August 1919

The following events occurred in August 1919:

More information Su, Mo ...

<<	August 1919					>>
Su	Mo	Tu	We	Th	Fr	Sa
					01	02
03	04	05	06	07	08	09
10	11	12	13	14	15	16
17	18	19	20	21	22	23
24	25	26	27	28	29	30
31

Close

August 1, 1919 (Friday)

• The Hungarian Soviet Republic under the administration of Béla Kun collapsed after Romania invaded the country.^[1]
• The former Province of Posen of the German Empire was reformed as a voivodeship (local government administration) under Poland.^[2]
• The British government passed the Police Act to discourage police from joining unions that could take strike action, in light of a series of police strikes over the last two years. It eventually led to the formation of the Police Federation of England and Wales as the representative body of police forces in the United Kingdom.^[3]
• Street car workers in Los Angeles began to strike against Pacific Electric.^[4]
• United States Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer appointed a young J. Edgar Hoover, then 24, to head the new General Intelligence Division of the Justice Department's Bureau of Investigation to specifically target radical groups in what became known as the Palmer Raids.^[5]
• The Weimar Republic established its official press department Rheinische Volkspflege under the Reich Central Office for Domestic Propaganda in Berlin. It was abolished in 1933 when the Nazi Party officially look power in Germany.^[6]
• Wharton Brook State Park was established in Wallingford, Connecticut.^[7]
• Several football and sports clubs were established in the following cities Lindau^[8] in Lindau, Germany, Voorwaarts^[9] in Paramaribo, Suriname, Hødd^[10] in Ulsteinvik, Norway, and Cibalia^[11] in Vinkovci, Croatia.
• Born:
  • Dave Creedon, Irish Gaelic football player, goalkeeper for the Glen Rovers, St. Nicholas and the Nemo Rangers from 1938 to 1955; in Blackpool, Cork, Ireland (d. 2007)^{[citation needed]}
  • Ed Bruneteau, Canadian hockey player, right wing for the Detroit Red Wings from 1937 to 1954; in Saint Boniface, Manitoba, Canada (d. 2002)^{[citation needed]}
  • Colin McCahon, New Zealand artist, best known for introducing modernism to New Zealand; in Timaru, New Zealand (d. 1987)^{[citation needed]}
  • James Hill, British film director, known for films including Born Free and the children's television series Worzel Gummidge; in Eldwick, England (d. 1994)^{[citation needed]}
  • Stanley Middleton, British writer, author of Holiday; in Bulwell, England (d. 2009)^{[citation needed]}
• Died: Oscar Hammerstein I, 73, Polish-American composer, architect of Times Square in New York City, known his comic operas Santa Maria and Naughty Marietta, grandfather of Oscar Hammerstein II (b. 1847)^{[citation needed]}

August 2, 1919 (Saturday)

• The First Hungarian Republic was briefly re-established under the leadership of Gyula Peidl.^[12]
• Both Montana and Nebraska ratified the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which gave women the right to vote.^[13][14][15]
• A Caproni commercial plane crashed near Verona and killed all 14 passengers and crew on board, making it the first civil aviation disaster in Italy.^[16][17][18]
• Sports club Pfullendorf was established in Pfullendorf, Germany, where it became best known for its football program.^[19]
• Born: Carlo Savina, Italian composer and conductor, best known for his film scores for The Godfather, Amarcord, and The Bear; in Turin, Kingdom of Italy (present-day Italy) (d. 2002)^{[citation needed]}
• Died: Otto Kissenberth, 26, German air force officer, commander of Jagdstaffel 23 for the Luftstreitkräfte in World War I; killed in a mountaineering accident (b. 1893)^{[citation needed]}

August 3, 1919 (Sunday)

• Four Royal Air Force Fairey seaplanes attacked three Bolshevik steamboats on Lake Onega, Russia during the British campaign against the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War, causing their crews to panic and allow Royal Navy submarines to capture them easily.^[20]
• The weekly newspaper World Freedom released its last issue in Budapest after 22 years of publication.^[21]

• Red Summer – A race riot in Chicago formally ended. After a week of violence, it was reported 38 people died (23 African Americans and 15 whites),^[22] and another 537 were injured, with two-thirds of them being African American. African-American Patrolman John W. Simpson was the only policeman killed in the riot.^[23][24] Fires caused by the violence left about 1,000 residents, mostly African Americans, homeless.^[25]
• Football club América defeated Latino del Valle 3–0 to win the second Copa Centenario Batalla de Boyacá championship final in Cali, Colombia.^[26]
• Died: Samuel W. Fordyce, 79, American rail executive, president of the St. Louis, Arkansas and Texas Railway, St. Louis Southwestern Railway, and Kansas City Southern Railway from 1886 to 1900 (b. 1840)^{[citation needed]}

