List of state leaders who have been in exile

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In some cases, the deposed head of state or head of government are allowed to go into exile following a coup or other change of government, allowing a more peaceful transition to take place or to escape justice. In some cases, governments in exile are created.[1]

There have also been instances where they managed to return to power, as did Charles II of England.

Examples in chronological order include:

     Returned to power

More information Name, Title ...
Name Title Home country Exile period
(† – died in exile)
Exiled country or countries
Jehoahaz King of Judah Kingdom of Judah 609 BC–unknown Egypt
Jeconiah King of Judah Kingdom of Judah 597 BC–562 BC Babylon
Pisistratus Tyrant of Athens Athens 561 BC–556 BC
556 BC–546 BC Rhaecelus
Arcesilaus III King of Cyrene Cyrene 518 BC–515 BC Samos
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus King of Rome Roman Kingdom 509 BC–495 BC Caere, Clusium, Tusculum, and Cumae
Lycophron II Tyrant of Pherae Pherae 352 BC–after 352 BC Athens
Arybbas King of Epirus Epirus 343 BC–unknown Athens
Nectanebo II Pharaoh of Egypt Egypt 342 BC–unknown Upper Egypt
Nubia
Aeacides King of Epirus Epirus 316 BC–313 BC
Pyrrhus King of Epirus Epirus 302 BC–297 BC
Cleombrotus II King of Sparta Sparta 240 BC–unknown Tegea
Cleomenes III King of Sparta Sparta 222 BC–219 BC Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt
Demetrius III Eucaerus King of Syria Seleucid Empire 87 BC–after 87 BC Parthia
Herod Antipas Tetrarch of Galilee and Perea Galilee and Perea 39 AD–after 39 AD Gaul
Mithridates III King of the Bosporus Bosporan Kingdom 45–68 Rome, Roman Empire
Julius Nepos Roman Emperor Western Roman Empire 475–480 Dalmatia
Romulus Augustulus Roman Emperor Western Roman Empire 476–after 511 Campania (Castellum Lucullanum)
Heraclonas Byzantine Emperor Byzantine Empire 641–642 Rhodes
Zhongzong Emperor of the Tang dynasty Tang dynasty 684–698 Fang Prefecture
Jun Prefecture
Justinian II Byzantine Emperor Byzantine Empire 695–702/703 Cherson
Eadwulf I King of Northumbria Northumbria 705–717 Dál Riata or Pictland
Junnin Emperor of Japan Japan 764–765 Awaji Island, Hyōgo Prefecture
Alhred King of Northumbria Northumbria 774–unknown Pictland
Telerig Khan of Bulgaria Bulgaria 777–777 Byzantine Empire
Æthelred I King of Northumbria Northumbria 779–790
Ecgberht King of Wessex Wessex 789–802 Frankish Empire
Osred II King of Northumbria Northumbria 790–792 Isle of Man
Osbald King of Northumbria Northumbria 796–799 Lindisfarne
Eardwulf King of Northumbria Northumbria 806–808 Frankish Empire
Irene of Athens Byzantine Empress Byzantine Empire 802–803 Lesbos
Wiglaf King of Mercia Mercia 829–830
Theodora II Byzantine Empress Byzantine Empire 857–867 Gastria, Cyprus
Sugandha Queen of Kashmir Kashmir 906–914 Haskapura
Yahya IV Emir of Morocco Morocco 922–946 Fatimid Caliphate
Constantine Lekapenos Byzantine Emperor Byzantine Empire 945–946/948 Samothrace
Hassan II Sultan of Morocco Morocco 974–985 Caliphate of Córdoba
Otto Orseolo Doge of Venice  Venice 1026–1032 Byzantine Empire
Casimir I Duke of Poland Duchy of Poland 1034–1039 Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)
Holy Roman Empire
Constantine IX Monomachos Byzantine Emperor Byzantine Empire 1035–1042 Lesbos
Bagrat IV King of Georgia Kingdom of Georgia 1050–1053 Byzantine Empire
Romanos IV Diogenes Byzantine Emperor Byzantine Empire 1072–1072 Proti
Sultan Shah ibn Radwan Sultan of Aleppo Aleppo 1118–after 1125
Władysław II High Duke of Poland
Duke of Silesia
Duchy of Poland
Duchy of Silesia
1146–1159 Altenburg
Sutoku Emperor of Japan Japan 1156–1164 Sanuki Province, Shikoku
Diarmait Mac Murchada King of Leinster Kingdom of Leinster 1166–1167 Kingdom of England
Kingdom of France
Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd King of Gwynedd Kingdom of Gwynedd 1197–1203 Kingdom of England
Go-Toba Emperor of Japan Japan 1221–1239 Oki Province, Oki Islands
Demetrius King of Thessalonica Kingdom of Thessalonica 1224–1230 Holy Roman Empire
Mitso Asen Tsar of Bulgaria Bulgaria 1257–before 1277/78 Byzantine Empire
Ivan Asen III Tsar of Bulgaria Bulgaria 1280–1303 Golden Horde
George Terter I Tsar of Bulgaria Bulgaria 1292–1301 Byzantine Empire
Al-Nasir Muhammad Sultan of Egypt Mamluk Sultanate 1294–1299 Al-Karak
1309–1310
Ivan II Tsar of Bulgaria Bulgaria 1300–before 1330 Byzantine Empire
Christopher II King of Denmark Denmark 1326–1329 Northern Germany
Ivan Stefan Tsar of Bulgaria Bulgaria 1331–1373 Serbia
 Naples
Go-Daigo Emperor of Japan Japan 1331–1333 Oki Province, Oki Islands
David II King of Scots  Scotland 1333–1341  France
Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman Sultan of Morocco Morocco 1348–1351 High Atlas
Muhammad V Sultan of Granada Emirate of Granada 1359–1362 Morocco Morocco
Leo V King of Armenia Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 1375–1393 Mamluk Sultanate
 Castile
 France
Gongyang King of Goryeo Goryeo 1392–1394 Wonju, Joseon
Samcheok, Joseon
Min Saw Mon King of Arakan Kingdom of Mrauk U 1406–1429 Bengal Sultanate
Constantine II Tsar of Bulgaria Tsardom of Vidin 1422–1422 Serbia
