 1063 and 1073, along with holding the office of qāḍī al-quḍāt six times. He is remembered as a cruel and tyrannical man. He held the titles al-wazīr al-ajall, al-awḥad, jalāl al-Islām ("glory of Islam"), ẓāhir al-imām ("the external [representative] of the Imam"), qāḍī al-quḍāt wa dāʿī al-duʿāt, sharaf al-majd, and khalīl amīr al-muʿminīn.		^[48]
1064		Abu'l-Makarim al-Musharraf ibn As'ad al-Babili	First tenure of two months. He bore the titles of al-wazīr al-ajall, al-ʿādil, and khalīl amīr al-muʿminīn.		^[48]
		Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn Abi Sa'd Ibrahim ibn Sahl al-Tustari	From a wealthy merchant family, he was head of the treasury before becoming vizier, at the turn of AH 456/457. He resigned after only ten days. As a result, he only bore the titles al-ʿamīd and ʿalam al-kufāt ("world of the capable ones").		^[48]
		Abu Ghalib Abd al-Zahir ibn Fadl ibn al-Ajami	Second tenure of 34 days.		^[47]
1065		Abu'l-Makarim al-Musharraf ibn As'ad	Second tenure for less than two months.		^[48]
		Abu'l-Qasim Hibat Allah ibn Muhammad al-Ra'yani	Two tenures of ten days each. He held the titles of al-wazīr al-ajall, sayyid al-wuzarāʾ, tāj al-aṣfiyāʾ, and dhukrat amīr al-muʿminīn ("treasured friend of the commander of the faithful").		^[49]
		Abu'l-Hasan ali ibn al-Anbari	Deposed, and possibly killed, after less than a month in office. He held the titles of al-athīr ("the ethereal one") and kāfī al-kufāt ("the most capable one").		^[49]
		Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn Sadid al-Dawla Dhu'l-Kafalatayn	Vizier for a few days. He left the office due to the lack of respect shown him by officials and the dire sttae of the realm, and went to Syria. He returned to Egypt only later, dying shortly after. He held the titles of al-wazīr al-ajall, tāj al-riyāsa, ʿalam al-dīn ("world of the Faith"), and sayyid al-sādāt ("the supreme lord", lit. '"lord of lords"').		^[50]
		Abu Shuja Muhammad al-Ashraf	The son of Fakhr al-Mulk, a vizier under the Buyid sultan Baha al-Dawla, he was very wealthy and renowned for his integrity. His first tenure in December 1064 only lasted two days, and his second, in January–February 1065, about a month. In 1073 left for Syria, but was intercepted and executed by Badr al-Jamali. He bore the titles of al-ajall, al-muʿaẓẓam ("the exalted one"), and fakhr al-mulk.		^[51]^[52]
1066		Abu'l-Hasan Tahir ibn Wazir	A scribe in the chancery, he served as vizier for a few days before abandoning his post for his home city of Tripoli. He bore the titles al-ajall, al-wajīh ("the dignified"), sayyid al-kufāt ("lord of the capable ones"), nafīs al-dawla ("priceless [servant] of the realm"), and ẓahīr amīr al-muʿminīn ("helper of the commander of the faithful").		^[53]
		Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Abi Hamid	Scion of a wealthy Egyptian family from Tinnis, he was vizier for one day, before being dismissed and executed by the Caliph. He held the titles of al-qadīr ("the mighty"), al-ʿādil, shams al-umam ("sun of the nations", sayyid ruʿasāʾ al-sayf wa'l-qalam ("lord of the headsmen of the sword and the pen"), tāj al-ʿulā ("the highest crown"), ʿamīd al-hudā ("support of guidance"), sharaf al-dīn ("honour of the Faith"), ghayyāth al-Islām wa'l-Muslimīn ("succorer of Islam and the Muslims"), ḥamīm amīr al-muʿminīn ("intimate [friend] of the commander of the faithful").		^[53]
		Abu Sa'd Mansur ibn Zunbur	An Egyptian Christian, he was vizier for a few days before he fled the office when the army demanded to be paid, as the treasury was empty. He bore the titles of al-ajall, al-awḥad, al-makīn, al-sayyid, al-afḍal ("the best, the superior"), al-amīn, sharaf al-kufāt, ʿamīd al-khilāfah, muḥibb amīr al-muʿminīn ("lover of the commander of the faithful").		^[53]
1066	1073	The exact history of the viziers during this period is unclear as they alternated often and with extremely short tenures, so that many were never even recorded, while others, like Ibn Kudaynah, held the office multiple times.			^[54]
1072	1072	Abu Ghalib Abd al-Zahir ibn Fadl ibn al-Ajami	Third and last tenure, amidst a collapsing regime and a famine so severe that cannibalism was reported. He was killed after a few days.		^[55]
1073		Abu'l-Ala Abd al-Ghani ibn Nasr ibn Sa'id al-Dayf	Ibn al-Sayrafi reports that he was a wāsiṭa and in office until the arrival of Badr al-Jamali, but other authors dispute this: Ibn Muyassar reports that Abd al-Ghani only was in office for a few days, and that Ibn Kudaynah was vizier when Badr al-Jamali came to Cairo. He held the titles of al-ṣādiq ("the honest"), al-muʿmīn ("the faithful"), makīn al-dawla wa amīnuha ("firm support and servant of the realm").		^[56]
1073		al-Hasan ibn al-Qadi ibn Kudaynah	Fifth and final tenure, according to al-Maqrizi for about a year. He was executed by Badr al-Jamali in person.		^[57]
1074	1094	Badr al-Jamali	Armenian ghulām and general, served until his death. He bore the titles al-sayyid al-ajall ("the most exalted lord"), amīr al-juyūsh ("commander of the armies"), sayf al-Islām ("sword of Islam"), and nāṣir al-imām ("protector of the Imam").		^[56]
1094	1121	al-Afdal Shahanshah	Son of Badr al-Jamali, he succeeded his father during the last year of his life, when Badr fell ill. After the death of al-Mustansir, he orchestrated the accession of al-Mustansir's younger son al-Musta'li over his older brother Nizar. Nizar was killed in the subsequent confrontation, leading to the split between the split of the Nizari and Musta'li branches of Isma'ilism. After al-Musta'li's death, he placed his son al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah on the throne. In foreign affairs, his tenure was dominated by his incessant campaigns against the Crusader states in the Levant. Al-Afdal remained the de facto ruler of Egypt until his assassination in 1121. He bore the titles al-sayyid al-ajall, al-afḍal, sayf al-imām ("sword of the Imam"), jalāl al-Islām, sharaf al-ānām ("honour of mankind"), nāṣir al-dīn ("protector of the Faith"), and khalīl amīr al-muʿminīn.		^[58]
				al-Musta'li (1094–1101)
				Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah (1101–1130)
1121	1125	Abu Abdallah al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi	Previously chief of staff for al-Afdal and author of several reforms, he may have been involved in the latter's assassination, along with Caliph al-Amir.^[59] As vizier, he gained a reputation for justice and generosity, and was a patron of learning; he undertook a census of Egypt, and commissioned a history of the vizierate.^[60] His downfall in 1125 was abrupt and remains a mystery, as the sources can only speculate on the reasons; likely al-Amir resented his extensive authority. Al-Bata'ihi was executed and crucified by the Caliph in 1128.^[61]^[62] He bore the titles al-sayyid al-ajall, tāj al-khilāfah ("crown of the caliphate"), ʿizz al-Islām ("glory of Islam"), fakhr al-ānām ("glory of mankind"), and niẓām al-dīn ("order of the Faith").		^[63]
1125	1130	position vacant			^[64]
1130	1130	Hizar al-Mulk Hazarmard	A favourite of al-Amir, he was vizier for about two weeks following the death of al-Amir and the proclamation of Abu al-Majid (the future Caliph al-Hafiz li-Din Allah) as regent. He was deposed and executed when the army rose in revolt under Kutayfat.	Regency of Abd al-Majid	^[65]^[66]

