May 1918

The following events occurred in May 1918:

More information Su, Mo ...

<<	May 1918					>>
Su	Mo	Tu	We	Th	Fr	Sa
			01	02	03	04
05	06	07	08	09	10	11
12	13	14	15	16	17	18
19	20	21	22	23	24	25
26	27	28	29	30	31

Close

May 1, 1918 (Wednesday)

• The Egyptian Expeditionary Force captured the towns of Sunet Nimrun and Es Salt in Jordan but faced counterattacks from Ottoman and German forces.^[1]
• Battle of Lahti – The Red Guards fled their garrison at Hennala, ending the battle at Lahti, Finland. Some 30,000 Reds Guards and their supporters surrendered to the White Guards and the support German detachment force.^[2]
• The Royal Air Force established air squadron No. 252.^[3]
• The Kyung Sung Public Agricultural College was founded, the precursor to the University of Seoul.^[4]
• The Independent Voters Association was established as a conservative counterpart to the more socialist-leaning Nonpartisan League in North Dakota.^[5]
• Born: Jack Paar, American TV personality, host of The Tonight Show from 1957 to 1962; in Canton, Ohio, United States (d. 2004)^{[citation needed]}
• Died: Grove Karl Gilbert, 74, American geologist, discoverer of the Meteor Crater in Arizona (b. 1843)^{[citation needed]}

May 2, 1918 (Thursday)

• Vyborg massacre – News of the murder of hundreds of Red Guard prisoners and civilians by White Guard militia in Vyborg, Finland reached White Guard commander Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, He ordered an immediate investigation.^[6]
• German submarine SM UB-31 was sunk by depth charges from three Royal Navy ships with the loss of all 22 crew.^[7]
• Died: Jüri Vilms, 29, Estonian politician, first deputy prime minister of Estonia; executed (b. 1889)^{[citation needed]}

May 3, 1918 (Friday)

• Vyborg massacre – Finnish commander Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim sent a telegram to the town commandant in Vyborg, Finland with an order to stop the massacre of Red Guard prisoners and ethnic Russians civilians in the town. In all, by the time the violence stopped, 1,200 people had been shot dead, including more than 800 Red Guard prisoners and between 360 and 420 civilians of Russian or affiliated ethnicity.^[8]
• Battle of Ahvenkoski – With the Kymi Valley now the last stronghold for the Red Guards in Finland, negotiations for surrender began with the Germans.^[9]
• The Soviet Red Army established the 6th Rifle Division in Gdov, Russia.^[10]
• Official war artist William Orpen opened his exhibition War in London and later donated the paintings to the British government. He was knighted in June.^[11]
• New Zealand writer Katherine Mansfield married her long-time partner John Middleton Murry at the Kensington register office in London.^[12]
• The University of the Philippines Cebu was established in Cebu, Philippines^[13] along with a preparatory school for students entering university.^[14]
• Born:
  • Richard Dudman, American journalist, member of the editorial staff for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch for over thirty years; in Centerville, Iowa, United States (d. 2017)^{[citation needed]}
  • Ted Bates, English football player, forward for Southampton from 1937 to 1953 and manager from 1955 to 1973; as Edric Thornton Bates, in Thetford, England (d. 2003)^{[citation needed]}
  • Mona Inglesby, British ballet dancer and choreographer, director of International Ballet; as Mona Vredenburg, in London, England (d. 2006)^{[citation needed]}
• Died:
  • Derwas Cumming, 26, Australian Rules football player, forward for the Perth Football Club from 1907 to 1910, 1914 and Melbourne University Football Club from 1911 to 1912, recipient of the Military Cross; died from wounds sustained at the Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux (b. 1891)^{[citation needed]}
  • John Chase, 61, American army medical officer, commander of the Colorado National Guard during the Colorado Labor Wars and the Ludlow Massacre (b. 1856)^{[citation needed]}

May 4, 1918 (Saturday)

• The Egyptian Expeditionary Force retreated back to the Jordan Valley after failing to hold the towns of Sunet Nimrun and Es Salt, suffering 1,784 casualties while inflicting over 2,000 on the Ottomans.^[15]
• Soviet Russia established the Belomorsky, North Caucasus, and Volga Military Districts.^[16][17][18]
• The Senate of Finland was re-established in Vaasa, Finland.^[19]
• Baseball Ontario was established as the provincial governing body of the sport in Hamilton, Ontario.^[20]
• Born: Kakuei Tanaka, Japanese state leader, 40th Prime Minister of Japan; in Nishiyama, Niigata, Empire of Japan (present-day Japan) (d. 1993)^{[citation needed]}
• Died: Howard Burnham, 46, American engineer and spy, collected intelligence for France while conducting mining surveying work in the Alps during World War I, brother to Frederick Russell Burnham (b. 1870)^{[citation needed]}

May 5, 1918 (Sunday)

• Battle of Ahvenkoski – The final force Red Guards of Finland surrendered at Ahvenkoski, Finland, with 800 soldiers laying down their arms to the German detachment force in Finland. The battle became the final military action of the Finnish Civil War.^[21]
• An estimated 15,000 people attended an anti-conscription meeting in County Roscommon, Ireland, where John Dillon, leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party, and Éamon de Valera of Sinn Féin shared the platform in a united cause against conscription.^[22]
• German submarine SM UB-119 was rammed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean, killing all 34 crew.^[23]
• German submarine SM UB-70 disappeared after being seen in the Mediterranean Sea east of Gibraltar, with all 33 crew lost.^[24]
• The United States Army established the 1st Pursuit Group to support the American Expeditionary Forces on the Western Front.^[25]
• Mary Pickford starred in M'Liss, a remake of a 1915 film. It was directed by Marshall Neilan and adapted by screenwriter Frances Marion from the short story by Bret Harte.^[26][27]
• The village of Galahad, Alberta was established.^[28]
• Born: Egidio Galea, Maltese clergy, member of the Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany during World War II; in Birgu, Malta (d. 2005)^{[citation needed]}

May 6, 1918 (Monday)

• Nicaragua declared war on the Central Powers.^[29][30]
• The Don Cossacks under command of Pyotr Krasnov captured Rostov-on-Don in what was then the Don Soviet Republic, allowing German forces to occupy the city two days later. The area was later incorporated into the Don Republic.^[31]
• The United States Navy established the Coco Solo naval station near Cativá, Panama as part of the defense of the Panama Canal.^[32]
• Born:
  • Eva Kolstad, Norwegian politician and activist, promoter of women's rights in Norway and internationally, 18th Norwegian Association for Women's Rights, member of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women from 1969 to 1975; as Eva Severine Lundegaard Hartvig, in Haldar, Norway (d. 1999)^{[citation needed]}
  • Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, Arabic noble and state leader, first President of the United Arab Emirates; in Abu Dhabi, Trucial States (present-day United Arab Emirates) (d. 2004)^{[citation needed]}

May 7, 1918 (Tuesday)

• Romania signed a treaty with the Central Powers to end its involvement with World War I but it was never ratified as Romanian monarch King Ferdinand refused to sign it. It was nullified when an armistice was signed with Germany on November 11.^[33]

May 8, 1918 (Wednesday)

• The first Muslim-Christian Association met in Jaffa, Palestine.^[34]
• German submarine SM U-32 was depth charged and sunk in the Mediterranean Sea north west of Malta by a Royal Navy ship with all 41 crew killed.^[35]
• Born: Ptolemy Reid, Guyanese state leader, second Prime Minister of Guyana; in Dartmouth, British Guiana (present-day Guyana) (d. 2003)^{[citation needed]}

May 9, 1918 (Thursday)