August 4, 1919 (Monday)

• The Erzurum Congress held by the Turkish National Movement in Erzurum, Turkey concluded with much of the groundwork laid out towards an independent Turkey. This included the completion of the National Pact that would be released by the General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire the following year to pave the way to independence.^[27]
• The Musée Rodin opened in the Parisian mansion Hôtel Biron to preserve and showcase the works of French sculptor Auguste Rodin.^[28]
• Born: Michel Déon, French writer, author of Les Poneys sauvages, Un taxi mauve and The Foundling Boy, recipient of the Legion of Honour; as Édouard Michel, in Paris, France (d. 2016)^{[citation needed]}
• Died: Dave Gregory, 74, Australian cricketer, batsman for the New South Wales cricket team from 1866 to 1883, and the Australia national cricket team from 1877 to 1879 (b. 1845)^{[citation needed]}

August 5, 1919 (Tuesday)

• Born:
  • Seweryn Chajtman, Polish engineer, developed the Alternative Theory of Organization and Management (ATOM); in Warsaw, Republic of Poland (present-day Poland) (d. 2012)^{[citation needed]}
  • Rosalind Hicks, British literary guardian and the only child of mystery author Agatha Christie; in Torquay, England (d. 2004)^{[citation needed]}
• Died: Herbert Ward, 56, British explorer, member of the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition, recipient of the Croix de Guerre and Legion of Honour (b. 1863)^{[citation needed]}

August 6, 1919 (Wednesday)

• István Friedrich led a right-wing counterrevolution against the Gyula Peidl government in Hungary with the backing of the Royal Romanian Army.^[29]
• Antal Lehár arrives to Szombathely from Austria, takes command of counter-revolutionary forces in Western Hungary
• A street car workers strike against Pacific Electric in Los Angeles ended after five days of clashes between strikers and city police.^[30]
• Born:
  • Pauline Betz, American tennis player, five-time Grand Slam champion; in Dayton, Ohio, United States (d. 2011)^{[citation needed]}
  • Leon Culberson, American baseball player, outfielder for the Boston Red Sox and Washington Senators from 1943 to 1948; as Delbert Leon Culberson, in Halls, Georgia, United States (d. 1989)^{[citation needed]}
• Died: Ada Langworthy Collier, 75, American poet, best known for the narrative poem Lilith, The Legend of the First Woman (b. 1843)^{[citation needed]}

August 7, 1919 (Thursday)

• Archduke Joseph August of Austria declared himself regent of Hungary following a conservative overthrow of the left-central government the previous day.^[31]
• An American patrol of 40 men exchanged fire with a Red Army unit of 30 men at the village of Novo Litovoskaya, Siberia, Russia, killing or capturing all of the Red Army soldiers.^[32]
• The Actors' Equity Association went on strike over working conditions and pay at a majority of the theatrical companies in New York City, resulting in 12 playhouses closing on the first night and issuing $25,000 in ticket refunds.^[33]
• William Lyon Mackenzie King became the new leader of the Liberal Party of Canada after winning 52% of the final vote at the Liberal leadership convention in Ottawa, succeeding the late Wilfrid Laurier, who died in February.^[34]
• French pilot Charles Godefroy flew his Nieuport fighter under the arches of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, the first time this has been accomplished. The stunt was unauthorized, but as it was a protest against pilots having had to parade on foot through the Champs-Élysées during the World War I victory celebration on Bastille Day (July 14), as well as in remembrance to fellow pilot Jean Navarre who died while practicing the same protest stunt. French authorities let Godefroy off with a warning.^[35]
• Captain Ernest Charles Hoy made the first aircraft crossing of the Rocky Mountains in Canada, flying from Vancouver to Calgary in a Curtis airplane in 16 hours and 42 minutes. Hoy made 1,400 kilometers (869 miles) with a total flight time of 12 hours 24 minutes.^[36]

August 8, 1919 (Friday)

• The armistice signed between the United Kingdom and Afghanistan in Rawalpindi, British India ended the Third Anglo-Afghan War.^[37]
• Born:
  • Dino De Laurentiis, Italian film producer, known for his collaborations with filmmakers Carlo Ponti and Federico Fellini, and producing popular Hollywood films such as Serpico, Death Wish, Conan the Barbarian, and Hannibal; as Agostino De Laurentiis, in Torre Annunziata, Kingdom of Italy (present-day Italy) (d. 2010)^{[citation needed]}
  • Samuel Pearson Goddard Jr., American politician, 12th Governor of Arizona; in Clayton, Missouri, United States (d. 2006)^[38]
  • Hau Pei-tsun, Chinese state leader, 13th Premier of the Republic of China; in Yancheng, Republic of China (present-day China) (d. 2020)^{[citation needed]}

August 9, 1919 (Saturday)