1130	1131	Abu Ali Ahmad ibn al-Afdal Shahanshah (Kutayfat)	The son of al-Afdal Shahanshah, he seized dictatorical powers after the murder of Caliph al-Amir. He kept Abd al-Majid as nominal regent, but he soon changed the official state doctrine to Twelver Imamism and ruled as the deputy (nāʾib) and deputy (khalīfa) of the Expected Imam, sidelining the Fatimids. He ruled for 13 months and 13 days before he was murdered in a coup organized by the disgruntled Fatimid elites.		^[65]^[67]
1131	1132	Abu'l-Fath Yanis	An Armenian Christian military slave, he played the leading role in the assassination of Kutayfat and was rewarded with the position of vizier. His growing power made him a threat to the Caliph al-Hafiz, who had him killed after little over nine months in office.	^[64]^[68]^[69]
1131	1132	Abu'l-Fath Yanis		^[64]^[68]^[69]	al-Hafiz li-Din Allah (1132–1149)
1132	1134	position vacant		^[65]^[70]
1134	1134	Sulayman ibn al-Hafiz li-Din Allah	Son and designated successor of al-Hafiz, he died two months after receiving the powers of the vizierate.	^[71]^[72]
1134	1134	Haydara ibn al-Hafiz li-Din Allah	A younger son of al-Hafiz, he was named designated successor and vizier after the death of Sulayman.	^[71]^[72]
1134	1135	Hasan ibn al-Hafiz li-Din Allah	A younger son of al-Hafiz, he forced his father to name him vizier and heir-apparent on 19 July 1135. After he killed a number of senior commanders, the army demanded his execution. Al-Hafiz had him poisoned in March/April 1135.	^[71]^[73]
1135	1137	Abu Muzaffar Bahram al-Armani	An Armenian Christian. The favour he showed to Christians, and especially the encouragement of Armenian immigration, led to an anti-Christian backlash among the Muslim population, and he was forced out of office in February 1137 by the Sunni Ridwan ibn Walakhshi. He bore the titles of tāj al-mulūk ("crown of the kingship") and sayf al-Islām.	^[71]^[74]
1137	1139	Ridwan ibn Walakhshi	A Sunni Egyptian military commander and governor of Ascalon. He was the first vizier to claim the title of al-malik ("king"). His tenure was marked by the replacement of Christian officials by Muslims, and the imposition of restrictions on Christians and Jews. Ridwan also aimed to depose the Fatimids in favour of a Sunni regime headed by himself, but was thwarted by al-Hafiz, who raised the people of Cairo and the army against him and evicted him from the capital. Ridwan surrendered and was imprisoned in the palace, only to escape and lead another rebellion in 1148, during which he was murdered on the Caliph's instructions.	^[74]^[75]^[76]
1138	1149	position vacant		^[74]
1149	1149	Najm al-Din Muhammad ibn Masal	A military commander from the Maghreb, he was "supervisor of affairs" (nāẓir fi'l-umūr) since 1145, but became vizier only after the accession of al-Zafir, holding the office for two months before being deposed and killed by al-Adil ibn al-Sallar after trying to purge the army to restore discipline in its ranks.	al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah (1149–1154)	^[77]
1149	1153	al-Adil ibn al-Sallar	He was governor of Alexandria when he deposed and replaced Ibn Masal. His tenure lasted three and a half years, during which he was scored significant successes against the Crusaders. He was murdered following a conspiracy by his own stepson, Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh, and the latter's companion Usama ibn Munqidh.		^[78]
1153	1154	Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh	Seized power after murdering his stepfather. He had Caliph Al-Zafir assassinated and raised al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah to the throne, but was himself deposed soon after.		^[79]
1153	1154	Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh		al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah (1154–1160)	^[79]
1154	1160	Tala'i ibn Ruzzik	During his long tenure, he was the de facto ruler of Egypt. He was a patron of scholars and tried to bridle the army commanders, while engaging Egypt in continuous war against the Crusaders.	al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah (1154–1160)	^[80]
1154	1160	Tala'i ibn Ruzzik		al-Adid li-Din Allah	^[80]
1160	1162	Ruzzik ibn Tala'i	Son of Tala'i ibn Ruzzik, he was of generous disposition, giving tax exemptions and lowering fees for court cases.		^[80]
1162	August 1163	Shawar ibn Mujir al-Sa'di	Sunni Arab military officer, together with Dirgham he killed Ruzzik ibn Tala'i. He rose to the vizierate at a time when the Fatimid regime had virtually collapsed, and the caliph become a purely symbolic presence amidst the infighting of various military commanders.		^[81]
31 August 1163	May/June or July/August 1164	Dirgham ibn Amir ibn Suqar al-Lukhami	Sunni military officer from Yemen, a distinguished warrior and poet, he rose to high offices under Tala'i and Ruzzik. He led the army in a revolt against Shawar, who was ousted and fled to Syria. Dirgham became vizier with the title al-malik al-manṣūr ("victorious king"), but was unable to secure broad backing for his regime. When Shawar returned with the aid of Shirkuh, he defeated Dirgham's forces, and numerous defections began. Dirgham was captured and killed while fleeing Cairo in May/June or July/August 1164.		^[82]^[83]
1163	1168	Shawar ibn Mujir al-Sa'di	Restored for a second tenure, he was unable to master the crisis resulting from the Crusader invasion and the military factionalism in the capital. As a result, he called in Shirkuh for aid.		^[82]
1168	1169	Asad al-Din Shirkuh	A Kurdish general of the Zengids, called in to assist Shawar and became vizier as a reward after repelling the Crusaders. He died in office after two months.		^[82]
1169	1171	Saladin	Nephew and successor of Shirkuh, he deposed the Fatimid Caliphate and founded his own Ayyubid dynasty instead.		^[82]