• The Royal Navy failed in their second attempt to seal off the German U-boat base at Ostend, Belgium despite using the destroyer HMS Vindictive as a blockship.^[36]
• Liberal Party leader H. H. Asquith took up allegations of the British War Cabinet misleading Parliament about troop strengths on the Western Front from a letter published in the press on May 7 by Major-General Frederick Maurice of the British Army. The fierce debate in the House of Commons led to Prime Minister David Lloyd George refuting the claims and treating the issue as a vote of confidence, allowing him to win the debate and tip perception against Asquith as not being an effective wartime leader. The resulting vote was in favor of government support 295 votes to 108, although about half of the Members of Parliament were absent as they were serving in the war.^[37][38]
• Field Marshal John French was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and Supreme Commander of the British Army in Ireland.^[39]
• Germany conducted the first heavier-than-air raid on England since March, sending four Riesenfluzeuge bombers to Dover. High winds over the North Sea forced the squadron to turn back only to find their bases shrouded in fog. Only one landed safely, with the other three being destroyed in crashes.^[40]
• German submarine SM UC-78 was rammed and sunk in the English Channel off the coast of France by British steamer Queen Alexandra.^[41]
• French ace René Fonck shot down six German aircraft in a day.^[42]
• Edgar Sisson, an American field operative for the Committee on Public Information posted in Petrograd, began to introduce the first in a series of 68 Russian documents together titled The German-Bolshevik Conspiracy that alleged Russian revolutionary leaders Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky had worked with Germany to bring about Russia's withdraw from World War I.^[43] The documents were later proven to be forgeries.^[44]
• The Royal Air Force established air squadron No. 158.^[45]
• Born:
  • Mike Wallace, American journalist, original and long-running member of the CBS news program 60 Minutes; as Myron Leon Wallace, in Brookline, Massachusetts, United States (d. 2012)^{[citation needed]}
  • Orville Freeman, American politician, 29th Governor of Minnesota, 16th United States Secretary of Agriculture; in Minneapolis, United States (d. 2003)^{[citation needed]}
  • Kyffin Williams, Welsh painter, best known for his landscape work of Wales; as John Kyffin Williams, in Llangefni, Wales (d. 2006)^{[citation needed]}
• Died: Richard Hutton Davies, 56, English-New Zealand army officer, commander of the 6th Infantry Brigade and 20th Light Division during World War I, recipient of the Order of the Bath (b. 1861)^{[citation needed]}

May 10, 1918 (Friday)

• Battle of Kaniów – Around 8,000 troops with the Polish II Corps in Russia under command of Józef Haller were surprised and encircled by a larger Imperial German Army of 12,000 soldiers near Kaniów, Ukraine.^[46]
• German Zeppelin L 62 exploded and broke in half before crashing in flames over the North Sea with the loss of all hands. The German Naval Airship Service blamed her loss on an accident, while the Royal Air Force claimed one of its flying boats shot her down.^[47]
• German submarine SM UB-16 was torpedoed and sunk in the North Sea by Royal Navy submarine HMS E34 with the loss of 15 of her 16 crew.^[48]
• The Inverted Jenny postage stamp, which features an upside-down image of a Curtiss Jenny airplane, was issued by the United States Postal Service by accident. While probably the most famous errors in American philately, only one pane in 100 was ever found showing the error, making it also one of the most prized with an estimated value of US $977,500.^[49]
• Born:
  • Peter Porekuu Dery, Ghanaian clergy, Archbishop of Tamale from 1974 to 1994; in Wa, Gold Coast (present-day Ghana) (d. 2008)^{[citation needed]}
  • R. N. Kao, Indian intelligence officer, first chief of the Research and Analysis Wing for the Government of India; as Rameshwar Nath Kao, in Benares, British India (present-day Varanasi, India) (d. 2002)^{[citation needed]}
  • T. Berry Brazelton, American pediatrician, developer of the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale; as Thomas Berry Brazelton, in Waco, Texas, United States (d. 2018)^{[citation needed]}
  • George Welch, American air force officer and test pilot, recipient of the Distinguished Service Cross and Distinguished Flying Cross, Medal of Honor nominee for action during the attack on Pearl Harbor; in Wilmington, Delaware, United States (d. 1954, killed in a plane crash)^{[citation needed]}
• Died: Alexander Oswald Brodie, 68, American army officer and politician, 15th Governor of the Arizona Territory, member of the Rough Riders during the Spanish–American War (b. 1849)^{[citation needed]}

May 11, 1918 (Saturday)

• The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus was officially established.^[50]
• Battle of Kaniów – After a full day of stiff resistance from the Polish II Corps in Russia, the German command offered a ceasefire. Germany suffered an estimated 1,500 dead while Polish forces sustained around 1,000 casualties, of those only two dozen died. Another 3,250 Polish troops were taken prisoner although many thousands, including commanding officer Józef Haller, managed to escape.^[51]
• Italian troopship Verona was sunk by German submarine SM UC-52, killing 880 passengers and crew.^[52]
• French Navy troopship Sant Anna was sunk in the Mediterranean Sea by German submarine SM UC-54, killing 605 passengers and crew.^[53]
• German submarine SM U-154 was torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by Royal Navy submarine HMS E35 with the loss of all 77 crew.^[54]
• Racing horse Exterminator with jockey Willie Knapp won the 44th running of the Kentucky Derby with a time of 2:10.08.^[55]
• British artist Paul Nash opened his exhibition The Void of War at the Leicester Galleries in London.^[56]
• The sports Club Universitario de Buenos Aires was established in Buenos Aires. It is most noted for its rugby union team but also offered a wide range of sports disciplines including basketball, boxing, association football, gymnastics, golf, field hockey, martial arts, swimming, tennis, volleyball and many others.^[57]
• Born:
  • Richard Feynman, American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research into quantum mechanics; in New York City, United States (d. 1988)^{[citation needed]}
  • Sheila Burnford, Scottish-Canadian children's writer, author of The Incredible Journey; in Edinburgh, Scotland (d. 1984)^{[citation needed]}
• Died: George Elmslie, 57, Australian politician, 25th Premier of Victoria (b. 1861)^{[citation needed]}

May 12, 1918 (Sunday)

• German submarine SM UB-72 was depth charged and sunk in the English Channel by Royal Navy submarine HMS D4 with the loss of 34 of her crew.^[58]
• German submarine SM U-103 was rammed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by British ocean liner Olympic with the loss of nine of her 40 crew. Survivors were rescued by U.S. Navy destroyer USS Davis.^[59][60]
• The football Sport Club Gaúcho was established in Passo Fundo, Brazil.^[61]
• Born:
  • Julius Rosenberg, American spy, convicted along with Ethel for sharing state secrets with the Soviet Union; in New York City, United States (d. 1953, executed)^{[citation needed]}
  • Mary Kay Ash, American business executive, founder of Mary Kay Cosmetics; as Mary Kathlyn Wagner, in Hot Wells, Texas, United States (d. 2001)^{[citation needed]}
• Died: Rose Selfridge, 57, American-British socialite, wife to Harry Gordon Selfridge, the owner of the Selfridges department store chain (b. 1860)^{[citation needed]}

May 13, 1918 (Monday)

• The United States Postal Service issued the first airmail stamps to the public, bearing a picture of a Curtis "Jenny" airplane.^[62]
• German submarine SM UB-114 sank at Kiel, Germany with the loss of seven of her crew. The vessel was later raised.^[63]
• The French Army established the 501st Combat Tank Regiment.^[64]
• Children's author L. Frank Baum published the 12th Oz book, The Tin Woodman of Oz, which helped reverse a trend in declining sales of books in the series.^[65]
• Filmmaker William Desmond Taylor released Huck and Tom as a sequel to Tom Sawyer, with Jack Pickford and Robert Gordon reprising their roles of the Mark Twain characters.^[66][67]
• Fatty Arbuckle starred in the comedy short Moonshine, which he also directed. Portions of the film still survive.^[68]
• Born: Balasaraswati, Indian dancer and choreographer, known for her promotion of Bharatanatyam traditional dance, recipient of the Padma Bhushan and Padma Vibhushan civilian awards in India; as Tanjore Balasaraswati, in Madras, British India (present-day Chennai, India) (d. 1984)^{[citation needed]}