• The General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists concluded their Bible Conference with the decision not to publicly disclose the transcripts of the conference, especially their conclusions on Seventh-day Adventist Church co-founder Ellen G. White and her writings. Details of the conference would not be disclosed to the public until 1975.^[39]
• The popular vigilante hero Zorro, created by American pulp writer Johnston McCulley, debuted in the serialized novel The Curse of Capistrano published in the pulp magazine All-Story Weekly from August 9 to September 6. McCulley meant to write a standalone story of the character, but the box office success of the 1920 film adaption The Mark of Zorro, starring Douglas Fairbanks as the masked vigilante hero, convinced McCulley to write more stories and make the character an icon in popular culture.^[40]
• Pelham Park and City Island Railway, a street rail service in The Bronx, New York City, ceased operations.^[41]
• The football club América was established in Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil.^[42]
• Born:
  • Joop den Uyl, Dutch state leader, 45th Prime Minister of the Netherlands; as Johannes Marten den Uijl, in Hilversum, Netherlands (d. 1987)^{[citation needed]}
  • Tony Lovell, British air force officer, commander of the No. 1435 and No. 145 Squadrons during World War II, recipient of the Distinguished Service Order and Distinguished Flying Cross from both the United Kingdom and the United States; in British Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka) (d. 1945, killed in a plane crash)^{[citation needed]}
  • Leona Woods, American physicist, member of the research team to build the world's first nuclear reactor and later became involved in the Manhattan Project; in La Grange, Illinois, United States (d. 1986)^{[citation needed]}
  • Ralph Houk, American baseball player and coach, catcher for the New York Yankees from 1947 to 1954, and manager from 1961 to 1973, six-time World Series champion; in Lawrence, Kansas, United States (d. 2010)^{[citation needed]}
  • Fred Sanford, American baseball player, pitcher for the St. Louis Browns from 1943 to 1951; as John Frederick Sanford, in Salt Lake County, Utah, United States (d. 2011)^{[citation needed]}
• Died:
  • Ernst Haeckel, 85, German biologist, promoter of the recapitulation theory, author of Art Forms in Nature (b. 1834)^{[citation needed]}
  • Ruggero Leoncavallo, 62, Italian composer, known for his operas including Pagliacci and Mattinata (b. 1857)^{[citation needed]}
  • Ralph Albert Blakelock, 71, American painter, member of the Tonalism movement (b. 1847)^{[citation needed]}

August 10, 1919 (Sunday)

• United States Army Border Air Patrol pilots Lieutenant Harold G. Peterson and Paul H. Davis got lost while on border patrol around Big Bend, Texas and crashed on the Mexican side of the border. They were apprehended by bandits for ransom soon after.^[43]
• A conference of the Poalei Zion political party in Gomel, Belarus resulted in the communist factions splintering away and forming their own political party.^[44]
• Axeman of New Orleans – New Orleans grocer Steve Boca was attacked in his home by an ax-wielding intruder. He survived despite a serious head injury but could not recall specific details about the attack.^[45]
• The rail Hakubi Line was extended to serve the mountainous Chūgoku region in western Japan.^[46]
• Born:
  • Grigory Sarkisovich Grigoryants, Soviet surgeon, best known for pioneering surgical and medical programs in Namangan, Uzbekistan; in Martuni Province, Soviet Turkestan (present-day Azerbaijan) (d. 1982)^{[citation needed]}
  • Pepino Toledo, Guatemalan football player, forward and coach for the Municipal Club from 1938 to 1955 and the Guatemala national football team from 1943 to 1953; in Guatemala City, Guatemala (d. 1980)^{[citation needed]}
• Died: Guy W. S. Castle, 40, American naval officer, commander of the USS Utah, recipient of the Medal of Honor for action during the United States occupation of Veracruz; committed suicide (b. 1879)^{[citation needed]}

August 11, 1919 (Monday)

• The Weimar Constitution was ratified in Germany and signed by German president Friedrich Ebert.^[47] Women were granted the right to vote under the new constitution.^[48][49]
• Russian Civil War – White armies under the command of General Anton Denikin formed a new line connecting the towns of Hadiach, Kremenchuk, Znamianka, and Yelisavetgrad during the advance on Moscow.^[50]
• As the actors' strike went into the fourth day, the Producing Managers' Association released a press statement stating the Actors' Equity Association was an "enemy" to the theater community in preventing contract work was filing suit against the association.^[51] Equity members countered that existing contracts already recognized Equity members as legitimate and so were already violating contracts.^[52]
• American football player and coach Curly Lambeau and newspaper publisher George Whitney Calhoun founded the Green Bay Packers, the first National Football League team for Wisconsin.^[53]
• A Felixstowe Fury aircraft, also known as the Porte Super-Baby, crashed in Plymouth Sound off Plymouth, England on the eve of its planned flight to South Africa, killing one of its seven crew members.^[54]
• A Farman Goliath airliner flew eight passengers and a ton of supplies from Paris, to Koufa, Senegal, via Casablanca and Mogador in French Morocco, a total distance of 4,500 kilometers (2,795 miles).^[55]
• Died: Andrew Carnegie, 83, Scottish-American business leader and philanthropist, founder of the Carnegie Steel Company and Carnegie Corporation of New York, builder of landmarks Carnegie Hall in New York City and the Peace Palace in The Hague, author of "The Gospel of Wealth"; died of pneumonia (b. 1835)^{[citation needed]}