From	To	Doge	Notes
12 October 1528	4 January 1531	Oberto Cattaneo Lazzari
4 January 1531	4 January 1533	Battista Spinola
4 January 1533	4 January 1535	Battista Lomellini
4 January 1535	4 January 1537	Cristoforo Grimaldi Rosso
4 January 1537	4 January 1539	Giovanni Battista Doria
4 January 1539	4 January 1541	Giannandrea Giustiniani Longo
4 January 1541	4 January 1543	Leonardo Cattaneo della Volta
4 January 1543	4 January 1545	Andrea Centurione Pietrasanta
4 January 1545	4 January 1547	Giovanni Battista De Fornari
4 January 1547	4 January 1549	Benedetto Gentile Pevere
4 January 1549	4 January 1551	Gaspare Grimaldi Bracelli
4 January 1551	4 January 1553	Luca Spinola
4 January 1553	4 January 1555	Giacomo Promontorio
4 January 1555	4 January 1557	Agostino Pinelli Ardimenti
4 January 1557	3 December 1558	Pietro Giovanni Chiavica Cibo	Died in office.
4 January 1559	4 January 1561	Girolamo Vivaldi
4 January 1561	27 September 1561	Paolo Battista Giudice Calvi	Died in office.
4 October 1561	4 October 1563	Giovanni Battista Cicala Zoagli
7 October 1563	7 October 1565	Giovanni Battista Lercari
11 October 1565	11 October 1567	Ottavio Gentile Oderico
15 October 1567	3 October 1569	Simone Spinola
6 October 1569	6 October 1571	Paolo Giustiniani Moneglia
10 October 1571	10 October 1573	Giannotto Lomellini
16 October 1573	17 October 1575	Giacomo Grimaldi Durazzo
17 October 1575	17 October 1577	Prospero Centurione Fattinanti
19 October 1577	19 October 1579	Giovanni Battista Gentile Pignolo
20 October 1579	20 October 1581	Nicolò Doria
21 October 1581	21 October 1583	Gerolamo De Franchi Toso
4 November 1583	4 November 1585	Gerolamo Chiavari
8 November 1585	13 November 1587	Ambrogio Di Negro
14 November 1587	14 November 1589	Davide Vacca
20 November 1589	15 November 1591	Battista Negrone
27 November 1591	26 November 1593	Giovanni Agostino Giustiniani Campi
27 November 1593	26 November 1595	Antonio Grimaldi Cebà
5 December 1595	4 December 1597	Matteo Senarega
7 December 1597	15 February 1599	Lazzaro Grimaldi Cebà

President of the Republic of Tunisia
رئيس الجمهورية التونسية Président de la République tunisienne
Standard of the President of Tunisia
Incumbent Kaïs Saïed since 23 October 2019
Style	Son Excellence
Residence	Palace of the Republic, Carthage
Term length	Five years, renewable once
Inaugural holder	Habib Bourguiba
Formation	25 July 1957
Website	www.carthage.tn

From	To	Doge	Notes
22 February 1599	21 February 1601	Lorenzo Sauli
24 February 1601	25 February 1603	Agostino Doria
26 February 1603	27 February 1605	Pietro De Franchi Sacco
1 March 1605	2 March 1607	Luca Grimaldi De Castro
3 March 1607	17 March 1607	Silvestro Invrea
22 March 1607	23 March 1609	Gerolamo Assereto
1 April 1609	2 April 1611	Agostino Pinelli Luciani
6 April 1611	6 April 1613	Alessandro Giustiniani Longo
21 April 1613	21 April 1615	Tomaso Spinola
25 April 1615	25 April 1617	Bernardo Clavarezza
25 April 1617	29 April 1619	Giovanni Giacomo Imperiale Tartaro
2 May 1619	2 May 1621	Pietro Durazzo
4 May 1621	12 June 1621	Ambrogio Doria	Died in office.
22 June 1621	22 June 1623	Giorgio Centurione
25 June 1623	16 June 1625	Federico De Franchi Toso
16 June 1625	25 June 1627	Giacomo Lomellini
28 June 1627	28 June 1629	Giovanni Luca Chiavari
26 June 1629	26 June 1631	Andrea Spinola
30 June 1631	30 June 1633	Leonardo Della Torre
5 July 1633	5 July 1635	Giovanni Stefano Doria
11 July 1635	11 July 1637	Giovanni Francesco I Brignole Sale
13 July 1637	13 July 1639	Agostino Pallavicini
28 July 1639	28 July 1641	Giovanni Battista Durazzo
14 August 1641	19 June 1642	Giovanni Agostino De Marini	Died in office.
4 July 1642	4 July 1644	Giovanni Battista Lercari
21 July 1644	21 July 1646	Luca Giustiniani
24 July 1646	24 July 1648	Giovanni Battista Lomellini
1 August 1648	1 August 1650	Giacomo De Franchi Toso