May 14, 1918 (Tuesday)

• Royal Navy destroyer HMS Phoenix was torpedoed and sunk in the Adriatic Sea by Austro-Hungarian submarine SM U-27, killing two of the 72 crew.^[69][70]
• South African mayor Harry Hands instituted the "Three Minute Pause", which was initiated by the daily firing of the Noon Gun on Signal Hill in Cape Town, South Africa. The ceremony inspired the introduction of the two-minute silence in November 1919.^[71]
• Iowa Governor William L. Harding issued a hard-line anti-German proclamation (later known as the Babel Proclamation) that stated "only English was legal in public or private schools, in public conversations, on trains, over the telephone, at all meetings, and in all religious services."^[72]
• Born: James Hardy, American surgeon, performed the first lung transplant; in Newala, Alabama, United States (d. 2003)^{[citation needed]}
• Died: James Gordon Bennett Jr., 77, American newspaper mogul, publisher of the New York Herald (b. 1841)^[73]

May 15, 1918 (Wednesday)

• The White Guards captured Russian-held Fort Ino at Neva Bay, Finland, formally ending all fighting in the Finnish Civil War.^[74]
• The United States Postal Service started the world's third regular airmail service between New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. Postmaster General Albert S. Burleson assigned Assistant Post Master General Otto Praeger additional duties as the first chief of the United States airmail service, telling Praeger, "The airmail once started must not stop, but must be constantly improved and expanded until it would become, like the steamship and the railroad, a permanent transportation feature of the postal service."^[75][76]
• The Royal Air Force established air squadron No. 145.^[77]
• The Packard-Le Père aircraft was first flown.^[78]
• Construction began on the Brooklyn Army Terminal in New York City.It opened in September 1919, ten months after World War I ended.^[79]
• Osaka Nomura Bank, as predecessor of Resona Holdings, a major financial group in Japan, was founded.^[80]
• The football club Violette was established in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.^[81]
• Born:
  • Eddy Arnold, American country music singer, second best-selling country music artist of all time with over 85 million records; as Richard Edward Arnold, in Henderson, Tennessee, United States (d. 2008)^{[citation needed]}
  • Joseph Wiseman, Canadian actor, best known for Dr. No in the first James Bond film; in Montreal, Canada (d. 2009)^{[citation needed]}
  • Arthur Jackson, American sharpshooter, bronze medalist at the 1952 Summer Olympics; in New York City, United States (d. 2015)^{[citation needed]}

May 16, 1918 (Thursday)

• United States Congress approved the Sedition Act, which extended the Espionage Act to cover a broader range of offenses including public speech or expression that cast the U.S. Government or its war effort in a negative light or interfered with its sale of war bonds.^[82][83]
• White Guard commander Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim held a victory parade in Helsinki to celebrate the end of the Finnish Civil War.^[84]
• The Imperial German Navy recommissioned the light cruiser Stuttgart as a seaplane tender, the only German seagoing aviation ship capable of working with the fleet commissioned during both world wars.^[85]
• The United States Army established the Third Corps to support Allied forces on the Western Front.^[86]
• The Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party split into two factions during its fourth congress.^[87]
• Ukrinform was established as the national news agency for Ukraine, with nationalist leader Dmytro Dontsov as its first director.^[88][89]
• Hazel Turner, a black farmer, was lynched by a white mob in Lowndes County, Georgia on suspicion for the shooting death of local farmer Hampton Smith, based on the assumption it was because of a public dispute between the two men. Turner's death was one of 13 black men killed by a vigilante mob on behalf of the Smith family.^[90]
• The Shenandoah National Forest was established in the Appalachian Mountains of the United States. It was renamed George Washington National Forest in 1932, with the Jefferson National Forest added to the preserve in 1936.^[91]
• Born: Wilf Mannion, English football player, inside forward for Middlesbrough from 1936 to 1954, and the England national football team from 1946 to 1951; as Wilfrid James Mannion, in South Bank, North Yorkshire, England (d. 2000)^{[citation needed]}
• Died: Eusapia Palladino, 64, Italian spiritualist, best known for her séance demonstrations (b. 1854)^{[citation needed]}

May 17, 1918 (Friday)

• German submarine SM UC-35 was shelled and sunk in the Mediterranean Sea by a French Navy patrol ship with the loss of 20 of her 25 crew.^[92]
• The fraternity Pi Kappa Lambda was established at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois and became known as a music education fraternity.^[93]
• Japanese industrial paint manufacturer Kansai Paint was established in Amagasaki, Japan.^[94]
• The sports Club Atlético Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires was established in Vicente López, Argentina. It now has sections in field hockey, basketball, association football, gymnastics, golf, swimming, tennis, and martial arts.^[95]
• Born:
  • Birgit Nilsson, Swedish opera singer, best known for performances in Wagner operas for various companies including the Royal Swedish Opera; as Märta Birgit Nilsson, in Västra Karup, Sweden (d. 2005)^{[citation needed]}
  • Robert Shields, American minister and teacher who became known for writing a diary of 37.5 million words, possibly the longest ever written; in Seymour, Indiana, United States (d. 2007)^{[citation needed]}
• Died: William Drew Robeson, 73, American religious leader, minister of the black branch of the First Presbyterian Church of Princeton, father of singer and actor Paul Robeson (b. 1844)^{[citation needed]}

May 18, 1918 (Saturday)

• French Navy destroyer Catapulte collided with British cargo ship and sank in the Mediterranean Sea off Algeria.^[96]
• Royal Navy cargo ship SS Chesterfield, was torpedoed and sunk in the Mediterranean Sea by German submarine SM UC-52 with the loss of four of her crew.^[97]
• The British Indian Army established the 11th Gurkha Rifles for the Mesopotamian campaign.^[98]
• The football league Federação Gaúcha de Futebol was established to manage all football tournaments in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.^[99]
• The football club Ølstykke was established in Ølstykke, Denmark.^[100]
• Born: Tom Bolack, American politician, 20th Governor of New Mexico; as Thomas Felix Bolack, in Cowley County, Kansas, United States (d. 1998)^{[citation needed]}
• Died: Toivo Kuula, 34, Finnish composer, known for works including Stabat mater and Ostrobothnian Suites (b. 1883)^{[citation needed]}

May 19, 1918 (Sunday)

• French flying ace Raoul Lufbery was killed when he fell from his plane during a dogfight with a German aircraft. He had 17 confirmed victories at the time of his death.^[101]
• Mary Turner, wife to Hazel Turner who was also pregnant, was lynched and burned to death by a white mob in Lowndes County, Georgia after speaking out against her husband's lynching three days earlier.^[102][103] Despite a state investigation that identified 15 suspects involved in the lynching, no charges were laid.^[104]
• U.S. Army Major Harold M. Clark Jr. and Sergeant Robert P. Gay make the first inter-island flight in Hawaii, flying from Fort Kamehameha on Oahu to Maui. They continued on to the island of Hawaii the same day, where they crashed on the slopes of Mauna Kea. Uninjured, they wandered on foot for a week before finding help.^[105]
• The film drama Old Wives for New, directed by Cecil B. DeMille, was released to controversy with its depiction of star Elliott Dexter actively seeking an adulterous affair. Despite the illicit material, the film became the fifth-highest grossing of the year. Copies of the film survive at the George Eastman Museum in Rochester, New York.^[106]
• Born:
  • Abraham Pais, Dutch-American physicist, known for collaborations with Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein; in Amsterdam, Netherlands (d. 2000)^{[citation needed]}
  • Edward Blyden, Sierra Leone diplomat, ambassador to the United Nations, grandson of Edward Wilmot Blyden; in Freetown, Protectorate of Sierra Leone (present-day Sierra Leone) (d. 2010)^{[citation needed]}
• Died:
  • Ferdinand Hodler, 65, Swiss painter, member of the Symbolism movement with works including Night (b. 1853)^{[citation needed]}
  • George Bent, 75, Native American soldier, member of the Cheyenne nation who fought with the Confederates during the American Civil War, known for his collaborations with anthropologist George Bird Grinnell (b. 1843)^{[citation needed]}