August 12, 1919 (Tuesday)

• Russian Civil War – Finding the numbers of his White Russian forces were not as large as the influx of volunteers to the Red Army in Moscow, General Anton Denikin issued a new directive calling on Third Army Corps to launch a general offensive in the west. This included a special force under command of General Nikolai Bredov to capture Kiev.^[56]
• The actors' strike spread to Chicago as actors there walked off productions.^[51][57] Soon after, actors joined the strike in Boston, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., St. Louis, Pittsburgh and Atlantic City, New Jersey.^[58]
• The first British-controlled military units of local Iraqis and other ethnic groups, known at levies, began operations in the former Mesopotamia.^[59]
• Poland established a voivodeship (local government administration) at Toruń.^[60]
• Steel manufacturer Huta Ludwików was officially given license to operate by the Polish government in Kielce, Poland.^[61]
• The St Colman's Cathedral was consecrated in Cobh, Ireland.^[62]
• American singer Billy Murray recorded the World War I era song "And He'd Say, "Oo-La-La! Wee-Wee!"", written by Harry Ruby, through Victor Records, becoming one of the top 20 songs between October 1919 and January 1920.^[63]
• Born:
  • Margaret Burbidge, British-American astrophysicist, developed the optical spectrometer for the Hubble Space Telescope; as Eleanor Margaret Peachey, in Davenport, Greater Manchester, England (d. 2020)^{[citation needed]}
  • Vikram Sarabhai, Indian physicist, co-founder of the Indian Space Research Organisation, recipient of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology; in Ahmedabad, British India (present-day India) (d. 1971)^{[citation needed]}
  • Fred Hutchinson, American baseball player, pitcher for the Detroit Tigers from 1939 to 1953, manager for the Detroit Tigers, St. Louis Cardinals, and Cincinnati Reds from 1952 to 1964; in Seattle, United States (d. 1964)^{[citation needed]}
• Died: Ernest Gimson, 54, English architect, leading figure in the Arts and Crafts movement, best known for housing designs for English villages in Kelmscott, Stoneywell, Whaplode, and Bedales School (b. 1864)^{[citation needed]}

August 13, 1919 (Wednesday)

• The United States Army Border Air Patrol began searching for missing pilots Harold G. Peterson and Paul H. Davis along the U.S.-Mexican border after their plane failed to return to base, not knowing that they had already been captured by bandits.^[64]
• Cigar manufacturer Waitt & Bond announced it was moving operations from Boston (due to the cigar makers strike) to Newark, New Jersey where cigars were made by machine. Other cigar makers followed suit and left Boston.^[65]
• The 6th Machine Gun Battalion of the U.S. Marines was disbanded at Quantico, Virginia.^[66]
• The American Expeditionary Forces closed down their military hospitals in Paris, when Hospital No. 57 discharged its last of the over 8,500 patients it treated since September 1918.^[67]
• The first major German gay magazine Die Freundschaft began publication and became one of the signature liberal publications of the Weimer era.^[68]
• The sports club Leksand was established in Leksand, Sweden. It started with bandy and skiing programs, and added football in 1920 and ice hockey in 1938.^[69]
• Born:
  • George Shearing, British-American jazz musician and composer, known for jazz hits including "Lullaby of Birdland"; in Battersea, England (d. 2011)^{[citation needed]}
  • Jim Mooney, American comic book artist, best known for his work on Supergirl for DC Comics and Spider-Man for Marvel Comics; in New York City, United States (d. 2008)^{[citation needed]}
  • Rex Humbard, religious leader, known for the evangelical show Cathedral of Tomorrow; as Alpha Rex Emmanuel Humbard, in Little Rock, Arkansas, United States (d. 2007)^{[citation needed]}
  • Johannes Gouws, South African air force officer, member of the 40 Squadron during World War II, member of the escape team from German POW camp Stalag Luft III, in Bultfontein, Union of South Africa (present-day South Africa) (d. 1944, executed)^{[citation needed]}

August 14, 1919 (Thursday)