From	To	Doge	Notes
23 August 1650	23 August 1652	Agostino Centurione
8 September 1652	8 September 1654	Gerolamo De Franchi Toso
9 October 1654	9 October 1656	Alessandro Spinola
12 October 1656	12 October 1658	Giulio Sauli
15 October 1658	15 October 1660	Giovanni Battista Centurione
28 October 1660	22 March 1661	Gian Bernardo Frugoni	Died in office.
28 March 1661	29 March 1663	Antoniotto Invrea
13 April 1663	12 April 1665	Stefano De Mari
18 April 1665	18 April 1667	Cesare Durazzo
10 May 1667	10 May 1669	Cesare Gentile
18 June 1669	18 June 1671	Francesco Garbarino
27 June 1671	27 June 1673	Alessandro Grimaldi
5 July 1673	4 July 1675	Agostino Saluzzo
11 July 1675	11 July 1677	Antonio Da Passano
16 July 1677	16 July 1679	Giannettino Odone
29 July 1679	29 July 1681	Agostino Spinola
13 August 1681	13 August 1683	Luca Maria Invrea
18 August 1683	18 August 1685	Francesco Maria Imperiale Lercari
23 August 1685	23 August 1687	Pietro Durazzo
27 August 1687	27 August 1689	Luca Spinola
31 August 1689	1 September 1691	Oberto Della Torre
4 September 1691	5 September 1693	Giovanni Battista Cattaneo Della Volta
9 September 1693	9 September 1695	Francesco Invrea
16 September 1695	16 September 1697	Bendinelli Negrone
19 September 1697	26 May 1699	Francesco Maria Sauli	Died in office.

From	To	Doge	Notes
3 June 1699	3 June 1701	Girolamo De Mari
7 June 1701	7 June 1703	Federico De Franchi Toso
1 August 1703	1 August 1705	Antonio Grimaldi
22 August 1705	22 August 1707	Stefano Onorato Ferretti
9 September 1707	9 September 1709	Domenico Maria De Mari
14 September 1709	14 September 1711	Vincenzo Durazzo
22 September 1711	22 September 1713	Francesco Maria Imperiale
22 September 1713	22 September 1715	Giovanni Antonio Giustiniani
26 September 1715	26 September 1717	Lorenzo Centurione
30 September 1717	30 September 1719	Benedetto Viale
4 October 1719	4 October 1721	Ambrogio Imperiale
8 October 1721	8 October 1723	Cesare De Franchi Toso
13 October 1723	13 October 1725	Domenico Negrone
18 January 1726	18 January 1728	Gerolamo Veneroso
22 January 1728	22 January 1730	Luca Grimaldi
20 January 1730	20 January 1732	Francesco Maria Balbi
29 January 1732	29 January 1734	Domenico Maria Spinola
3 February 1734	3 February 1736	Stefano Durazzo
7 February 1736	7 February 1738	Nicolò Cattaneo Della Volta	2nd King of Corsica (following the downfall of Theodor Stephan Freiherr von Neuhoff, the island was annexed to Genoa and the doges also became Kings of Corsica).
7 February 1738	7 February 1740	Costantino Balbi	3rd King of Corsica
16 February 1740	16 February 1742	Nicolò Spinola	4th King of Corsica
20 February 1742	20 February 1744	Domenico Canevaro	5th King of Corsica
1 February 1744	1 February 1746	Lorenzo De Mari	6th King of Corsica
3 March 1746	3 March 1748	Giovanni Francesco II Brignole Sale	7th King of Corsica
6 March 1748	6 March 1750	Cesare Cattaneo Della Volta	8th King of Corsica

From	To	Doge	Notes
10 March 1750	10 March 1752	Agostino Viale	9th King of Corsica
28 March 1752	7 June 1752	Stefano Lomellini	10th King of Corsica. Abdicated
7 June 1752	7 June 1754	Giovanni Battista Grimaldi	11th King of Corsica
23 June 1754	23 June 1756	Gian Giacomo Veneroso	12th and last King of Corsica
22 June 1756	22 June 1758	Giovanni Giacomo Grimaldi
22 August 1758	22 August 1760	Matteo Franzoni
22 September 1760	10 September 1762	Agostino Lomellini
25 November 1762	25 November 1764	Rodolfo Emilio Brignole Sale
29 January 1765	29 January 1767	Francesco Maria Della Rovere
3 February 1767	3 February 1769	Marcello Durazzo
16 February 1769	16 February 1771	Giovanni Battista Negrone
16 April 1771	16 April 1773	Giovanni Battista Cambiaso
7 January 1773	9 January 1773	Ferdinando Spinola
26 January 1773	26 January 1775	Pier Francesco Grimaldi
31 January 1775	31 January 1777	Brizio Giustiniani
4 February 1777	4 February 1779	Giuseppe Lomellini
4 March 1779	4 March 1781	Giacomo Maria Brignole
8 March 1781	8 March 1783	Marco Antonio Gentile
6 May 1783	6 May 1785	Giovanni Battista Ayroli
6 June 1785	6 June 1787	Gian Carlo Pallavicino
4 July 1787	4 July 1789	Raffaele Agostino De Ferrari
30 July 1789	30 July 1791	Alerame Maria Pallavicini
3 September 1791	3 September 1793	Michelangelo Cambiaso
16 September 1793	16 September 1795	Giuseppe Maria Doria
17 November 1795	17 November 1797	Giacomo Maria Brignole	Final Genoese Doge. Position abolished after Napoleon took Genoa.