May 20, 1918 (Monday)

• Germany launched the largest, and last, heavier-than-air raid against the United Kingdom of World War I, with 38 Gotha and three Riesenfkugzeug bombers participating. The bombers dropped 2,724 pounds (1,236 kg) of bombs according to British estimates or 1,500 kilograms (3,307 pounds) according to the Germans, killing 49 people, injuring 177, and inflicting £117,317 in damage. British fighters and antiaircraft guns shot down six Gothas, and a seventh was forced to land in England. Germany had made a total 27 heavier-than-air raids, dropping 111,935 kg (246,774 lbs) of bombs that killed total 835 people, injured 1,972, and inflicted £1,418,272 of damages in exchange for the loss of 62 bombers either shot down or crashed while returning to base.^[107]
• The small town of Codell, Kansas was hit for the third year in a row on the same date by a tornado, killing 10 people and damaging the town's school, Methodist church, hotel and several residencies. The third tornado proved to be the most damaging to the town's economy and it did not fully recover after the disaster.^[108]
• A special anti-conscription convention was held in Dublin, where leaders condemned the arrest and deportation of Sinn Féin leaders Éamon de Valera and Arthur Griffith for their alleged involvement in the "German Plot".^[109]
• The United States Army Aviation Section separated from Signal Corps and was divided into the Division of Military Aeronautics and the Bureau of Aircraft Production.^[110]
• Born:
  • Edward B. Lewis, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the development of evolutionary developmental biology; in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States (d. 2004)^{[citation needed]}
  • David Ormsby-Gore, British diplomat, 36th Ambassador of the United Kingdom to the United States; as William David Ormsby-Gore, in London, England (d. 1985)^{[citation needed]}
  • Piru Singh, Indian army officer, member of the Rajputana Rifles during the Indo-Pakistani War, recipient of the Param Vir Chakra; as Piru Singh Shekhawat, in Beri, British India (present-day India) (d. 1948, killed in action)^{[citation needed]}

May 21, 1918 (Tuesday)

• Battle of Sardarabad – An Ottoman army of 13,000 soldiers invaded Armenia by taking Sardarabad and advancing on the city of Yerevan.^[111]
• U.S. Navy patrol ship USS Christabel damaged German submarine SM UC-56 when it attempted to attack a British merchant ship it was escorting in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Spain.^[112]
• A fire destroyed an airplane manufacturing plant owned by Fowler Airplane Corporation in San Francisco, destroying 15 aircraft models and costing somewhere between $250,000 and $1 million in damages.^[113][114]
• Born:
  • Lloyd Hartman Elliott, American academic, president of George Washington University from 1965 to 1988; in Clay County, West Virginia, United States (d. 2013)^{[citation needed]}
  • Robin McNair, British air force officer, commander of the No. 247, No. 74 Squadrons and No. 124 Wing during World War II, recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross; in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (d. 1996)^{[citation needed]}
  • Karl Schwanzer, Austrian architect, designer of the 21er Haus and BMW Headquarters buildings; in Vienna, Austria-Hungary (present-day Austria) (d. 1975)^{[citation needed]}

May 22, 1918 (Wednesday)

• Battle of Sardarabad – The Armenian Army Corps of 9,000 men managed to force the Ottomans back to regroup at the Araks River.^[115]
• Battle of Abaran – An Armenian force of 1,000 riflemen halted the Ottoman advance towards Hamamlu at the Bash Abaran in Armenia.^[116]
• Axeman of New Orleans – Joseph Maggio, an Italian grocer in New Orleans, and his wife Catherine were murdered in their own home while sleeping. The killer cut both of their throats with a razor and bludgeoned them with an axe. Joseph survived long enough to be found by his brothers to report the attack. It set off a string of similar murders that terrorized the city until 1919 when the murder spree stopped. None of the serial murders have been solved.^[117]
• The Handley Page aircraft was first flown.^[118]
• Born:
  • Lude Check, Canadian ice hockey player, left winger for the Detroit Red Wings and Chicago Blackhawks from 1943 to 1951; as Ludic Albert Check, in Brandon, Manitoba, Canada (d. 2009)^{[citation needed]}
  • John C. Haas, American business executive, chairman of Rohm and Haas from 1974 to 1978; in Haverford, Pennsylvania, United States (d. 2011)^{[citation needed]}

May 23, 1918 (Thursday)

• Costa Rica declared war on Germany.^[119][120]
• Royal Navy troopship RMS Moldavia was torpedoed and sunk in the English Channel by German submarine SM UB-57 with the loss of 56 lives.^[121]
• German submarine SM UB-52 was torpedoed and sunk in the Strait of Otranto by Royal Navy submarine HMS H4 with all hands lost.^[122]
• British passenger ship Innisfallen was torpedoed and sunk in the Irish Sea by German submarine SM UB-64 with the loss of 10 lives.^[123]
• The U.S. government approved the temporary assignment of U.S. air service cadets undergoing training to the Royal Italian Army's Military Aviation Corps so they could complete their tactical training with assignments to Italian bomber squadrons during combat operations, and with the right to transfer them to American units at any time.^[124]
• The Ukrainian Navy established its own infantry.^[125]
• Born:
  • Frank Mancuso, American major league baseball player and politician, catcher for the St. Louis Browns and Washington Senators from 1944 to 1947, member of Houston City Council from 1963 to 1994; in Houston, United States (d. 2007)^{[citation needed]}
  • Walter Jackson Bate, American literary critic, recipient of the Pulitzer Prize for the biographies of John Keats in 1964 and Samuel Johnson in 1978; in Mankato, Minnesota, United States (d. 1999)^{[citation needed]}
  • Denis Compton, English cricketer, batsman and bowler for Middlesex from 1936 to 1958, the Marylebone Cricket Club from 1936 to 1964 and the England cricket team from 1937 to 1957; in Hendon, England (d. 1997)^{[citation needed]}
• Died:
  • Mariano Ponce, 55, Filipino politician, one of the founders of the news organization La Solidaridad (b. 1863)^{[citation needed]}
  • Gerard Noel, 73, British naval officer, leading naval commander in the Second Anglo-Ashanti War, recipient of the Order of the Bath and Order of St Michael and St George (b. 1845)^{[citation needed]}

May 24, 1918 (Friday)