Danjong King of Joseon Joseon 1457–1457 Yeongwol
Muhammad XII Sultan of Granada Emirate of Granada 1492–1533 Morocco Morocco
Piero de' Medici Lord of Florence Florence 1494–1503  Venice
 Naples
Eberhard II Duke of Württemberg Württemberg 1498–1504 Electoral Palatinate
Yeonsangun King of Joseon Joseon 1506–1506 Ganghwa Island
Tabariji Sultan of Ternate Sultanate of Ternate 1535–1544 Goa, Portuguese India
Hairun Sultan of Ternate Sultanate of Ternate 1544–1546 Goa, Portuguese India
Narapati IV King of Ava Kingdom of Ava 1555–unknown Pegu
Yousuf Shah Chak Sultan of Kashmir Kashmir Sultanate 1579–1580 Mughal Empire
1586–1592 Bihar, Mughal Empire
António I King of Portugal Kingdom of Portugal 1580–1595 Kingdom of France
Saidi Berkat Sultan of Ternate Sultanate of Ternate 1606–1628 Spanish Philippines
Rory O'Donnell King of Tyrconnell Tyrconnell 1607–1608 Spanish Netherlands
Papal States
Khalifeh Soltan Grand Vizier of the Safavid Empire Safavid Empire 1632–1645 Qom
Ngarolamo Sultan of Tidore Sultanate of Tidore 1634–1639 Sultanate of Ternate
Charles II King of England and Ireland
King of Scotland
 England
Scotland
Ireland
1651–1660 Kingdom of France
The Low Countries
Charles II King of England and Ireland
King of Scotland
 England
Scotland
Ireland
1651–1660 Kingdom of France
The Low Countries
Richard Cromwell Lord Protector The Protectorate 1660–1680/81 Kingdom of France
Continental Europe
Govinda Manikya Maharaja of Tripura Twipra Kingdom 1661–1667 Chittagong Hill Tracts
Kingdom of Mrauk U
James II and VII King of England and Ireland
King of Scotland
 England
Scotland
Ireland
1688–1701 Kingdom of France
Chakdor Namgyal King of Sikkim Sikkim 1700–1707 Tibet
Charles XII King of Sweden Sweden 1709–1714 Ottoman Empire
Vakhtang VI King of Kartli Kingdom of Kartli 1724–1737 Russian Empire
Theodore I King of Corsica Kingdom of Corsica 1736–1756 Dutch Republic
 Great Britain
Pasquale Paoli President of Corsica Corsica Corsican Republic 1769–1790  Great Britain
 United Kingdom
1795–1807
Chaophraya Nakhon (Nu) King of Nakhon Si Thammarat Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom 1770–1776 Thonburi Kingdom
Şahin Giray Khan of Crimea Crimean Khanate 1783–1787 Russian Empire
Ottoman Empire
Tenzing Namgyal King of Sikkim Kingdom of Sikkim 1788–1793 Tibet
Louis XVIII King of France  France 1791–1814 Prussia
 Great Britain
 Russia
William V Stadtholder Dutch Republic 1795–1806  Great Britain
Prussia
William I and VI King of the Netherlands
Grand Duke of Luxembourg
Prince of Orange-Nassau
 Netherlands
Luxembourg
1795–1813  Great Britain
Prussia
Shah Shujah Durrani Emir of Afghanistan Durrani Empire 1809–1839 Punjab
Louis I King of Holland Netherlands Kingdom of Holland 1810–1846  France
Austrian Empire
 Swiss Confederacy
Papal States
Tuscany Tuscany
Cornelio Saavedra President of the Primera Junta United Provinces of the Río de la Plata 1811–1815 Chile
Hamengkubuwono II Sultan of Yogyakarta Yogyakarta Sultanate 1812–1815 Penang
1817–1826 Ambon, Dutch East Indies
Tenskwatawa Leader of Tecumseh's Confederacy Tecumseh's Confederacy 1813–1824 Canada
Napoleon Emperor of the French First French Empire 1814–1815 Elba
1815–1821 United Kingdom Saint Helena
Sri Vikrama Rajasinha King of Kandy Kingdom of Kandy 1815–1832 Vellore Fort, British India
Baji Rao II Peshwa Maratha Confederacy 1818–1851 Bithur, British India
Ahmad Tajuddin II Sultan of Kedah Kedah Sultanate 1821–1842 Penang Penang
Malacca
Bernabé Aráoz President of the Republic of Tucumán Republic of Tucumán 1823–1824 Salta, Río de la Plata
Agustín I Emperor of Mexico Mexico 1823–1824 Tuscany Tuscany
United Kingdom
Charles X King of France France 1830–1836 United Kingdom
Austrian Empire
Louis XIX 1830–1844
Henry V 1830–1883
Charles II Duke of Brunswick Brunswick 1830–1873 United Kingdom
France
 Switzerland
Pakubuwono VI Susuhunan of Surakarta Surakarta Sunanate 1830–1849 Ambon, Dutch East Indies
Tanoa Visawaqa Vunivalu of Bau Kubuna Confederacy 1832–1837 Koro Island
Somosomo, Taveuni
Miguel I King of Portugal Portugal 1834–1847 Papal States
1847–1851 United Kingdom
1851–1866 Baden
Antonio López de Santa Anna President of Mexico Mexico 1836–1837 United States
1845–1846 Cuba
1848–1853 Colony of Jamaica
Republic of New Granada
1855–1864 Cuba
Colombia
St. Thomas
United States
1864–1867 Cuba
St. Thomas
United States
1867–1874 Cuba
Dominican Republic
Bahamas
Pratap Singh Chhatrapati Maratha Confederacy 1839–1847 Benares State, British India
Joaquin Mora Fernandez Head of State of Costa Rica Costa Rica 1839–1842 Chile
Dost Mohammad Khan Emir of Afghanistan Emirate of Afghanistan 1840–1842 Mussoorie
Tomás Bobadilla President of the Dominican Republic Dominican Republic 1844–1849
1868–1871 Puerto Rico
Haiti
Louis Philippe I King of the French France 1848–1850 United Kingdom
Juan Manuel de Rosas Governor of Buenos Aires Argentina 1852–1877 United Kingdom
Duleep Singh Maharaja Sikh Empire 1854–1893 United Kingdom
William Dappa Pepple I King of Bonny Kingdom of Bonny 1854–1861 United Kingdom
Wajid Ali Shah Nawab of Awadh Oudh State 1856–1887 Metiabruz, Bengal Presidency
Bahadur Shah II Mughal Emperor Mughal Empire 1857–1862 British India