S. n.	Name	Birth date	Death date	Reign	Notes
–	Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid ibn Abi Hafs	unknown	1222	1207–1222	Not yet a sultan, just a local minor leader.
–	Abu Muhammad Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Wahid	unknown	1229	1222–1229	Not yet a sultan, just a local minor leader.
1st	Abu Zakariya Yahya	1203	5 October 1249	1229–1249
2nd	Muhammad I al-Mustansir	1228	1277	1249–1277
3rd	Yahya II al-Wathiq	1249	1279	1277–1279
4th	Ibrahim I	1234	1283	1279–1283
5th	Abd al-Aziz I	unknown	1283	1283
6th	Ibn Abi Umara	unknown	1284	1283–1284
7th	Abu Hafs Umar bin Yahya	1245	1295	1284–1295
8th	Abu Asida Muhammad II	1279	September 1309	1295–1309
9th	Abu Yahya Abu Bakr ash-Shahid	unknown	September 1309	1309
10th	Abu-l-Baqa Khalid An-Nasr	c.1283	1311	1309–1311
11th	Abd al-Wahid Zakariya ibn al-Lihyani	1253	1326	1311–1317
12th	Abu Darba Muhammad Al-Mustansir	1274	1323	1317–1318
13th	Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II	1293	19 October 1346	1318–1346
14th	Abu-l Abbas Ahmad	unknown	1346	1346
15th	Abu Hafs Umar II	unknown	1347	1346–1347
16th	Abu al-Abbas Ahmad al-Fadl al-Mutawakkil	unknown	1350	1347–1350
17th	Abu Ishaq Ibrahim II	October or November 1336	19 February 1369	1350–1369
18th	Abu-l-Baqa Khalid II	unknown	November 1370	1369–1370
19th	Ahmad II	1329	3 June 1394	1370–1394
20th	Abd al-Aziz II	1361	July 1434	1394–1434
21st	Abu Abd-Allah Muhammad al-Muntasir	unknown	16 September 1435	1434–1435
22nd	Abu 'Amr 'Uthman	February 1419	September 1488	1435–1488
23rd	Abu Zakariya Yahya II	unknown	1489	1488–1489
24th	Abd al-Mu'min	unknown	1490	1489–1490
25th	Abu Yahya Zakariya III	unknown	1494	1490–1494
26th	Abu Abdallah Muhammad IV al-Mutawakkil	unknown	1526	1494–1526
27th	Muhammad V (“Moulay Hasan”)	unknown	1543	1526–1543
28th	Ahmad III	c. 1500	August 1575	1543–1569
Ottoman conquest (1569–1573)
29th	Muhammad VI	unknown	1594	1573–1574

Name	Lifespan	Reign start	Reign end	Notes	Family
Murad I Bey مراد الأول	? – 1631	1613	1631		Muradid
Hammuda Pasha Bey حمودة باشا باي	? – (1666-04-13)13 April 1666	1631	1666	Son of Murad I Bey	Muradid
Murad II Bey مراد باي الثاني	? – 1675	1666	1675 (murdered)	Son of Hammuda Pasha Bey	Muradid
Mohamed Bey El Mouradi^[86] محمد باي المرادي	? – (1696-10-14)14 October 1696	1675	14 October 1696	Son of Murad II Bey	Muradid
Ramadan Bey^[87] رمضان باي المرادي	? – 16 March 1699	14 October 1696	16 March 1699	Son of Murad II Bey	Muradid
Murad III Bey^[87] مراد باي الثالث	1680 – 9 June 1702	16 March 1699	9 June 1702	Grandson of Murad II Bey	Muradid

Name	Lifespan	Reign start	Reign end	Notes	Family
Al-Husayn I ibn Ali الحسين الأول بن علي التركي	1669 – 13 March 1740 (aged 71)	15 July 1705	7 September 1735 (deposed)	The founder of the Husainid dynasty	Husainid
Abu l-Hasan Ali I أبو الحسن علي الأول	(1688-06-30)30 June 1688 – 22 September 1756(1756-09-22) (aged 68)	7 September 1735	22 September 1756	Nephew of Al-Husayn I ibn Ali	Husainid
Muhammad I ar-Rashid محمد الأول الرشيد	1710 – 12 February 1759 (aged 49)	22 September 1756	12 February 1759	Son of Al-Husayn I ibn Ali	Husainid
Ali II ibn Hussein علي الثاني بن حسين	(1712-11-24)24 November 1712 – 26 May 1782(1782-05-26) (aged 69)	12 February 1759	26 May 1782	Son of Al-Husayn I ibn Ali	Husainid
Hammuda ibn Ali حمودة بن علي	(1759-12-09)9 December 1759 – 15 September 1814(1814-09-15) (aged 54)	26 May 1782	15 September 1814	Son of Ali II ibn Hussein	Husainid
Uthman ibn Ali عثمان بن علي	(1763-05-27)27 May 1763 – 20 December 1814(1814-12-20) (aged 51)	15 September 1814	20 December 1814 (murdered)	Son of Ali II ibn Hussein	Husainid
Mahmud ibn Muhammad محمود بن محمد	(1757-07-10)10 July 1757 – 28 March 1824(1824-03-28) (aged 66)	20 December 1814	28 March 1824	Son of Muhammad I ar-Rashid	Husainid
Al-Husayn II ibn Mahmud الحسين الثاني بن محمود	(1784-03-05)5 March 1784 – 20 May 1835(1835-05-20) (aged 51)	28 March 1824	20 May 1835	Son of Mahmud ibn Muhammad	Husainid
Mustafa ibn Mahmud مصطفى بن محمود	1786 – 10 October 1837 (aged 51)	20 May 1835	10 October 1837	Son of Mahmud ibn Muhammad	Husainid
Ahmad I ibn Mustafa Ahmad Bey أحمد الأول بن مصطفى	(1806-12-02)2 December 1806 – 30 May 1855(1855-05-30) (aged 48)	10 October 1837	30 May 1855	Son of Mustafa ibn Mahmud	Husainid
Muhammad II ibn al-Husayn M'hamed Bey محمد الثاني بن الحسين	(1811-09-18)18 September 1811 – 22 September 1859(1859-09-22) (aged 48)	30 May 1855	22 September 1859	Son of Al-Husayn II ibn Mahmud	Husainid
Muhammad III as-Sadiq Sadok Bey محمد الثالث الصادق	(1813-02-07)7 February 1813 – 27 October 1882(1882-10-27) (aged 69)	22 September 1859	27 October 1882	Son of Al-Husayn II ibn Mahmud	Husainid
Ali III ibn al-Husayn Ali Bey علي الثالث بن الحسين	(1817-08-14)14 August 1817 – 11 June 1902(1902-06-11) (aged 84)	28 October 1882	11 June 1902	Son of Al-Husayn II ibn Mahmud	Husainid
Muhammad IV al-Hadi Hédi Bey محمد الرابع الهادي	(1855-06-24)24 June 1855 – 11 May 1906(1906-05-11) (aged 50)	11 June 1902	11 May 1906	Son of Ali III ibn al-Husayn	Husainid
Muhammad V an-Nasir Naceur Bey محمد الخامس الناصر	(1855-07-14)14 July 1855 – 10 July 1922(1922-07-10) (aged 66)	11 May 1906	10 July 1922	Son of Muhammad II ibn al-Husayn	Husainid
Muhammad VI al-Habib Habib Bey محمد السادس الحبيب	(1858-08-13)13 August 1858 – 11 February 1929(1929-02-11) (aged 70)	10 July 1922	11 February 1929^[89]	Cousin of Muhammad V an-Nasir	Husainid
Ahmad II ibn Ali Ahmed Bey أحمد الثاني بن علي	(1862-04-13)13 April 1862 – 19 June 1942(1942-06-19) (aged 80)	11 February 1929	19 June 1942^[90]	Son of Ali III ibn al-Husayn	Husainid
Muhammad VII al-Munsif Moncef Bey محمد السابع المنصف	(1881-03-04)4 March 1881 – 1 September 1948(1948-09-01) (aged 67)	19 June 1942	15 May 1943 (deposed)^[91]	Son of Muhammad V an-Nasir	Husainid
Muhammad VIII al-Amin Lamine Bey محمد الثامن الأمين	(1881-09-04)4 September 1881 – 30 September 1962(1962-09-30) (aged 81)	15 May 1943	20 March 1956 (proclaimed King of Tunisia)	Son of Muhammad VI al-Habib	Husainid