• Battle of Sardarabad – The Armenian Army Corps failed in their attempts to dislodge the Ottomans from their defensive positions around Araks River.^[126]
• Canadian women obtained the right to vote in federal elections. However, women identified as Status Indian were not given voting rights until 1960.^[127]
• U.S. President Woodrow Wilson issued an executive order to establish the United States Army Air Service to replace the Aviation Section of the U.S. Signal Corps. The Bureau of Aircraft Production and the Division of Military Aeronautics was also established to develop military aircraft for the new air force.^[128][129]
• The Red Air Fleet was established; the predecessor of the Soviet Air Forces.^[130]
• József Kiss, Austria-Hungary's fifth-highest-scoring ace, was shot down and killed in combat. He had scored 19 victories.^[131]
• The Confederación Sudamericana de Atletismo was established as the governing body for athletics in South America.^[132]
• Composer Béla Bartók premiered his opera Bluebeard's Castle at the Royal Hungarian Opera House in Budapest.^[133]
• The football club Piteå was established in Piteå, Sweden. Its women's division plays in Damallsvenskan, the highest women's association football league in Sweden, while the men's plays in Division 2.^[134]
• Born:
  • Peter J. Brennan, American public servant, 13th United States Secretary of Labor; in New York City, United States (d. 1996)^{[citation needed]}
  • Jack Wrather, American business executive and television producer, known for classic 1950s television shows including The Lone Ranger, Sergeant Preston of the Yukon, and Lassie; as John Devereaux Wrather Jr., in Amarillo, Texas, United States (d. 1984)^{[citation needed]}
  • Coleman Young, American politician, 66th Mayor of Detroit, first African American mayor of Detroit; in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States (d. 1997)^{[citation needed]}

May 25, 1918 (Saturday)

• Battle of Karakilisa – An Ottoman force of 10,000 soldiers marched on Karakilisa, Armenia where it met an Armenian force of 6,000 militia.^[135]
• Battle of Abaran – After three days of fierce fighting, the Armenians counterattacked Ottoman forces at the Bash Abaran in Armenia.^[136]
• The Ministry of Foreign Affairs was established for the Democratic Republic of Georgia.^[137]
• The Czechoslovak Communist Party was established in Moscow as a sort of government in exile until the Czechoslovak region gained independence from the Central Powers.^[138][139]
• James Joyce's Exiles: a play in three acts was published in London.^[140]
• Born: Fredrik Kayser, Norwegian army officer, member of the Norwegian Independent Company 1 during World War II, recipient of the St. Olav's Medal with Oak Branch, Military Medal and Legion of Honour (d. 2009)^{[citation needed]}
• Died: William Pitt, 62, Australian architect, designer of major landmarks in Melbourne including the Queens Bridge (b. 1855)^{[citation needed]}

May 26, 1918 (Sunday)

• The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic was abolished, allowing Georgia to declare its independence.^[141]
• German submarine SM UB-74 was depth charged and sunk in Lyme Bay by a Royal Navy ship, killing all 35 crew.^[142]
• The British built Kyarra was torpedoed and sunk one mile off Anvil Point, near Swanage, England by a UB-57 German submarine, killing 6 crew.^[143]

May 27, 1918 (Monday)

• German spring offensive – German forces launched the third stage of their offensive against the Allies on the Western Front with Operation Blücher-Yorck, beginning with the attack on Aisne River in France. Taking advantage of thinly spread out defenses, the Germans advanced through a 40 km (25 mi) gap in the Allied line, punched through eight Allied divisions between Reims and Soissons, and gained another 15 km to the Vesle River by nightfall.^[144]
• Battle of Sardarabad – An Armenian force attacked the Ottoman Army from the rear while the main group pounded its front defenses, inflicting 3,500 casualties and forcing the Ottoman command to order a retreat.^[145]
• The Azerbaijani National Council was established as the governing body of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.^[146]
• Born:
  • Yasuhiro Nakasone, Japanese state leader, 45th Prime Minister of Japan; in Takasaki, Empire of Japan (present-day Japan) (d. 2019)^{[citation needed]}
  • Frank Balistrieri, American gangster, boss of the Milwaukee crime family from 1961 to 1983; in Milwaukee, United States (d. 1993)^{[citation needed]}
• Died: Robert A. Little, 22, Australian air force officer, commander of the No. 208 and No. 203 Squadrons, recipient of the Distinguished Service Order, Distinguished Service Cross and Croix de guerre; killed in action (b. 1895)^{[citation needed]}

May 28, 1918 (Tuesday)

• Armenia and Azerbaijan both declared independence.^{[147][148][149]}
• Germany and Georgia signed a treaty at the Black Sea port of Poti, which was to guarantee Germany would protect Georgia's sovereignty from the growing Soviet Russia.^[150]
• Battle of Karakilisa – Ottoman forces failed to break out of Karakilisa, Armenia and subsequently retreated.^[151]
• Battle of Cantigny – The first military engagement for Americans occurred when the 1st Infantry Division attacked and captured the German-held village of Cantigny, France. American casualties were 1,603 while the Germans had 1,400 casualties and 250 captured.^[152][153]
• The Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the government of Azerbaijan was established.^[154]
• The city of Manteca, California was established.^[155]
• The sports club Ottestad was established in Ottestad, Norway. It now offers association football, handball, cross-country skiing and cycling.^[156]
• The film romantic comedy Bound in Morocco, starring Douglas Fairbanks and directed by Allan Dawn, was released through Famous Players–Lasky, becoming one of the top 10 grossing films of the year and the second hit for Fairbanks.^[157][158]
• Born:
  • Johnny Wayne, Canadian comedian, member of the popular comedic duo Wayne and Shuster; as Louis Weingarten, in Toronto, Canada (d. 1990)^{[citation needed]}
  • John Birch, American army officer and missionary, recipient of the U.S. Army Distinguished Service Medal and two-time recipient of the Legion of Merit, namesake for the John Birch Society; in Landour, British India (present-day India) (d. 1945, killed in action)^{[citation needed]}
  • John McKeithen, American politician, 49th Governor of Louisiana; in Grayson, Louisiana, United States (d. 1999)^{[citation needed]}

May 29, 1918 (Wednesday)

• Battle of Abaran – After two days of counterattacks, the Armenians inflicted enough heavy casualties on the Ottoman Army to force them back towards Hamamlu, Armenia.^[159]
• Battle of Skra-di-Legen – Greek forces supported by the French bombarded fortified Bulgarian positions at Skra, Greece.^[160]
• Born: Bert Corona, Mexican-American labor activist, leading member of the Congress of Industrial Organizations and the Chicano Movement in the 1960s; as Humberto Noé Corona (d. 2001)^{[citation needed]}

May 30, 1918 (Thursday)

• The Kuban Soviet Republic and Black Sea Soviet Republic merged into one Soviet republic.^[161]
• Third Battle of the Aisne – German forces advanced on Paris, capturing 50,000 Allied soldiers and over 800 guns.^[162]
• Battle of Skra-di-Legen – Greek forces captured the Bulgarian fort at Skra, Greece, taking 2,045 prisoners and inflicting 600 casualties. Allied casualties were 441 killed, 2,227 wounded and 164 missing.^[163]
• Birmingham College in Birmingham and Southern University in Greensboro, Alabama merged to become Birmingham–Southern College.^[164]
• The American Expeditionary Forces set up a second set of military hospitals in Châtel-Guyon, France, with Hospital No. 20 serving up to 2,000 wounded American soldiers.^[165]
• The movie house Rialto Theater opened to the public in Omaha, Nebraska.^[166]
• Born: Martin Lundström, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier, two-time gold medalist at the 1948 Winter Olympics and bronze medalist at the 1952 Winter Olympics; in Tvärliden, Sweden (d. 2016)^{[citation needed]}
• Died:
  • Georgi Plekhanov, 61, Russian philosopher, one of the first philosophers to adopt Marxism (b. 1856)^{[citation needed]}
  • Frederick Trump, 49, German-American business leader, founder of The Trump Organization, grandfather to Donald Trump (b. 1869)^{[citation needed]}

May 31, 1918 (Friday)