Birjis Qadr Nawab of Awadh Oudh State 1858–1887 Kingdom of Nepal
Ali Bahadur II Nawab of Banda Banda State 1858–1873 Indore State
Faustin I Emperor of Haiti Second Empire of Haiti 1858–1867 Colony of Jamaica
Francisco Dueñas President of El Salvador El Salvador 1859–1861 Guatemala
1861–1863 Guatemala
1872–1878 United States
1878–1883 United States
1883–1884 United States
Rafael Campo President of El Salvador El Salvador 1862–1863 Guatemala
1870–1871 Nicaragua
1872–1879 Nicaragua
1880–1882 Nicaragua
Bartolomé Calvo President of the Granadine Confederation Granadine Confederation 1861–1876 Puerto Rico
Ecuador
José Antonio Páez President of Venezuela Venezuela 1863–1873 United States
Eugenio Aguilar President of El Salvador El Salvador 1863 Guatemala
Gerardo Barrios President of El Salvador El Salvador 1863–1865 Colombia
United States
George V King of Hanover Kingdom of Hanover 1866–1878 Austrian Empire
France
Napoleon III Emperor of the French Second French Empire 1871–1873 United Kingdom
Muhammad Khudayar Khan Khan of Kokand Khanate of Kokand 1875–1886 Russian Empire
Emirate of Afghanistan
Abdullah II Sultan of Perak Perak 1876–1894 British Mauritius (Seychelles)
Michel Domingue President of Haiti Haiti 1876–1877 Colony of Jamaica
Ismail Pasha Khedive of Egypt Khedivate of Egypt 1879–1895  Italy
Ottoman Empire
Cetshwayo King of the Zulu Nation Zulu Kingdom 1879–1883 Cape Colony
United Kingdom
Thibaw Min King of Burma Konbaung dynasty Burma 1885–1916 British India
Fernando Figueroa President of El Salvador El Salvador 1885–1891 Unknown
Jaja King of Opobo Opobo 1887–1891 Gold Coast
United Kingdom
British Windward Islands
Hàm Nghi Emperor of Vietnam Nguyễn dynasty 1888–1943 French Algeria
Pedro II Emperor of Brazil Empire of Brazil 1889–1891 France
Kalema Kabaka of Buganda Buganda 1889–1891 Bunyoro
Dinuzulu King of the Zulu Nation Zulu Kingdom 1890–1897 Saint Helena
Yusuf Ali Kenadid Sultan of Hobyo Sultanate of Hobyo 1890–1911 Aden Protectorate
Italian Eritrea
Dinah Salifou King of the Nalu Nalu people 1890–1897 French Senegal
Béhanzin King of Dahomey Kingdom of Dahomey 1894–1906 Martinique
French Algeria
Carlos Ezeta President of El Salvador El Salvador 1894–1903 Colombia
Mexico
Gungunhana King of Gaza Gaza Empire 1895–1906 Portugal
Portugal
Khalid bin Barghash Sultan of Zanzibar Zanzibar 1896–1927 German East Africa
British Mauritius (Seychelles)
Saint Helena
British East Africa
Prempeh I King of Ashanti Ashanti Kingdom 1896–1924 British Sierra Leone (1896–1900)
British Seychelles (1900–1924)
Wobgho Mogho Naba of Ouagadougou Ouagadougou 1897–1904 Gold Coast
Ranavalona III Queen of Madagascar Madagascar 1897–1907 Réunion
French Algeria
Ovonramwen King of Benin Kingdom of Benin 1897–1914 British Southern Nigeria
Manuel Barillas President of Guatemala Guatemala 1898–1907 Mexico
Samori Toure Wassoulou Emperor Wassoulou Empire 1898–1900 French Senegal
French Gabon
Mwanga II Kabaka of Buganda Buganda 1899–1903 British Seychelles
Chwa II Kabalega Omukama of Bunyoro Bunyoro 1899–1924 British Seychelles
Paul Kruger President of the South African Republic  Transvaal 1900–1904 Netherlands
France
 Switzerland
Agoli-agbo King of Dahomey Kingdom of Dahomey 1900–1910 French Gabon
Francis William Reitz President of the Orange Free State  Orange Free State 1902–1907 Netherlands
Tirésias Simon Sam President of Haiti Haiti 1902–1908 Danish West Indies (Saint Thomas)
Mussa Moloh King of Fuladu Fuladu 1903–1931 British Gambia
British Sierra Leone
Thành Thái Emperor of Vietnam French Annam 1907–1954 French Cochinchina
Réunion
Pierre Nord Alexis President of Haiti Haiti 1908–1910 Colony of Jamaica
United States
Cipriano Castro President of Venezuela Venezuela 1909–1924 United States
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar Shah of Iran Iran 1909–1925 Russian Empire (1909–1920)
Ottoman Empire (1920–1921)
Kingdom of Italy (1921–1925)
José Santos Zelaya President of Nicaragua Nicaragua 1909–1919 Spain
United States
Manuel II King of Portugal Kingdom of Portugal 1910–1932 Gibraltar
United Kingdom
Porfirio Díaz President of Mexico Mexico 1911–1915 Spain
France
Sun Yat-Sen President of the Republic of China Hawaii (now a state of the USA) 1913–1916 Japan[2]
Victoriano Huerta President of Mexico Mexico 1914–1916 United Kingdom
Spain
United States
Guillermo Billinghurst President of Peru Peru 1914–1915 Chile
Abbas II Khedive of Egypt Khedivate of Egypt 1914–1944 Ottoman Empire
 Italy
 Switzerland
Muhammad Usman Sultan of Ternate Sultanate of Ternate 1915–1932 Dutch East Indies (Java)
Duy Tân Emperor of Vietnam French Annam 1916–1945 Réunion
France
French Equatorial Africa
Alexander Kerensky Prime Minister of Russia Russian Republic 1917–1970 French Third Republic
United States
Constantine I King of the Hellenes Kingdom of Greece 1917–1920  Switzerland
1922–1923 Italy
Ferdinand I Tsar of Bulgaria Kingdom of Bulgaria 1918–1948 Germany
Wilhelm II Emperor of Germany German Empire 1918–1941 Netherlands
Nikola I King of Montenegro Kingdom of Montenegro 1918–1921 France
Ludwig III King of Bavaria  Bavaria 1918–1918 Archduchy of Austria
1919–1920 First Hungarian Republic
Liechtenstein
 Switzerland