• Russian Civil War – The Red Army under command of Vladimir Yegoryev launched a counter offensive against the White Army of 185,000 men under command of Anton Denikin with a force of 144,000 Bolshevik troops.
• Poland established voivodeships (local government administrations) at Białystok, Kielce, Łódź, Lublin, and Warsaw.^[70]
• Football clubs were established in the following cities: Botafogo^[71] in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, Olímpico^[72] in Blumenau, Brazil as Sociedade Desportiva Blumenauense, and Progrès Niederkorn^[73] in Niederkorn, Luxembourg.
• Born: Isaac C. Kidd Jr., American naval officer, Supreme Allied Commander of the NATO Atlantic Fleet from 1975 to 1978, recipient of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and Legion of Merit, son of Isaac C. Kidd; in Cleveland, United States (d. 1999)^{[citation needed]}

August 15, 1919 (Friday)

• Silesian Uprisings – German border guards shot 10 ethnic Poles dead during a labor dispute at a mine near Mysłowice, Upper Silesia, which was still under German occupation at the time. The massacre led to the first uprising in an effort to force Germany to release the region to Poland.^[74]
• The fourth government of Finland under the Kaarlo Castrén administration was dissolved and replaced by the fifth cabinet under Juho Vennola.^[75]
• The British government enacted the Pre-War Practices Act, which ensured returning war veterans were rehired to their jobs before they enlisted in World War I.^[76]
• France reported that 60 percent of its aviators were killed or wounded during World War I.^[77]
• The United States Army Air Service established 2nd Operations Group at Luke Field, Hawaii.^[78]
• Indian Catholic Geevarghese Ivanios, future co-founder of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church in India, established The Bethany Ashram in Calcutta.^[79]
• Born: Dina Wadia, Indian socialite, daughter of Muhammad Ali Jinnah; as Dina Jinnah, in London, England (d. 2017)^{[citation needed]}

August 16, 1919 (Saturday)

• A parade of actors supporting the actors' strike was held in New York City to showcase the first in a series of benefit, as memberships to the Actors' Equity Association increased from 4,200 to 6000. The benefit shows played to near full houses every night.^[80]
• Died:
  • Alexander Izvolsky, 63, Russian diplomat, Foreign Minister of the Russian Empire from 1906 to 1910, architect of the Anglo-Russian Convention (b. 1856)^{[citation needed]}
  • Frederick Layton, 92, American business leader and philanthropist, best known for developing the meat industry in Milwaukee and for his art collection that was eventually donated to the Milwaukee Art Museum (b. 1827)^{[citation needed]}

August 17, 1919 (Sunday)

• The Bulgarian Agrarian National Union won the majority of the seats in elections for the parliament in Bulgaria, with voter turnout at 54.5%.^[81]
• The 8th Cavalry Regiment posted to Candelaria, Texas received notice from Mexican bandit leader Jesus Renteria stating his gang was holding downed United States Army Border Air Patrol pilots Harold Peterson and Paul Davis for a ransom of $15,000 ($278,600 in 2025).^[82]
• Born: Georgia Gibbs, American singer, best known for her work on radio shows Your Hit Parade and Camel Caravan during the 1930s and 1940s, and The Ed Sullivan Show; as Frieda Lipschitz, in Worcester, Massachusetts, United States (d. 2006)^{[citation needed]}

August 18, 1919 (Monday)

• Russian Civil War – The 12th Red Army was surrounded by White Russian forces in Ukraine.^[56]
• Hungarian–Romanian War – Romania occupies Veszprém and Győr
• Royal Air Force aircraft based at Biorko, Finland, under the command of squadron leader Grahame Donald, bombed and strafed the Russian Soviet naval base at Kronstadt, Russia while Royal Navy night torpedo boats attacked Russian warships in port as part of the Baltic campaign of the Russian Civil War. Russian ship losses included the battlecruiser Pamiat Azova.^[83]
• Representatives from seven American labor groups agreed to establish the Labor Party of the United States and to hold its first convention in November.^[84]
• The U.S. government paid the $15,000 ransom to Mexican bandit leader Jesus Renteria, with Captain Leonard F. Matlack 8th Cavalry Regiment in the exchange to release captured pilots Harold Peterson and Paul Davis. He was able to secure the release of Peterson for half of the ransom but while en route to retrieve Davis learned of a plan to ambush and kill him and Davis after the other half of the ransom was paid. Matlack and Davis were able to escape before arriving at the ambush site and made it back over the border. Peterson and Davis later testified Renteria had captured them on the U.S. side of the border days earlier.^[85]
• The 103rd Aero Squadron of the United States Army Air Service was disbanded.^[86]
• Print manufacturer Dynic Corporation was established in Kyoto as the Nippon Cloth Industry Company.^[87]
• The Danforth Music Hall opened to the public in Toronto.^[88] It was designated under the Ontario Heritage Act in 1985.^[89]
• Born: Wally Hickel, American politician, second Governor of Alaska; in Ellinwood, Kansas, United States (d. 2010)^{[citation needed]}
• Died: Joseph E. Seagram, 78, Canadian business leader, founder of Seagram (b. 1841)^{[citation needed]}