• U.S. Navy troopship USS President Lincoln was torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by German submarine SM U-90 with the loss of 26 of the 715 people on board. Survivors were rescued by fellow U.S. Navy ships USS Smith and USS Warrington.^[167]
• Royal Navy destroyer HMS Fairy rammed and sunk German submarine SM UC-75 in the North Sea but foundered herself and had to be abandoned.^[168]
• Czech nationalist leader Tomáš Masaryk led the signing of an agreement between Czech and Slovak expats in Pittsburgh to unite as one nation.^[169]
• Lieutenant General John Monash took command of the Australian Corps, the largest corps on the Western Front.^[170]
• American pilot Douglas Campbell scored his fifth victory, becoming the first ace from an American-trained unit.^[171]
• The football club Hebar Pazardzhik was established in Pazardzhik, Bulgaria.^[172]
• Born: Vilho Ylönen, Finnish shooter, silver medalist at the 1952 Summer Olympics and bronze medalist at the 1956 Summer Olympics; in Hankasalmi, Finland (d. 2000)^{[citation needed]}

References

1. [1]

   Falls, Cyril; A. F. Beck (1930). Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. 2 Part 1. London: HM Stationery Office. pp. 379–380. OCLC 644354483.
2. [2]

   Takala, Hannu (1998). Taistelu Lahdesta 1918. Lahti: Lahti City Museum. pp. 61–88. ISBN 951-84948-2-7.
3. [3]

   "History of 252 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
4. [4]

   "History - About UOS". University of Seoul. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
5. [5]

   Lubell, Samuel (1956). The Future of American Politics (2nd ed.). Anchor Press. pp. 145–147. OL 6193934M.
6. [6]

   Westerlund, Lars (2004). "Me odotimme teitä vapauttajina ja te toitte kuolemaa – Viipurin valloituksen yhteydessä teloitetut venäläiset". Venäläissurmat Suomessa 1914–22: Osa 2.2. Sotatapahtumat 1918–22. Prime Minister's Office of Finland. p. 155. ISBN 952-5354-45-8.
7. [7]

   Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 23–25. ISBN 0-85177-593-4. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
8. [8]

   Westerlund 2004, p. 155
9. [9]

   Vainio, Seppo (2010). Poliittiset väkivaltaisuudet Itä-Uudellamaalla 1917–18. Vantaa: Seppo Vainio. p. 69. ISBN 978-952-92766-5-3.
10. [10]

    Feskov, V.I.; Golikov, V.I.; Kalashnikov, K.A.; Slugin, S.A. (2013). Вооруженные силы СССР после Второй Мировой войны: от Красной Армии к Советской [The Armed Forces of the USSR after World War II: From the Red Army to the Soviet] (in Russian). Vol. 1 Land Forces. Tomsk: Tomsk University Press. p. 565. ISBN 9785895035306.
11. [11]

    Matthew, HCG; Harrison, Brian, eds. (2004). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 41 (Norbary-Osborn). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-861391-1.
12. [12]

    Joanna Woods (2007). "Katherine Mansfield, 1888–1923". Kōtare: New Zealand Notes & Queries. 7 (1). Victoria University of Wellington. doi:10.26686/knznq.v7i1.776. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
13. [13]

    "About UP Cebu". UPCebu. University of the Philippines Cebu. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
14. [14]

    "UP High School – Cebu". UPCebu. University of the Philippines Cebu. 17 July 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
15. [15]

    Falls 1930 Vol. 2, pp. 385–386
16. [16]

    Soviet Military Encyclopedia, vol. 6, pp. 524–525
17. [17]

    Russian Ministry of Defence,History of the North Caucasus Military District Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, www.mil.ru, accessed August 17, 2007
18. [18]

    Feskov 2013, p. 429
19. [19]

    Keränen, Jorma; Tiainen, Jorma; Ahola, Matti; Ahola, Veikko; Frey, Stina; Lempinen, Jorma; Ojanen, Eero; Paakkonen, Jari; Talja, Virpi; Väänänen, Juha (1992), Suomen itsenäistymisen kronikka, Jyväskylä: Gummerus, pp. 123–137, ISBN 951-20-3800-5
20. [20]

    "Constitution & By-Laws of Baseball Ontario" (PDF). Baseball Ontario. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
21. [21]

    Vainio 2010, p. 69
22. [22]

    "The mystery of the Sinn Féin film". Independent News & Media. 15 October 2004.
23. [23]

    "UB 119". Uboat.net. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
24. [24]

    "UB 70". Uboat.net. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
25. [25]

    Series "C", Vol. 9, History of the 1st Pursuit Group. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917-1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C. via "Fold3 - Historical military records". Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 2013-03-06.
26. [26]

    The New York Times Review Remakes
27. [27]

    Progressive Silent Film List: M'Liss at silentera.com
28. [28]

    "Location and History Profile: Village of Galahad". Alberta Municipal Affairs. December 25, 2015. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
29. [29]

    "World War: Declarations of War from Around the World". Library of Congress.
30. [30]

    "Who Declared War and When". Firstworldwar.com.
31. [31]

    Smele, Jonathan D. (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926. London: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 337. ISBN 9781442252813.
32. [32]

    Van Wyen, Adrian O. (1969). Naval Aviation in World War I. Washington, D.C.: Chief of Naval Operations. p. 64.
33. [33]

    Kitchen, Martin "Hindenburg, Ludendorff and Rumania" pp. 214-222 from The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 54, Issue # 2, April 1976, p. 223
34. [34]

    Pappe, Ilan (2002) The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian Dynasty. The Husaynis 1700–1948. AL Saqi edition 2010. ISBN 978-0-86356-460-4. p. 175
35. [35]

    Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. p. 6. ISBN 0-85177-593-4. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
36. [36]

    Geoffrey Bennett (1968). Naval Battles of the First World War. Penguin. pp. 276–278. ISBN 0-14-139087-5.
37. [37]

    Gooch, John. "The Maurice Debate 1918," Journal of Contemporary History (1968) 3#4 pp. 211–228 in JSTOR
38. [38]

    Cook, Chris. A Short History of the Liberal Party: 1900–1992; Macmillan, 1993 p.73
39. [39]

    "French, Sir John Denton Pinkstone, (1852–1925), 1st Earl of Ypres, Field Marshal". Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives. Retrieved 2012-08-24.
40. [40]

    Fredette, Raymond H., The Sky on Fire: The First Battle of Britain 1917–1918, New York: Harvest, 1976, ISBN 0-15-682750-6, p. 196
41. [41]

    Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: UC 78". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 23 February 2009.
42. [42]

    Sherman, Stephen (August 1, 2001). "René Fonck - Highest Scoring Allied Ace, 75 kills". acepilots.com. Archived from the original on June 25, 2018. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
43. [43]

    Axelrod, Alan (2009). Selling the Great War: The Making of American Propaganda. NY: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 205. ISBN 9780230605039.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
44. [44]

    Kennan, George F. (1956). "The Sisson Documents". Journal of Modern History. 28 (2): 130–54. doi:10.1086/237884. S2CID 144508744.
45. [45]

    "History of 158 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
46. [46]

    (in Polish) Jacek Woyno, MATERIAŁY ARCHIWALNE DO DZIEJÓW POLSKICH FORMACJI WOJSKOWYCH W ROSJI (1914—1920) Archived December 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, B I U L E T Y N Nr 25 WOJSKOWEJ SŁUŻBY ARCHIWALNEJ 2002
47. [47]

    Whitehouse, Arch, The Zeppelin Fighters, New York: Ace Books, 1966, no ISBN, pp. 239-240
48. [48]

    Messimer, Dwight R. (2002). Verschollen: World War I U-boat losses. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-55750-475-3. OCLC 231973419.
49. [49]

    "The 1918 24¢ Inverted "Jenny"". Sale 946a. Robert A. Siegel. 2007-11-14. Retrieved 2014-11-13.
50. [50]