Marie-Adélaïde Grand Duchess of Luxembourg Luxembourg 1919–1924  Italy
 Germany
Charles I and IV Emperor of Austria
King of Hungary
Austria-Hungary 1919–1921  Switzerland
1921–1922 Portugal
Francisco Bertrand President of Honduras Honduras 1919–1926 United States
Pavlo Skoropadskyi Hetman of all Ukraine Ukrainian State 1919–1945 Germany
Symon Petliura Chairman of the Directorate of Ukraine Ukrainian People's Republic 1920–1926 Poland
Kingdom of Hungary
 Switzerland
France
Sayid Abdullah Khan of Khiva Khanate of Khiva 1920–1933  Ukrainian SSR
Mohamoud Ali Shire Sultan of Warsengali Warsangali Sultanate 1920–1928 British Seychelles
Faisal I King of Syria Arab Kingdom of Syria 1920–1933 United Kingdom
Jameel Al-Madfaai Prime Minister of Iraq Kingdom of Iraq 1920–1923 Emirate of Transjordan
1941
Mahmud Barzanji King of Kurdistan Kurdistan 1921–1922 British India
1932–1941 Iraq (Nasiriyah)
Carlos Herrera President of Guatemala Guatemala 1921–1930 France
Akaki Chkhenkeli Prime Minister of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic 1921–1959 France
Noe Zhordania Prime Minister of Georgia  Georgia 1921–1953 France
Nestor Makhno Otaman of the Makhnovshchina Makhnovshchina 1921–1934  Romania
 Poland
Danzig
 France
Mehmed VI Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire 1922–1926 Crown Colony of Malta
Kingdom of Italy
Mahammad Amin Rasulzade President of the Azerbaijani National Council  Azerbaijan 1922–1955 Turkey
Idris Chief of the Senussi Order
Emir of Cyrenaica
Emir of Tripolitania
Italian Cyrenaica 1922–1947 Kingdom of Egypt
King of Libya Kingdom of Libya 1969–1983 Egypt
Ahmad Shah Qajar Shah of Iran Iran 1923–1930 French Third Republic
Arturo Alessandri[3] President of Chile Chile 1924–1925 Kingdom of Italy
George II King of the Hellenes Kingdom of Greece 1924–1935 Kingdom of Romania
1941–1945 Kingdom of Egypt
United Kingdom
Hussein bin Ali King of Hejaz  Hejaz 1925–1930 British Cyprus
Ali bin Hussein King of Hejaz  Hejaz 1925–1935 Kingdom of Iraq
Abd el-Krim President of the Republic of the Rif Republic of the Rif 1926–1963 Réunion (1926–1947)
Kingdom of Egypt
Alfonso Quiñónez Molina President of El Salvador El Salvador 1927–1936 France
Jorge Meléndez President of El Salvador El Salvador 1927–unknown Costa Rica
Amanullah Khan King of Afghanistan  Afghanistan 1929–1960 British India
Kingdom of Italy
Washington Luís[4] President of Brazil First Brazilian Republic 1930–1947  Switzerland
Portugal
United States
Carlos Ibáñez del Campo President of Chile Chile 1931–1937 Argentina
Alfonso XIII King of Spain Spain 1931–1941 Italy
Arturo Araujo President of El Salvador El Salvador 1931–unknown Guatemala
Pío Romero Bosque President of El Salvador El Salvador 1933–1934 Nicaragua
Tukojirao III Maharaja of Dewas Dewas State 1934–1937 French India
Prajadhipok King of Siam Siam 1935–1941 United Kingdom
Niceto Alcalá-Zamora Prime Minister of Spain Second Spanish Republic 1936–1949 France (1936–1942)
Argentina (1942–1949)
Haile Selassie I Emperor of Ethiopia Ethiopian Empire 1936–1941 United Kingdom
Juan Bautista Sacasa President of Nicaragua Nicaragua 1936–1946 United States
Yasin al-Hashimi Prime Minister of Iraq Kingdom of Iraq 1936–1937 Lebanon
Nuri al-Said Prime Minister of Iraq Kingdom of Iraq 1936–1937 Egypt
1941 Transjordan
Edvard Beneš President of Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia 1938–1945 United Kingdom
Augustinas Voldemaras Prime Minister of Lithuania Lithuania 1938–1939 France
1940–1942 Soviet Union
Edward VIII King of the United Kingdom United Kingdom 1937–1972 France
Spain
Portugal
Bahamas
France
Manuel Azaña Prime Minister of Spain
President of Spain
Second Spanish Republic 1939–1940 French Third Republic
Zog I King of Albania Kingdom of Albania 1939–1961  Greece
United Kingdom
France
Władysław Sikorski Prime Minister of Poland Second Polish Republic 1939–1943 United Kingdom
Gibraltar
Haakon VII King of Norway Norway 1940–1945 United Kingdom
Johan Nygaardsvold Prime Minister of Norway Norway 1940–1945 United Kingdom
Charlotte Grand Duchess of Luxembourg Luxembourg 1940–1945 France
Portugal
United Kingdom
United States
Canada
Wilhelmina Queen of the Netherlands Netherlands 1940–1945 United Kingdom
Dirk Jan de Geer Prime Minister of the Netherlands Netherlands 1940–1941 United Kingdom
Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy 1940–1945
Hubert Pierlot Prime Minister of Belgium Belgium 1940–1945 United Kingdom
Antanas Smetona President of Lithuania Lithuania 1940–1944 United States
Eduardo Schaerer President of Paraguay Paraguay 1940–1941 Argentina
Emmanouil Tsouderos Prime Minister of Greece Kingdom of Greece 1941–1944 Kingdom of Egypt
United Kingdom
Abd al-Ilah Regent of Iraq Kingdom of Iraq 1941–1941 Emirate of Transjordan
Rezā Shāh Shah of Iran Iran 1941–1944 British Mauritius
Union of South Africa
Sofoklis Venizelos Prime Minister of Greece Kingdom of Greece 1944 Kingdom of Egypt
Georgios Papandreou 1944–1945
Arnulfo Arias Madrid President of Panama Panama 1941–1945, 1951–1960 Latin America
1968–1978, 1984–1988 United States
Moncef Bey Bey of Tunis Tunisia 1943–1948 French Algeria
France
Maximiliano Hernández Martínez President of El Salvador El Salvador 1944–1955 Honduras