August 19, 1919 (Tuesday)

• Afghanistan gained independence from the United Kingdom through a referendum which included giving women the right to vote for sovereignty.^[91][92]
• The Third Szeged Counter-government dissolves itself
• The 8th Cavalry Regiment led by Capt. Leonard F. Matlack crossed the U.S-Mexican border to capture Jesus Renteria and his gang for abducting and attempting to murder American servicemen. Four suspect bandits were killed in a gun fight at a blockhouse near the border and a plane strafed bandits on horseback with machine gun fire, killing another man believed to be Renteria himself.^[93]
• The United States Armed Forces readopted the white star insignia centered in a blue circle with a red disc as its official national insignia. The marking was temporarily not used during World War I for fear it would be mistaken for the German insignia. It remained in use until June 1, 1942.^[94]
• The Southern Syncopated Orchestra performed the first jazz concert for a British monarch, Edward, Prince of Wales, in London. The concert earned an enthusiastic review by music critic Ernest Ansermet, including the performance of clarinetist Sidney Bechet, making it one of the first serious pieces of jazz criticism.^[95]
• Born:
  • Malcolm Forbes, American publisher, second publisher of Forbes magazine after his father B. C. Forbes; in New York City, United States (d. 1990)^{[citation needed]}
  • Reba Z. Whittle, American army medical officer, member of the United States Army Nurse Corps during World War II, only American female prisoner of war in the European Theatre, recipient of the Air Medal; in Rocksprings, Texas, United States (d. 1981)^{[citation needed]}

August 20, 1919 (Wednesday)

• The football club Tolentino was established in Tolentino, Italy.^[96]
• Born:
  • Adamantios Androutsopoulos, Greek state leader, last Prime Minister of Greece for the Glücksburg dynasty; in Messenia, Kingdom of Greece (present-day Greece) (d. 2000)^{[citation needed]}
  • Noni Jabavu, South African writer, first African editor of The Strand Magazine, author of Drawn in Colour and Ochre People; as Helen Nontando Jabavu, in Middledrift, Eastern Cape, Union of South Africa (present-day South Africa) (d. 2008)^{[citation needed]}
  • Walter Bernstein, American screenwriter, known for his collaboration with director Martin Ritt on Paris Blues and The Front; in New York City, United States (d. 2021)^{[citation needed]}
  • Roddie Edmonds, American soldier, member of the 106th Infantry Division, recipient of the Righteous Among the Nations title for protecting 200 Jewish POWs from persecution during World War II; in South Knoxville, Tennessee, United States (d. 1985)^{[citation needed]}

August 21, 1919 (Thursday)

• Friedrich Ebert was sworn in as the first President of Germany.^[97]
• Red Summer – A mob of eight to ten white men attacked John Shillady, executive secretary for the NAACP, in broad daylight in downtown Austin, Texas.^[98]
• Hungarian–Romanian War – Romania raids Mosonmagyaróvár
• The Committee on Public Information, an agency aimed to support the United States involvement in World War I, was abolished and its records handed over to the Council of National Defense.^[99]
• The village of Forestburg, Alberta was incorporated.^[100]
• Born:
  • Dalmiro Finol, Venezuelan baseball player, first baseman for the Leones del Caracas from 1946 to 1954; in Barrancas, Venezuela (d. 1994)^{[citation needed]}
  • Marcel Lambert, Canadian politician, 25th Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada; in Edmonton, Canada (d. 2000)^{[citation needed]}
• Died: Laurence Doherty, 43, British tennis player, six-time Grand Slam champion, two-time gold medalist at the 1900 Summer Olympics (b. 1875)^{[citation needed]}

August 22, 1919 (Friday)

• Born: Leon Lazarus, American publisher, editor of Magazine Management, publisher of Timely Comics and Atlas Comics; in New York City, United States (d. 2008)^{[citation needed]}

August 23, 1919 (Saturday)

• Archduke Joseph August of Austria was forced to resign as regent of Hungary when it became obvious the Allies would not recognize him as state leader. He appointed István Friedrich as Prime Minister of Hungary, leading to the creation of the Hungarian Republic.^[101]
• The 8th Cavalry Regiment was ordered to call off the search for the remaining bandits and return to the United States following protests by the Mexican government for American forces invading Mexican territory.^[85]
• Polish president Józef Piłsudski observed the first aircraft built in a free Poland crash during a public ceremonial flight due to faulty bracing wires, killing the aircraft's designer, Karol Słowik, along with another crew member.^[102]
• Died: Augustus George Vernon Harcourt, 84, American chemist, leading developer of chemical kinetics (b. 1834)^{[citation needed]}