No.	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office				Election	Monarch (Bey / King)
1	Rejeb Khaznadar رجب خزندار (c. 1720–1797)	•	12 February 1759	26 May 1782	Independent	None	Ali II علي الثاني (1759–1782)
2	Moustapha Khodja مصطفى خوجة (c. 1720–1800)	•	26 May 1782	1800	Independent		Hammouda I حمودة الأول (1782–1814)
3	Youssef Saheb Ettabaa يوسف صاحب الطابع (c. 1765–1815)	•	1800	23 January 1815	Independent		Othman I عثمان الأول (1814)
4	Mohamed Larbi Zarrouk Khaznadar محمد العربي زروق خزندار (1760–1822)	•	1815	1822	Independent		Mahmoud I محمود الأول (1814–1824)
5	Hussein Khodja حسين خوجة (c.1780–1857)	•	1822	1829	Independent		Hussein II حسين الثاني (1824–1835)
6	Shakir Saheb Ettabaa شاكير صاحب الطابع (c. 1790–1837)	•	1829	1837	Independent		Mustafa I مصطفى الأول (1835–1837)
7	Mustapha Saheb Ettabaa مصطفى صاحب الطابع (1784–1861)	•	1837	1855	Independent		Ahmad I أحمد الأول (1837–1855)
8	Mustapha Khaznadar مصطفى خزندار (1817–1878)	•	1855	22 October 1873	Independent		Muhammad II محمد الثاني (1855–1859)
9	Hayreddin Pasha خير الدين باشا التونسي (1822–1890)	•	22 October 1873	21 July 1877	Independent		Muhammad III as-Sadiq محمد الثالث الصادق (1859–1882)
10	Mohammed Khaznadar محمد خزندار (c. 1810–1889)	•	21 July 1877	24 August 1878	Independent
11	Mustapha Ben Ismaïl مصطفى بن اسماعيل (c. 1850–1887)	•	24 August 1878	12 September 1881	Independent
(10)	Mohammed Khaznadar محمد خزندار (c. 1810–1889)	•	12 September 1881	October 1882	Independent
12	Mohammed Aziz Bouattour محمد العزيز بوعتور (1825–1907)	•	October 1882	4 February 1907	Independent		Ali III علي الثالث (1882–1902)
12	Mohammed Aziz Bouattour محمد العزيز بوعتور (1825–1907)	•	October 1882	4 February 1907	Independent		Muhammad IV al-Hadi محمد الرابع الهادي (1902–1906)
13	M'hamed Djellouli امحمّد جلولي (1834–1908)	•	18 February 1907	June 1908^[b]	Independent		Muhammad V an-Nasir محمد الخامس الناصر (1906–1922)
14	Youssef Djaït يوسف جعيط (1830–1915)	•	June 1908	June 1915	Independent
15	Taïeb Djellouli الطيب جلولي (1857–1944)	•	October 1915	May 1922	Independent
16	Mustapha Dinguizli مصطفى الدنقزلي (1865–1926)	•	May 1922	20 October 1926^[b]	Independent		Muhammad VI al-Habib محمد السادس الحبيب (1922–1929)
17	Khelil Bouhageb خليل بوحاجب (1863–1942)	•	3 November 1926	2 March 1932	Independent		Muhammad VI al-Habib محمد السادس الحبيب (1922–1929)
18	Hédi Lakhoua الهادي الأخوة (1872–1949)	•	2 March 1932	31 December 1942	Independent		Ahmad II أحمد الثاني (1929–1942)
19	Mohamed Chenik محمد شنيق (1889–1976)	1	1 January 1943	15 May 1943	Destour		Muhammad VII al-Munsif محمد السابع المنصف (1942–1943)
20	Slaheddine Baccouche صلاح الدين البكوش (1883–1959)	1	15 May 1943	21 July 1947	Independent		Muhammad VIII al-Amin محمد الثامن الأمين (1943–1957)
21	Mustapha Kaak مصطفى الكعاك (1893–1984)	•	21 July 1947	17 August 1950	Independent
(19)	Mohamed Chenik محمد شنيق (1889–1976)	2	17 August 1950	26 March 1952	Destour
(20)	Slaheddine Baccouche صلاح الدين البكوش (1883–1959)	2	12 April 1952	2 March 1954	Independent
22	Mohamed Salah Mzali محمد صالح مزالي (1896–1984)	•	2 March 1954	6 July 1954	Independent
Office vacant (6 July 1954 – 7 August 1954) Secretary general of the government Georges Dupoizat was in charge of its affairs
23	Tahar Ben Ammar الطاهر بن عمار (1889–1985)	•	7 August 1954	11 April 1956	Destour	None
24	Habib Bourguiba الحبيب بورقيبة (1903–2000)	•	11 April 1956	25 July 1957^[c]	Neo Destour	1956