1955–1966 Honduras
Jorge Ubico President of Guatemala Guatemala 1944–1946 United States
Isaías Medina Angarita President of Venezuela Venezuela 1945–1953 United States
Miklós Horthy Regent of Hungary Hungary 1945–1957 France (1945–1949)
Portugal (1949–1957)
Peter II King of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia 1945–1970 United States
Victor Emmanuel III King of Italy Kingdom of Italy 1946–1947 Kingdom of Egypt
Umberto II King of Italy Kingdom of Italy 1946–1983 Portugal
 Switzerland
Simeon II Tsar of Bulgaria Kingdom of Bulgaria 1946–1996 Kingdom of Egypt
Spain
Leonardo Argüello Barreto President of Nicaragua Nicaragua 1947–1947 Mexico
Thawi Bunyaket Prime Minister of Thailand Thailand 1947–1957 Malaya
Pridi Banomyong Prime Minister of Thailand Thailand 1947–1947
1948–1971
Colony of Singapore
China
France
Thawan Thamrongnawasawat Prime Minister of Thailand Thailand 1947–1948 British Hong Kong
Teodoro Picado Michalski President of Costa Rica Costa Rica 1948–1960 Nicaragua
José Bustamante y Rivero President of Peru Peru 1948–1955 Argentina
Rómulo Betancourt President of Venezuela Venezuela 1948–1958 United States
Cuba
Costa Rica
Rómulo Gallegos President of Venezuela Venezuela 1948–1958 Cuba
Mexico
Michael I King of Romania Kingdom of Romania 1948–1997 United Kingdom
 Switzerland
Sultan bin Salim Al Qasimi Ruler of Ras Al Khaimah  Ras Al Khaimah 1948–1951  Sharjah
Muhammad Mahabat Khan III Nawab of Junagadh Junagadh State 1948–1959  Pakistan
Shukri al-Quwatli President of Syria First Syrian Republic 1949–1955  Egypt
Tribhuvan King of Nepal Kingdom of Nepal 1950–1951 India
Carlos Prío Socarrás President of Cuba  Cuba 1952–1975 United States
Farouk King of Egypt Kingdom of Egypt 1952–1965 Monaco
Italy
Fuad II 1952–present  Switzerland
France
Laureano Gómez President of Colombia Colombia 1953–1959 Spain
Mohammed V Sultan of Morocco Morocco 1953–1955 France (1953–1954)
French Madagascar (1954–1955)
Fawzi Selu President of Syria
Prime Minister of Syria
 Syria 1954–early 1960s Saudi Arabia
Husni al-Barazi Prime Minister of Syria  Syria 1954–1975 Lebanon
Turkey
Adib Shishakli President of Syria
Prime Minister of Syria
 Syria 1954–1964 Lebanon
Brazil
Jacobo Árbenz President of Guatemala Guatemala 1954–1971 France
Czechoslovakia
Soviet Union
Uruguay (1957–1960)
Cuba (1960–1965)
Mexico (1965–1971)
Juan Perón President of Argentina Argentina 1955–1973 Venezuela (1955–1958)
 Spain (1958–1973)
Mohammed Ben Aarafa Sultan of Morocco Morocco 1955–1976 Tangier
France
Lebanon
France
Bảo Đại Emperor of Vietnam South Vietnam 1955–1997 France
Monaco
Paul Magloire President of Haiti Haiti 1956–1986 United States
Imre Nagy Prime Minister of Hungary Hungarian People's Republic 1956–1957 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (embassy)
Socialist Republic of Romania
Plaek Phibunsongkhram Prime Minister of Thailand Thailand 1957–1964 Cambodia
Japan
Gustavo Rojas Pinilla President of Colombia Colombia 1957–1958 Spain or
Dominican Republic
Iskander Mirza President of Pakistan Pakistan 1958–1969 United Kingdom
Marcos Pérez Jiménez President of Venezuela Venezuela 1958–1963 United States
1968–2001 Spain
Tenzin Gyatso 14th Dalai Lama Tibet (1912–1951) 1959–present India
Ghalib al-Hinai Imam of Oman Imamate of Oman 1959–2009 Saudi Arabia
Fulgencio Batista President of Cuba  Cuba 1959–1973 Dominican Republic
Portugal
Spain
Anselmo Alliegro y Milá President of Cuba  Cuba 1959–1961 United States
Andrés Domingo y Morales del Castillo President of Cuba  Cuba 1959–1979 United States
Syngman Rhee President of South Korea South Korea 1960–1965 United States
José María Lemus President of El Salvador El Salvador 1960–1993 United States
Costa Rica
Kigeli V King of Rwanda Kingdom of Rwanda 1961–2016  Tanganyika
Uganda
Kenya
United States
Joaquín Balaguer President of the Dominican Republic Dominican Republic 1962–1966 United States
Manuel Prado Ugarteche President of Peru Peru 1962–1967 France
Albert Kalonji Mulopwe South Kasai 1962–1964  Spain
1965–? Europe
1997–2005  France
Moïse Tshombe President of Katanga  Katanga 1963–1964 Northern Rhodesia
 Spain
Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo  DR Congo 1965–1969  Spain
Algeria
Juan Bosch President of the Dominican Republic Dominican Republic 1963–1966 Puerto Rico
Abdullah Afeef President of the United Suvadive Republic United Suvadive Republic 1963–1993 Seychelles
Nazim al-Qudsi President of Syria  Syria 1963–1998 Lebanon
Europe
 Jordan
Khalid al-Azm Prime Minister of Syria  Syria 1963–1965 Lebanon
Maamun al-Kuzbari Prime Minister of Syria  Syria 1963–1998 France
Morocco
Lebanon
Maarouf al-Dawalibi Prime Minister of Syria  Syria 1963–2004 Lebanon
Saudi Arabia
Jamshid bin Abdullah Sultan of Zanzibar Sultanate of Zanzibar 1964–2020 United Kingdom
Oman
Juscelino Kubitschek President of Brazil Fourth Brazilian Republic 1964–1967 United States
Víctor Paz Estenssoro President of Bolivia Bolivia 1964–1978 Peru
1980–1982
Saud King of Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 1964–1969  Switzerland
Egypt
Kingdom of Greece
João Goulart President of Brazil Brazil 1964–1976 Uruguay (1964–1973)
Argentina (1973–1976)