August 24, 1919 (Sunday)

• Russian Civil War – White Russian armies captured Odessa.^[56]
• Social Democratic Party of Hungary re-established by Károly Peyer.^{[citation needed]}
• Born:
  • Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy, Ecuadoran state leader, 31st President of Ecuador; in Guayaquil, Ecuador (d. 2004)^{[citation needed]}
  • Benny Moré, Cuban singer, promoter of popular Cuban music genres such as bolero and mambo, band leader of "Banda Gigante"; as Bartolomé Maximiliano Moré Gutiérrez, in Lajas, Cuba (d. 1963)^{[citation needed]}
• Died: Friedrich Naumann, 59, German politician, co-founder of Deutscher Werkbund and the German Democratic Party, one of the authors of the Weimar Constitution (b. 1860)^{[citation needed]}

August 25, 1919 (Monday)

• Voters in Peru approved a new constitution following a referendum.^[103]
• The first regularly scheduled airline service between London and Paris began, with the British Aircraft Transport and Travel company flying an Airco airplane between Hounslow Heath Aerodrome and Le Bourget Airport.^[104]
• Born:
  • George Wallace, American politician, 45th Governor of Alabama, known for his staunch segregationist views; in Clio, Alabama, United States (d. 1998)^{[citation needed]}
  • Matt Urban, American army officer, commander of the 60th Infantry Regiment during World War II, recipient of the Medal of Honor and Croix de Guerre; in Buffalo, New York, United States (d. 1995)^{[citation needed]}

August 26, 1919 (Tuesday)

• Silesian Uprisings – Some 21,000 German troops were involved in putting down an uprising among ethnic Poles in Upper Silesia. Some 2,500 Poles were executed during the crackdown and another 9,000 sought refuge in neighboring Poland. The Allies restored order and allowed many refugees to return, but there would be more uprisings in the following years before the region became independent and joined Poland.^[105]
• The 39th stage of the U.S. National Championships for men was held at the West Side Tennis Club in New York City.^[106]

August 27, 1919 (Wednesday)

• Louis Botha, first Prime Minister of South Africa, died from complications of influenza while in office.^[107]
• Harry Holland became leader of the New Zealand Labour Party following a close win over James McCombs during the party's leadership convention.^[108]
• The United States Army Air Service established a training air base at Eagle Pass, Texas. It became a municipal airport in 1945 and operated until its closure in 1996.^[109]
• Born: Jack Dormand, British politician, chair of the Parliamentary Labour Party from 1981 to 1987, MP for Easington from 1970 to 1987; in Haswell, County Durham, England (d. 2003)^{[citation needed]}

August 28, 1919 (Thursday)

• An American commission submitted a report to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson on Middle Eastern states formally under control of the Ottoman Empire, concluding the area was not yet ready for self-government, that supporting the creation of a Jewish State would be in conflict with the Balfour Declaration, and that Turkey may not respect the sovereignty of Armenia due to ongoing impacts from the Armenian genocide.^[110]
• Hungarian–Romanian War – Romania raids Kapuvár
• The 12th Australian Light Horse Regiment was disbanded in Sydney.^[111]
• The football club Bento Gonçalves was established in Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.^[112]
• Born:
  • Godfrey Hounsfield, English engineer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for development of the CT scan; in Nottinghamshire, England (d. 2004)^{[citation needed]}
  • Cecil Clothier, British public servant, first chairperson of the British Police Complaints Authority; in Liverpool, England (d. 2010)^{[citation needed]}
• Died: Adolf Schmal, 46, Austrian cyclist, gold and bronze medalist in the 1896 Summer Olympics (b. 1872)^{[citation needed]}

August 29, 1919 (Friday)

• The National Library of Latvia was established in Riga.^[113]
• Lon Chaney debuted his signature make-up and character actor work in The Miracle Man. It would be the top-grossing film of the year, with $3 million at the box office.^[114][115]
• The Avro floatplane made its first test flight prior to being entered into the Schneider Cup in September, where it failed to complete the competition due to poor weather conditions.^[116]
• Born:
  • Orval Grove, American baseball player, pitcher for the Chicago White Sox from 1940 to 1949; in West Mineral, Kansas, United States (d. 1992)^{[citation needed]}
  • Sono Osato, American ballet dancer, known for her collaborations with the Ballets Russes de Monte-Carlo and American Ballet Theatre; in Omaha, Nebraska, United States (d. 2018)^{[citation needed]}

August 30, 1919 (Saturday)