No.	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office				Election	President
Office vacant (25 July 1957 – 7 November 1969) Presidential system: The president directs the government (Bourguiba government)						1959 1964	Habib Bourguiba الحبيب بورقيبة (1957–1987)
25	Bahi Ladgham الباهي الأدغم (1913–1998)	•	7 November 1969	2 November 1970	SDP	1969
26	Hédi Nouira الهادي نويرة (1911–1993)	•	2 November 1970	23 April 1980	SDP	1974 1979
27	Mohammed Mzali محمد مزالي (1925–2010)	•	23 April 1980	8 July 1986	SDP	1981
28	Rachid Sfar رشيد صفر (1933–2023)	•	8 July 1986	2 October 1987	SDP	1986
29	Zine El Abidine Ben Ali زين العابدين بن علي (1936–2019)	•	2 October 1987	7 November 1987	SDP
30	Hédi Baccouche الهادي البكوش (1930–2020)	1 2 3	7 November 1987	27 September 1989	DCR		Zine El Abidine Ben Ali زين العابدين بن علي (1987–2011)
31	Hamed Karoui حامد القروي (1927–2020)	•	27 September 1989	17 November 1999	DCR	1989 1994
32	Mohamed Ghannouchi محمد الغنوشي (b. 1941)	1 2	17 November 1999	27 February 2011	DCR	1999 2004 2009
33	Beji Caid Essebsi الباجي قائد السبسي (1926–2019)	•	27 February 2011	24 December 2011	Independent	None	Fouad Mebazaa فؤاد المبزع (2011)
34	Hamadi Jebali حمادي الجبالي (b. 1949)	•	24 December 2011	13 March 2013	Ennahda	2011	Moncef Marzouki المنصف المرزوقي (2011–2014)
35	Ali Laarayedh علي العريض (b. 1955)	•	13 March 2013^[93]	29 January 2014	Ennahda
36	Mehdi Jomaa مهدي جمعة (b. 1962)	•	29 January 2014	6 February 2015	Independent
37	Habib Essid الحبيب الصيد (b. 1949)	•	6 February 2015	27 August 2016	Independent	2014	Beji Caid Essebsi الباجي قائد السبسي (2014–2019)
38	Youssef Chahed يوسف الشاهد (b. 1975)	•	27 August 2016	27 February 2020	Nidaa Tounes		Beji Caid Essebsi الباجي قائد السبسي (2014–2019)
38	Youssef Chahed يوسف الشاهد (b. 1975)	•	27 August 2016	27 February 2020	Tahya Tounes		Mohamed Ennaceur محمد الناصر (2019)
39	Elyes Fakhfakh إلياس الفخفاخ (b. 1972)	•	27 February 2020	2 September 2020	Ettakatol^[94]	2019	Kais Saied قيس سعيد (2019–)
40	Hichem Mechichi هشام المشيشي (b. 1974)	•	2 September 2020	25 July 2021	Independent
Office vacant (25 July 2021 – 11 October 2021) The president directed the government temporarily after political crisis
41	Najla Bouden نجلاء بودن (b. 1958)	•	11 October 2021	1 August 2023	Independent	2023
42	Ahmed Hachani أحمد الحشاني (b. 1956)	•	1 August 2023	7 August 2024	Independent
43	Kamel Madouri كمال المدوري (b. 1974)	•	7 August 2024	21 March 2025	Independent
44	Sara Zaafarani سارة زعفراني (b. 1963)	•	21 March 2025	Incumbent	Independent

Tenure	Incumbent	Notes
13 May 1881 to 28 February 1882	Théodore Roustan, Resident Minister
28 February 1882 to 23 June 1885	Paul Cambon, Resident Minister
23 June 1885 to 28 October 1886	Paul Cambon, Resident-General
23 November 1886 to 5 November 1892	Justin Massicault, Resident-General
November 1892 to 14 November 1894	Charles Rouvier [fr], Resident-General
14 November 1894 to November 1900	René Millet [fr], Resident-General
November 1900 to 27 December 1901	Benoît de Merkel, Resident-General
27 December 1901 to 7 February 1907	Stephen Pichon, Resident-General
7 February 1907 to 26 October 1918	Gabriel Alapetite, Resident-General
26 October 1918 to 1 January 1921	Étienne Flandin, Resident-General
1 January 1921 to 2 January 1929	Lucien Saint, Resident-General
18 February 1929 to 29 July 1933	François Manceron [fr], Resident-General
29 July 1933 to 21 March 1936	Marcel Peyrouton, Resident-General	1st term
17 April 1936 to 18 October 1938	Armand Guillon [fr], Resident-General
22 November 1938 to 3 June 1940	Eirik Labonne [fr], Resident-General
3 June 1940 to 22 July 1940	Marcel Peyrouton, Resident-General	2nd term
26 July 1940 to 10 May 1943	Jean-Pierre Esteva, Resident-General	Repatriated to Vichy France by the Germans at the end of the Tunisian campaign
10 May 1943 to 22 February 1947	Charles Mast, Resident-General
22 February 1947 to 13 June 1950	Jean Mons [fr], Resident-General
13 June 1950 to 13 January 1952	Louis Périllier [fr], Resident-General
13 January 1952 to 2 September 1953	Jean de Hauteclocque [fr], Resident-General
2 September 1953 to 5 November 1954	Pierre Voizard, Resident-General
5 November 1954 to 31 August 1955	Pierre Boyer de Latour du Moulin [fr], Resident-General
13 September 1955 to 20 March 1956	Roger Seydoux, High Commissioner