Mohamed Boudiaf Chairman of the High Council of State Algeria 1964–1992 Morocco (Kenitra)
Fulbert Youlou President of the Republic of Congo Republic of Congo 1965–1972 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Spain
Nguyễn Khánh Prime Minister of South Vietnam South Vietnam 1965–2013 France
United States
Saqr bin Sultan Al Qasimi Ruler of Sharjah  Sharjah 1965–1972 Bahrain
Egypt
Mutesa II President of Uganda
Kabaka of Buganda
Uganda 1966–1969 United Kingdom
Kwame Nkrumah President of Ghana Ghana 1966–1972 Guinea (1966–1971)
Socialist Republic of Romania (1971–1972)
Mwambutsa IV King of Burundi Kingdom of Burundi 1966–1977 Democratic Republic of the Congo
 Switzerland
Ntare V King of Burundi Kingdom of Burundi 1966–1972 West Germany
Uganda
Shakhbut bin Sultan Al Nahyan Ruler of Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi 1966–1970  Iran
Amin al-Hafiz President of Syria Syria 1966–2003 Lebanon
 Iraq
Salah al-Din al-Bitar Prime Minister of Syria Syria 1966–1980 Lebanon
 France
Constantine II King of the Hellenes Kingdom of Greece 1967–2013 Italy
United Kingdom
Fernando Belaúnde Terry President of Peru Peru 1968–1980 United States
Abd ar-Razzaq an-Naif Prime Minister of Iraq Iraqi Republic (1958–1968) 1968–1978  Switzerland
United Kingdom
Jordan
Muhammad al-Badr King of Yemen Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen 1969–1996 Saudi Arabia
United Kingdom
Norodom Sihanouk Prime Minister of Cambodia Cambodia 1970–1993 China
North Korea
Said bin Taimur Sultan of Oman Oman 1970–1972 United Kingdom
Moshoeshoe II King of Lesotho Lesotho 1970–1970 Netherlands
1990–1992 United Kingdom
Milton Obote President of Uganda Uganda 1971–1979 Tanzania
1985–2005 Zambia
Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani Emir of Qatar Qatar 1972–1977 Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Son Ngoc Thanh Prime Minister of the Khmer Republic Khmer Republic 1972–1977 South Vietnam
Mohammed Zahir Shah King of Afghanistan Kingdom of Afghanistan 1973–2002 Italy
Thanom Kittikachorn Prime Minister of Thailand Thailand 1973–1976 United States
Singapore
Américo Tomás President of Portugal Portugal 1974–1980 Brazil
Marcello Caetano Prime Minister of Portugal Portugal 1974–1980 Brazil
António de Spínola President of Portugal Portugal 1974–1976 Brazil
Makarios III President of Cyprus  Cyprus 1974 United Kingdom
Cheng Heng President of the Khmer Republic Khmer Republic 1975–1992 France
United States
Lon Nol President of the Khmer Republic Khmer Republic 1975–1985 Indonesia
United States
In Tam Prime Minister of the Khmer Republic Khmer Republic 1975–2006 United States
Nguyễn Văn Thiệu President of South Vietnam South Vietnam 1975–2001 Taiwan
United Kingdom
United States
Trần Thiện Khiêm Prime Minister of South Vietnam South Vietnam 1975–2021 United States
Nguyễn Bá Cẩn Prime Minister of South Vietnam South Vietnam 1975–2009 United States
Boun Oum Prime Minister of Laos  Laos 1975–1980 France
Alimirah Hanfare Sultan of Aussa Sultanate of Aussa 1975–1991 Saudi Arabia
Abdurrahim El-Keib Prime Minister of Libya Libya 1976–2011 United States
Michel Micombero President of Burundi Burundi 1976–1983 Somalia
James Mancham President of the Seychelles Seychelles 1977–1992 United Kingdom
Arturo Armando Molina President of El Salvador El Salvador 1977–1992 United States
Abdul Hamid Bakkush Prime Minister of Libya Libya 1977–2007 Egypt
Ange-Félix Patassé Prime Minister of the Central African Empire Central African Empire 1978–1979 France
Central African Republic 1980–1981 Chad
1982–1992 Togo
President of the Central African Republic 2003–2009 Togo
Jafar Sharif-Emami Prime Minister of Iran Iran 1978–1998 United States
Gholam Reza Azhari Prime Minister of Iran Iran 1978–2001 United States
Ali Amini Prime Minister of Iran Iran 1979–1992 France
Shapour Bakhtiar Prime Minister of Iran Iran 1979–1991 France
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Shah of Iran Iran 1979–1980 Egypt
Morocco
Bahamas
Mexico
United States
Panama
Egypt
Idi Amin President of Uganda Uganda 1979–2003 Libya (1979–1980)
Saudi Arabia (1980–2003)
Jean-Bédel Bokassa
(Bokassa I)
Emperor of Central Africa Central African Empire 1979–1986 Ivory Coast (1979–1983)
France (1983–1986)
Fred Degazon President of Dominica Dominica 1979–2008 United Kingdom
Félix Malloum President of Chad Chad 1979–2002 Nigeria
Moktar Ould Daddah President of Mauritania Mauritania 1979–2001 France
Anastasio Somoza Debayle President of Nicaragua Nicaragua 1979–1980 Paraguay
Carlos Humberto Romero President of El Salvador El Salvador 1979–unknown United States
Pascal Lissouba Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo Republic of Congo 1979–1990 France
President of the Republic of Congo 1997–2020 United Kingdom (1997–2004)
France (2004–2020)
Ahmed Ben Bella President of Algeria Algeria 1980–1990  Switzerland
Luís Cabral President of Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau 1980–2009 Cuba (1980–1984)
Portugal (1984–2009)
Johan Ferrier President of Suriname Suriname 1980–2010 Netherlands
Ali Zeidan Prime Minister of Libya Libya 1980–2012 India
 Switzerland
Germany
Isabel Perón President of Argentina Argentina 1981–present Spain