    Saparov, Arsène (2015), From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus: The Soviet Union and the making of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh, New York City: Routledge, p. 43
51. [51]

    (in Polish) Jacek Woyno, MATERIAŁY ARCHIWALNE DO DZIEJÓW POLSKICH FORMACJI WOJSKOWYCH W ROSJI (1914—1920) Archived December 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, B I U L E T Y N Nr 25 WOJSKOWEJ SŁUŻBY ARCHIWALNEJ 2002
52. [52]

    "Verona". Uboat.net. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
53. [53]

    "Sant Anna". Uboat.net. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
54. [54]

    Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: U 154". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
55. [55]

    "1918 Kentucky Derby Results Tables" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-14. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
56. [56]

    Hughes, Gordon; Bloom, Philipp, eds. (2014). Nothing but the Clouds Unchanged:Artists in World War 1. Getty Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60606-431-3.
57. [57]

    History of CUBA on club's website
58. [58]

    "UB 72". Uboat.net. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
59. [59]

    McCartney, Innes; Jak Mallmann-Showell (2002). Lost Patrols: Submarine Wrecks of the English Channel. Periscope Publishing Ltd. p. 36. ISBN 1-904381-04-9.
60. [60]

    Kemp, Paul (1997). U-Boats Destroyed (German submarine losses in the World Wars). London: Arms and Armour Press. p. 49. ISBN 1-85409-321-5.
61. [61]

    Rodolfo Rodrigues (2009). Escudos dos Times do Mundo Inteiro. Panda Books. p. 77.
62. [62]

    Anonymous, "Today in History," The Washington Post Express, May 13, 2013, p. 26
63. [63]

    "UB 114". Uboat.net. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
64. [64]

    Avec les chars d'assaut Marcel Fourier. Hachette, 1919 (Témoins), pp. 308-310)
65. [65]

    Katharine M. Rogers, L. Frank Baum: Creator of Oz, New York, St. Martin's Press, 2002; pp. 230-1.
66. [66]

    Progressive Silent Film List: Huck and Tom at silentera.com
67. [67]

    The AFI Catalog of Feature Films: Huck and Tom
68. [68]

    "Progressive Silent Film List: Moonshine". silentera.com. Retrieved February 26, 2008.
69. [69]

    Gibson, R. H.; Maurice Prendergast (2003) [1931]. The German Submarine War, 1914–1918. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 271. ISBN 978-1-59114-314-7. OCLC 52924732.
70. [70]

    "Royal Naval Casualties May 1918 at Naval-History.net". Retrieved 2008-09-28.
71. [71]

    Royal Canadian Legion Branch # 138."2-Minute Wave of Silence" Revives a Time-honoured Tradition Archived 2018-10-01 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed on 5 June 2014.
72. [72]

    Derr, Nancy. "The Babel Proclamation," The Palimpsest 60, No. 4 (July/August 1979): pp. 100-101
73. [73]

    "J. G. Bennett Dies in France of Pneumonia". 1918-05-18. Archived from the original on 2025-05-05.
74. [74]

    Keränen et al. 1992, pp. 123–137
75. [75]

    Jensen, Richard, "The Suicide Club," Aviation History, May 2017, p. 62.
76. [76]

    Who's who in American Aeronautics. 1922. Retrieved 2017-04-02.
77. [77]

    "History of 145 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
78. [78]

    Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 195
79. [79]

    "Uncle Sam Pay Roll $200,000 A Week at Bay Ridge War Base". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. August 25, 1918. p. 15. Retrieved August 20, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com.
80. [80]

    ja:大阪野村銀行#沿革 (Japanese language edition) Retrieved on May 27, 2020.
81. [81]

    Haiti Reference: Le Football Haitien: Équipes et Clubs
82. [82]

    Kennedy, David M., Over Here: The First World War and American Society (NY: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 80
83. [83]

    Stone, Geoffrey R., Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime from the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism (NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 2004), p. 541
84. [84]

    Keränen et al. 1992, pp. 123–137
85. [85]

    Layman, R.D., Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1849-1922, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1989, ISBN 0-87021-210-9, p. 27
86. [86]

    Wilson, John B. (1999). "III Corps". Armies, Corps, Divisions, and Separate Brigades. United States Army Center of Military History. p. 53. ISBN 978-0160499920. Archived from the original on 2010-06-08. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
87. [87]

    Ukrainian Party of Socialist Revolutionaries Archived 2016-09-19 at the Wayback Machine. Handbook on the History of Ukraine
88. [88]

    Ukrainian National News Agency UKRINFORM celebrates its 90th anniversary, National Radio Company of Ukraine (May 15, 2008)
89. [89]

    On March 1 the national news agency Ukrinform launched Ukraine's first Internet radio service, Government of Ukraine (March 2, 2005)
90. [90]

    White, Walter F (September 1918). "The work of a mob". The Crisis. Vol. 16, no. 5. pp. 221–223.
91. [91]

    Davis, Richard C. (2005-09-29). "The National Forests of the United States" (PDF). The Forest History Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-05. Retrieved 2009-01-18.
92. [92]

    "UC 35". Uboat.net. Retrieved 26 September 2012.
93. [93]

    Official website
94. [94]

    "Kansai -Corporate Profile". Kansai.com. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
95. [95]

    Historia del Club at official site
96. [96]

    "French Navy". Naval History. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
97. [97]

    "Chesterfield". Uboat.net. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
98. [98]

    Perry, F.W (1993). Order of Battle of Divisions Part 5B. Indian Army Divisions. Newport: Ray Westlake Military Books. p. 80. ISBN 1-871167-23-X.
99. [99]

    Rodolfo Rodrigues (2009). Escudos dos Times do Mundo Inteiro. Panda Books. p. 36.
100. [100]

     "The formation of Idrætsforening 1918". Ølstykke F.C. (in Danish). Retrieved 4 December 2017.
101. [101]

     Rickenbacker, Edward V. (1919). Fighting the Flying Circus. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company; pp. 94-96
102. [102]

     Forehand, C. Tyrone. "A Place to Lay Their Heads" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2016. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
103. [103]

     Ramos, Kara (2010-05-15). "Remembering a dark page of history". Valdosta Daily Times. Valdosta, GA. Retrieved 2013-05-23.
104. [104]

     Bernstein, Patricia (2005). The First Waco Horror. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. p. 176.
105. [105]

     Aviation Hawaii: 1879-1919 Chronology of Aviation in Hawaii
106. [106]

     "Progressive Silent Film List: Old Wives for New". silentera.com. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
107. [107]

     Fredette, Raymond H., The Sky on Fire: The First Battle of Britain 1917–1918, New York: Harvest, 1976, ISBN 0-15-682750-6, p. 266
108. [108]

     "Tornado Traverses Trego, Ellis, Rooks and Osborne Counties. Ten Killed, Scores of Injured. Property Damage in Million. Codell in Part Ruins.", Plainville Times, 23 May 1918, p. 1
109. [109]

     Hennessy, Dave. "The Hay Plan & Conscription in Ireland During WW1". Waterford County Museum. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
110. [110]

     Craven, Wesley Frank, and Cate, James Lea, editors (1983). The Army Air Forces In World War II, Air Force Historical Studies Office, ISBN 0-912799-03-X (Vol. 1), p. 9
111. [111]

     (in Turkish) Gürbüz, Mustafa, "1917 Rus İhtilali Sonrası Kafkasya'da Türk Askeri Faaliyetleri: Serdarabad Savaşları ve Siyasi Sonuçları" [Turkish Military Operations in the Caucasus after the 1917 Russian Revolution: The battles of Serdarabad and its Political Results]. Ermeni Araştırmaları, No. 25, 2007
112. [112]

     Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: UC-56". U-Boat War in World War I. Uboat.net. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
113. [113]

     Wire service, "Fifteen Air Planes Are Destroyed By Big Fire", Daily News, Red Bluff, California, Wednesday 22 May 1918, Volume XXXIV, Number 169, page 1.
114. [114]

     "Factory Fires and Other Challenges of Aircraft Builder DOM Magazine". dommagazine.com. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
115. [115]

     (in Armenian) Harutunyan, Ashot H. «Սարդարապատի ճակատամարտ 1918» [The Battle of Sardarapat, 1918]. Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1984, vol. x, pp. 227-228.
116. [116]

     Yalçın Murgul, "Baku Expedition of 1917–1918: A Study of the Ottoman Policy towards the Caucasus", Master's Thesis, 2007, Department of History Bilkent University, p. 55.
117. [117]

     Gibson, Cameron (2006). Serial Murder and Media Circuses. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 0275990648.
118. [118]

     Bowyer, Chaz. Handley Page Bombers of the First World War. Bourne End, Bucks, UK:Aston Publications, 1992. ISBN 0-946627-68-1. pp. 122-123
119. [119]

     "World War: Declarations of War from Around the World". Library of Congress.
120. [120]

     "Who Declared War and When". Firstworldwar.com.
121. [121]

     "SS Moldavia". Shipping Times. Archived from the original on 7 September 2004. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
122. [122]

     "UB 52". Uboat.net. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
123. [123]

     "Innisfallen". Uboat.net. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
124. [124]

     Blumberg, Arnold, "Bombing, Italian Style," Aviation History, November 2015, p. 50
125. [125]

     "Морська Держава :: Головна сторiнка - Анонси". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
126. [126]

     Harutunyan 1984, pp. 227-228
127. [127]

     Canadian Research Institute for the Advancement of Women. http://criaw-icref.ca/millenium Archived 2014-01-02 at the Wayback Machine
128. [128]

     Greer, Thomas H. (1985). USAF Historical Study 89, The Development of Air Doctrine in the Army Air Arm, 1917–1941 (PDF). Maxwell Air Force Base: Center For Air Force History. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 20, 2012. Retrieved 10 Nov 2010., p. 149, Appendix 2 Redesignations of the Army Air Arm, 1907–1942.
129. [129]

     Maurer, pp. 3-4
130. [130]

     Hardesty, Von, Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982, ISBN 0-87474-510-1, p. 36
131. [131]

     Duffy, Michael. "Who's Who-Josef Kiss". First World War.com. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
132. [132]

     Confederación Sudamericana de Atletismo, Historial – El origen de la ConSudAtle (in Spanish), archived from the original on June 21, 2011, retrieved July 19, 2011
133. [133]

     Peter Bartók. Bluebeard's Castle - English translation. Bartók Records. August, 2008
134. [134]

     "About the club". Piteå IF. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
135. [135]

     Walker, Christopher (1980). ARMENIA: The Survival of a Nation. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 254. ISBN 0-7099-0210-7.
136. [136]

     Murgul 2007, p. 55
137. [137]

     "МИНИСТРЫ ИНОСТРАННЫХ ДЕЛ ГРУЗИИ" [Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Georgia]. Archived from the original on 2010-12-27. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
138. [138]

     "On The Eve Of The 11th Congress Of The Czechoslovak CP". 1958-06-12. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
139. [139]

     Institute of Marxism–Leninism of the CPCz CC, Institute of Marxism–Leninism of the CPS CC. An Outline of the History of the CPCz. Prague: Orbis Press Agency, 1980. p. 75
140. [140]

     MacNicholas, John (1981-01-01). "The Stage History of "Exiles"". James Joyce Quarterly. 19 (1): 9–26. JSTOR 25476401.
141. [141]

     Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994), The Making of the Georgian Nation (Second ed.), Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, pp. 191–192, ISBN 978-0-25-320915-3
142. [142]

     "UB 74". Uboat.net. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
143. [143]

     "SS Kyarra". sskyarra.com. 2009. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
144. [144]

     Hart, Peter (2008). 1918: A Very British Victory, Phoenix Books, London. ISBN 978-0-7538-2689-8, pp. 266-268, 283
145. [145]

     Harutunyan 1984, pp. 227-228
146. [146]

     Protocols of Muslim Faction of Transcaucasian Seym and Azerbaijan National Council. 1918. Baku, Adiloglu, 2006 (in Azeri and Russian)
147. [147]

     Azadian, Edmond Y. (1999). History on the Move: Views, Interviews and Essays on Armenian Issues. [s.n.] p. 108. ISBN 9780814329160.
148. [148]

     Adalian, Rouben Paul (2010). Historical dictionary of Armenia (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 418. ISBN 9780810874503.
149. [149]

     Kazemzadeh, Firuz (1951). The Struggle for Transcaucasia: 1917-1921. The New York Philosophical Library. pp. 124, 222, 229, 269–270. ISBN 0-8305-0076-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
150. [150]

     Lang, David Marshall (1962). A Modern History of Georgia. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 207–8.
151. [151]

     Walker 1980, p. 254
152. [152]

     Sandler, Stanley (2002). Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 150. ISBN 9781576073445.
153. [153]

     Zabecki, David T. (2014). Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History [4 volumes]: 400 Years of Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 222. ISBN 9781598849813.
154. [154]

     "THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN". Archived from the original on 2010-11-19. Retrieved 2010-11-08.
155. [155]

     "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014.
156. [156]

     "Ottestad IL". fotball.no (in Norwegian). Football Association of Norway. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
157. [157]

     "Bound in Morocco (1918)". silentera.com. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
158. [158]

     Focus on Film, Issues 1-12. Tantivy Press. 1970. p. 28.
159. [159]

     Murgul 2007, p. 55
160. [160]

     Grigorios Dafnis, Sofoklis Eleftheriou Venizelos (Athens: Ikaros, 1970) pp. 44–47
161. [161]

     Азаренкова, А. С.; И. Ю. Бондарь; Н. С. Вертышева (1986) [1986]. Основные административно-территориальные преобразования на Кубани (1793–1985 гг.) (in Russian). Краснодарское книжное издательство. p. 394.
162. [162]

     Hart 2008, p. 283
163. [163]

     Grigorios Dafnis, Sofoklis Eleftheriou Venizelos (Athens: Ikaros, 1970) pp. 44–47
164. [164]

     "History and Tradition". BSC.edu. Birmingham-Southern College. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
165. [165]

     Philadelphia War History Committee (1922). Philadelphia in the war, 1914-1919. New York: Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford Co. pp. 206–207.
166. [166]

     Jeffrey S. Spencer [writer and researcher], Kristine Gerber [project director] (2003). Building for the ages : Omaha's architectural landmarks (1st ed.). Omaha, Neb.: Omaha Books. ISBN 0-9745410-1-X.
167. [167]

     Foote, P.W. (July 1922). "Narrative of the "President Lincoln"". Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute. Vol. 48, no. 7. p. 1086.
168. [168]

     Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boats: UC 75". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net.
169. [169]

     Votruba M. "Pittsburgh Agreement" Archived 2018-08-10 at the Wayback Machine University of Pittsburgh, Slovak Studies Program. Accessed 28 October 2013
170. [170]

     Perry, Roland (2004), Monash: The Outsider Who Won A War, Milsons Point, New South Wales: Random House, p. xiii, ISBN 1-74051-364-9
171. [171]

     Franks, Norman (2000). Nieuport Aces of World War 1. Osprey Publishing. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-85532-961-4.
172. [172]

     "History-The Beginning". Hebar FC (in Bulgarian). Football Club Hebar. Retrieved 21 December 2017.