No.	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Election	Notes
1	Habib Bourguiba (1903–2000)	25 July 1957 – 7 November 1987	Neo-Destour	Interim	Parliament abolished the monarchy and designated Prime Minister Bourguiba as interim president.
			Neo-Destour	1959	Bourguiba won the first presidential election in Tunisia's history.
			SDP	1964	Bourguiba won his second presidential term.
				1969	Bourguiba won his third and last presidential term according to the constitution.
				1974	After this election, Bourguiba proclaimed himself president for life.
2	Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (1936–2019)	7 November 1987 – 14 January 2011	SDP	Interim	Following the 1987 coup d'état, Prime Minister Ben Ali took office as interim president.
			DCR	1989	Ben Ali won the first presidential election in 15 years.
				1994	Ben Ali won his second presidential term.
				1999	Ben Ali won his third presidential term and Tunisia's first pluralist presidential election.
				2004	Ben Ali won his fourth presidential term after being allowed according to the 2002 constitutional referendum.
				2009	Ben Ali won his fifth and last presidential term before being deposed.^[95]
—	Fouad Mebazaa (1933–2025)	15 January 2011 – 13 December 2011	DCR^[d]	Interim	Mebazaa, as speaker of Parliament, became interim president following the removal of Ben Ali by the Constitutional Council.
—	Fouad Mebazaa (1933–2025)	15 January 2011 – 13 December 2011	Independent	Interim	Mebazaa's term was extended until the election of a Constituent Assembly after the constitution was repealed.
3	Moncef Marzouki (b. 1945)	13 December 2011 – 31 December 2014	CFR	2011	Marzouki was not elected directly, but was elected temporarily by the Constituent Assembly until the next election.
4	Beji Caid Essebsi (1926–2019)	31 December 2014 – 25 July 2019 †	Nidaa Tounes	2014	Essebsi won the first two-round presidential election, and was the first president to die in office.
—	Mohamed Ennaceur (b. 1934)	25 July 2019 – 23 October 2019	Nidaa Tounes	Interim	Ennaceur, as speaker of Parliament, became interim president following the death of President Beji Caid Essebsi.
5^[e]	Kais Saied (b. 1958)	23 October 2019 – Incumbent	Independent	2019	Saied won the first presidential election in which a presidential debate was held.
5^[e]	Kais Saied (b. 1958)	23 October 2019 – Incumbent	Independent	2024	Saied won his second presidential term. The first president to be reelected in 15 years.

Name	Term begins	Term ends	President of Tunisia	Notes
Moufida Bourguiba	25 July 1957	21 July 1961 (Divorced)^[97]	Habib Bourguiba	Born in France as Mathilde Lorrain, Bourguiba was the inaugural First Lady of Tunisia from independence in 1957 until her divorce from President Habib Bourguiba, which was announced on 21 July 1961.^[97]
Position Vacant	21 July 1961	12 April 1962
Wassila Bourguiba^[97]	12 April 1962 (Married)^[97]	11 August 1986 (Divorced)		President Bourguiba married Wassila Ben Ammar on 12 April 1962. Wassila Bourguiba wielded considerable influence in Tunisian politics during her later years as first lady.^[98] The couple divorced in 1986 after 24 years of marriage. Their divorce was announced by the government on 11 August 1986.^[98]
Position Vacant	11 August 1986	7 November 1987
Naïma Ben Ali	7 November 1987	1988 (Divorced)	Zine El Abidine Ben Ali	Naïma Ben Ali and President Ben Ali, who had married in 1964, divorced in 1988.
Position Vacant	1988	26 March 1992		President Ben Ali and his first wife, then-first lady Naïma Ben Ali, divorced in 1988. Prior to the divorce, President Ben Ali had a daughter out-of-wedlock with Leïla Trabelsi in 1987.^[99] President Ben Ali moved Trabelsi into Carthage Palace on November 7, 1987, but they remained unmarried until 1992.^[99]
Leïla Ben Ali	26 March 1992 (Married)^[100]	15 January 2011^[101]		Leïla Ben Ali married President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali on 26 March 1992, making her the official first lady.^[99]^[100] Prior to the wedding, Leïla Ben Ali had lived with President Ben Ali at the presidential palace since 1987.^[99]
Lilia Mebazaa^[102]	15 January 2011	13 December 2011	Fouad Mebazaa
Beatrix Marzouki [ar]	13 December 2011	31 December 2014	Moncef Marzouki	Of French origin
Chadlia Saïda Farhat	31 December 2014	25 July 2019	Beji Caid Essebsi
Siren Ennaceur [fr]	25 July 2019	23 October 2019	Mohamed Ennaceur	Of Norwegian origin^[103]^[104]
Ichraf Saied	23 October 2019		Kais Saied

Portrait	Name	Took office	Left office	Political party
Speakers of the National Constituent Assembly
1	Habib Bourguiba الحبيب بورقيبة	9 April 1956	15 April 1956	Neo Destour
2	Jallouli Fares الجلولي فارس	17 April 1956	1 June 1959	Neo Destour
Speakers of the National Assembly
1	Jallouli Fares الجلولي فارس	1 June 1959	1964	Neo Destour
2	Sadok Mokaddem الصادق المقدم	1964	1981	Socialist Destourian Party
Speakers of the Chamber of Deputies
3	Mahmoud Messadi محمود المسعدي	November 1981	13 October 1987	Socialist Destourian Party
4	Rachid Sfar رشيد صفر	13 October 1987	14 October 1988	Socialist Destourian Party
5	Slaheddine Baly صلاح الدين بالي	14 October 1988	14 March 1990	Democratic Constitutional Rally
6	Beji Caid Essebsi الباجي قائد السبسي	14 March 1990	9 October 1991	Democratic Constitutional Rally
7	Habib Boularès الحبيب بولعراس	9 October 1991	14 October 1997	Democratic Constitutional Rally
8	Fouad Mebazaa فؤاد المبزع	14 October 1997	15 January 2011	Democratic Constitutional Rally
—	Sahbi Karoui الصحبي القروي (acting)	15 January 2011	22 November 2011	Independent
Speaker of the Constituent Assembly
1	Mustapha Ben Jafar مصطفى بن جعفر	22 November 2011	2 December 2014	Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties
Speaker of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People
1	Mohamed Ennaceur محمد الناصر	4 December 2014	25 July 2019	Nidaa Tounes
—	Abdelfattah Mourou عبد الفتاح مورو (acting)	25 July 2019	13 November 2019	Ennahda Movement
2	Rached Ghannouchi راشد الغنوشي	13 November 2019	25 July 2021	Ennahda Movement
Post vacant (25 July 2021 – 13 March 2023)
3	Ibrahim Bouderbala ابراهيم بودربالة	13 March 2023	Incumbent	Independent

Lifetime office-holders

Doges elected for two years

From 1528 to 1599

From 1599 to 1650

From 1650 to 1699

From 1699 to 1750

From 1750 to 1797

Beys of Tunis (1705–1956)

King of Tunisia (1956–1957)

Timeline

Monarchy

Republic

French Commandants-Supérieur of the Strategic Base of Bizerte

Related Articles