Abolhassan Banisadr President of Iran Iran 1981–2021 France
Yusuf Zuayyin Prime Minister of Syria Syria 1981–2016 United Kingdom
Hungary
Sweden
Luis García Meza President of Bolivia Bolivia 1981–1995 Brazil
Jean Nguza Karl-i-Bond First State Commissioner of Zaire Zaire 1981–1985 Belgium
Prime Minister of Zaire 1996–2003 South Africa
Henk Chin A Sen President of Suriname Suriname 1982–1995 United States
Netherlands
Dương Văn Minh President of South Vietnam South Vietnam 1983–2001 France
United States
Jules Sedney Prime Minister of Suriname Suriname 1983–1987 Netherlands
Ahmadou Ahidjo President of Cameroon Cameroon 1983–1989 France
Senegal
Nguyễn Văn Lộc Prime Minister of South Vietnam South Vietnam 1983–1992 Singapore
United States
France
Benazir Bhutto Prime Minister of Pakistan Pakistan 1984–1987 United Kingdom
1999–2007 United Arab Emirates
Gaafar Nimeiry President of Sudan Sudan 1985–1999 Egypt
Goukouni Oueddei President of Chad Chad 1985–2007 Libya
Algeria
Saeb Salam Prime Minister of Lebanon Lebanon 1985–1994  Switzerland
Jean-Claude Duvalier President of Haiti Haiti Haiti 1986–2011 France
Ferdinand Marcos President of the Philippines Philippines 1986–1989 United States
Tito Okello President of Uganda Uganda 1986–1993 Kenya
Jean-Baptiste Bagaza President of Burundi Burundi 1987–1993 Libya
1998–2002 Uganda
Henri Namphy President of Haiti Haiti 1988–2018 Dominican Republic
Vũ Văn Mẫu Prime Minister of South Vietnam South Vietnam 1988–1998 France
Ahmed al-Mirghani President of Sudan Sudan 1989–2001 Egypt
Alfredo Stroessner President of Paraguay Paraguay 1989–2006 Brazil
Erich Honecker General Secretary East Germany 1989–1994 Soviet Union (1989–1991)
Russia (1991–1992)
Chile (1993–1994)
Hissène Habré President of Chad Chad 1990–2021 Senegal
Jabir III al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah Emir of Kuwait Kuwait 1990–1991 Saudi Arabia
Michel Aoun President of Lebanon Lebanon 1990–2005 France
Amine Gemayel President of Lebanon Lebanon 1990–2000  Switzerland
France
United States
Jean-Bertrand Aristide President of Haiti Haiti 1991–1994 Venezuela
United States
2004–2011 Jamaica (2004)
South Africa (2004–2011)
Siad Barre President of Somalia Somalia 1991–1995 Kenya (1991)
Nigeria (1991–1995)
Chatichai Choonhavan Prime Minister of Thailand Thailand 1991–1992 United Kingdom
Mengistu Haile Mariam President of Ethiopia Ethiopia 1991–present Zimbabwe
Sultan Ali Keshtmand Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Afghanistan  Afghanistan 1991–2026 Russia
United Kingdom
Alan García President of Peru Peru 1992–2001 Colombia
France
Ayaz Mutallibov President of Azerbaijan Azerbaijan 1992–2012 Russia
Mohammad Najibullah President of Afghanistan Afghanistan 1992–1996 United Nations (mission)
Joseph Saidu Momoh President of Sierra Leone Sierra Leone 1992–2003 Guinea
Didier Ratsiraka President of Madagascar Madagascar 1993–1996 France
2002–2011 France
Jorge Serrano Elías President of Guatemala Guatemala 1993–present Panama
Alikram Hummatov President of the Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic Talysh-Mughan 1993–present Netherlands
Théodore Sindikubwabo President of Rwanda Rwanda 1994–1998 Zaire (until 1997)
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Ali Salem al-Beidh President of the Democratic Republic of Yemen Democratic Republic of Yemen 1994–2026 Oman
United Arab Emirates
Dawda Jawara President of the Gambia Gambia 1994–2002 Senegal
United Kingdom
Abdumalik Abdullajanov Prime Minister of Tajikistan Tajikistan 1994–present Russia
United States
Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Emir of Qatar Qatar 1995–2004 France
Carlos Salinas de Gortari President of Mexico Mexico 1995–1999 United States
Ireland
Faustin Twagiramungu Prime Minister of Rwanda Rwanda 1995–2003
2003–2023
Belgium
Sylvestre Ntibantunganya President of Burundi Burundi 1996–1997 United States (embassy)
Valentine Strasser Head of State of Sierra Leone Sierra Leone 1996–2000 United Kingdom
Burhanuddin Rabbani President of Afghanistan  Afghanistan 1996–2001 Northern Alliance
Abdalá Bucaram President of Ecuador Ecuador 1997–2017 Panama
Ahmad Tejan Kabbah President of Sierra Leone Sierra Leone 1997–1998 Guinea
Mobutu Sese Seko President of Zaire Zaire 1997–1997 Togo
Morocco
Akezhan Kazhegeldin Prime Minister of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan 1997–present United Kingdom
Joachim Yhombi-Opango President of the Republic of Congo Republic of Congo 1997–2007 Benin
Ivory Coast
France
Norodom Ranariddh Prime Minister of Cambodia Cambodia 1997–1998 Philippines
Singapore
Indonesia
2007–2008 Malaysia
Nawaz Sharif Prime Minister of Pakistan Pakistan 1999–2007 Saudi Arabia
United Kingdom
2019–2023 United Kingdom[5]
Henri Konan Bédié President of Ivory Coast Ivory Coast 1999–2001 Togo
France
Pavlo Lazarenko Prime Minister of Ukraine Ukraine 1999–present United States
João Bernardo Vieira President of Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau 1999–2005 Portugal
Jamil Mahuad President of Ecuador Ecuador 2000–present United States
Pierre-Célestin Rwigema Prime Minister of Rwanda Rwanda 2000–2011 United States
Alberto Fujimori President of Peru Peru 2000–2007 Japan (2000–2005)
Chile (2005–2007)
André Kolingba President of the Central African Republic Central African Republic 2001–2003 Uganda
2003–2010 France
Mullah Omar Supreme Leader of Afghanistan Afghanistan 2001–2013 Zabul Province, Afghanistan (in hiding)[6]
Abdul Kabir Acting Prime Minister of Afghanistan Afghanistan 2001–2021 Pakistan[7]
Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada President of Bolivia Bolivia 2003–present United States
Charles Taylor President of Liberia Liberia 2003–2006 Nigeria
Martin Ziguélé Prime Minister of the Central African Republic Central African Republic 2003–2005 France
Jean-Paul Ngoupandé Prime Minister of the Central African Republic Central African Republic 2003–2005 France
Gustavo Noboa[8] President of Ecuador Ecuador 2003–2005 Dominican Republic
Norodom Sihanouk King of Cambodia Cambodia 2004–2012 China
North Korea
Askar Akayev President of Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan 2005–present Russia
Nikolai Tanayev Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan 2005–2020 Russia
Lucio Gutiérrez President of Ecuador Ecuador 2005–2005 Brazil
Peru
United States
Ian Smith Prime Minister of Rhodesia Rhodesia/ Zimbabwe 2005–2007 South Africa
Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya President of Mauritania Mauritania 2005–present Gambia (2005)
Qatar (2005–present)
Thaksin Shinawatra Prime Minister of Thailand Thailand 2006–2008
2008–2023
United States
United Kingdom
Singapore
China
Hong Kong
Cambodia
United Arab Emirates
Pervez Musharraf President of Pakistan Pakistan 2008–2013
2016–2023
United Arab Emirates
Marc Ravalomanana President of Madagascar Madagascar 2009–2014 Swaziland (2009)
South Africa (2009–2014)
Manuel Zelaya President of Honduras Honduras 2009–2011 Costa Rica (2009)
Dominican Republic (2010–2011)
Kurmanbek Bakiyev President of Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan 2010–present Belarus
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali President of Tunisia Tunisia 2011–2019 Saudi Arabia
Amadou Toumani Touré President of Mali Mali 2012–2017 Senegal
François Bozizé President of the Central African Republic Central African Republic 2013–2019 Cameroon
Michel Djotodia President of the Central African Republic Central African Republic 2014–2020 Benin
Tom Thabane Prime Minister of Lesotho Lesotho August–September 2014 South Africa
Viktor Yanukovych President of Ukraine Ukraine 2014–present Russia
Mykola Azarov Prime Minister of Ukraine Ukraine 2014–present Russia
Mikheil Saakashvili President of Georgia Georgia 2014–2021 United States
Ukraine
Netherlands
Ukraine
Mauricio Funes President of El Salvador El Salvador 2014–2025 Nicaragua
Blaise Compaoré President of Burkina Faso Burkina Faso 2014–present Ivory Coast
Morocco
Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi President of Yemen Yemen 2015–2026[note 1] Saudi Arabia
Yahya Jammeh President of the Gambia Gambia 2017–present Equatorial Guinea
Rafael Correa President of Ecuador Ecuador 2017–present Belgium
Yingluck Shinawatra Prime Minister of Thailand Thailand 2017–present Singapore
United Kingdom
United Arab Emirates
Yevgeny Shevchuk President of Transnistria Transnistria[note 2] 2017–present Moldova
Russia
Nikola Gruevski Prime Minister of Macedonia Macedonia 2018–present Hungary
Evo Morales President of Bolivia Bolivia 2019–2020 Mexico
Argentina
Guillaume Soro Prime Minister of Ivory Coast Ivory Coast 2019–present France
Belgium
United Arab Emirates
Salvador Sánchez Cerén President of El Salvador El Salvador 2020–present Nicaragua
Juan Carlos I King of Spain Spain 2020–present United Arab Emirates
Ashraf Ghani President of Afghanistan  Afghanistan 2021–present United Arab Emirates
Ian Khama President of Botswana Botswana 2021–2024 South Africa
Gotabaya Rajapaksa President of Sri Lanka  Sri Lanka July–September 2022 Maldives
Singapore
Thailand
Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba Interim President of Burkina Faso  Burkina Faso 2022–present Togo
Succès Masra Prime Minister of Chad Chad 2022–2023 United States
Jair Bolsonaro President of Brazil  Brazil 2022–2023[9][10] United States
Joseph Kabila President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo  DR Congo 2023–2025 South Africa
Violeta Chamorro President of Nicaragua Nicaragua 2023–2025 Costa Rica[11]
Ernest Bai Koroma President of Sierra Leone Sierra Leone 2024–present Nigeria
Sheikh Hasina[12] Prime Minister of Bangladesh Bangladesh 2024–present India
Bashar al-Assad President of Syria  Syria 2024–present Russia
Ricardo Martinelli President of Panama Panama 2025–present Colombia[13]
Andry Rajoelina President of Madagascar  Madagascar 2025–present Réunion
United Arab Emirates
Umaro Sissoco Embalo President of Guinea-Bissau  Guinea-Bissau 2025–present  Senegal
 Congo[14]
Close

Notes

  1. Continued to direct Yemen's internationally-recognized government, which controlled large parts of the country in the civil war, from Saudi Arabia until his resignation in 2022
  2. Breakaway state internationally recognized by all UN members as part of Moldova.

References

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