• Red Summer – A white mob of 5,000 people broke into the Knox County jail in Knoxville, Tennessee in an attempt to find and lynch a biracial man in custody for the alleged murder of a white woman, but discovered police had already moved the prisoner. As retaliation, the mob freed all white prisoners, ransacked the jail and then marched into black communities to loot and burn. The Tennessee National Guard was called in but it took two days to restore order. Newspapers reported at least two deaths, but some estimates said as many as 30 to 40 black citizens may have died in the race riot.^[117]
• After a three-way splintering of the Socialist Party of America, the leadership of the remaining 30,000 members of the right wing the party continued their national convention in Chicago.^[118]
• The cigar makers strike in Boston ended with a new agreement between the cigar manufacturers and cigar makers.^[119]
• The Christian National Party of Hungary was established by Pál Teleki, although he was taking direction from István Friedrich, who had become Prime Minister of Hungary earlier that month.^[120]
• The English Football League resumed in the United Kingdom, four years after it was abandoned due to the war.^[121]
• Born:
  • Maurice Hilleman, American microbiologist, developer of over 40 vaccines including for measles, mumps, chickenpox, pneumonia, and Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B, recipient of the National Medal of Science; in Miles City, Montana, United States (d. 2005)^{[citation needed]}
  • Kitty Wells, American country music singer, known for hit songs including "It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels" and "Heartbreak U.S.A.", recipient of the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award; as Ellen Muriel Deason, in Nashville, Tennessee, United States (d. 2012)^{[citation needed]}
  • Joachim Rønneberg, Norwegian resistance leader, commander of Norwegian Independent Company 1 during World War II, recipient of the Distinguished Service Order and War Cross; in Ålesund, Norway (d. 2018)^{[citation needed]}
  • Wolfgang Wagner, German opera director, best known for the Bayreuth Festival; in Wahnfried, Bayreuth, Weimar Republic (present-day Germany) (d. 2010)^{[citation needed]}

August 31, 1919 (Sunday)

• Russian Civil War – White Russian forces captured Kiev.^[56]
• The Communist Labor Party of America was established when 10,000 native-born members of the left wing of the Socialist Party of America split up from the rest of the organization during the Chicago convention.^[122]
• The American Expeditionary Forces disbanded their combat support units in France.^[123]
• The British tabloid The Sunday Sun began publication in Newcastle upon Tyne, England.^[124]
• Born:
  • Amrita Pritam, Indian writer, first prominent women poet in Punjabi and Hindi, known for poems including "Ajj Aakhaan Waris Shah Nu (I Say Unto Waris Shah)" and novels including Pinjar, recipient of the Padma Shri; as Amrit Kaur, in Gujranwala, British India (present-day Pakistan) (d. 2005)^{[citation needed]}
  • Raymond Westerling, Dutch army officer, commander with the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army during the Indonesian National Revolution; in Istanbul, Ottoman Empire (present-day Turkey) (d. 1987)^{[citation needed]}

References

1. [1]

   Istvan Deak, "Budapest and the Hungarian Revolutions of 1918–1919." Slavonic and East European Review 46.106 (1968): 129–140. in JSTOR
2. [2]

   Kotowski, Albert S. (1998). Polens Politik gegenüber seiner deutschen Minderheit 1919–1939 (in German). Forschungsstelle Ostmitteleuropa, University of Dortmund. p. 56. ISBN 3-447-03997-3.
3. [3]

   Taaffe, P. and Mulhearn, T. (1988) Liverpool: A City That Dared to Fight, London: Fortress, p. 26
4. [4]

   Friedricks, William B. Henry E. Huntington and the Creation of Southern California. (Columbus: Ohio State Press, 1992), p. 145
5. [5]

   Coben, Stanley, A. Mitchell Palmer: Politician (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963), pp. 207–209
6. [6]

   Poley, Jared (2007). Decolonization in Germany: Weimar Narratives of Colonial Loss and Foreign Occupation. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-03911-330-9. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
7. [7]

   Report of the State Park and Forest Commission to the Governor 1920 (Report). Hartford, Conn.: State of Connecticut. December 28, 1920. p. 27. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
8. [8]

   History of SpVgg Lindau, author: SpVgg Lindau, accessed: 12 December 2007
9. [9]

   "Voorwaarts; De eerste Surinaamse sportencyclopedie (1893–1988)". dbnl.org.
10. [10]

    "History – 1919–1930". IL Hodd (in Norwegian). Retrieved 24 December 2018.
11. [11]

    "History". HNK Cibalia (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
12. [12]

    Romsics, Ignác (2004). Magyarország története a XX. században (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. p. 132. ISBN 963-389-590-1.
13. [13]

    "Speaker Belden Signs Suffrage Amendment". The Butte Miner. Butte, Montana. 3 August 1919. p. 11. Retrieved 18 December 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
14. [14]

    "Governor Signs Bills and Payday Is Here Other Bills Signed". The Helena Daily Independent. Helena, Montana. 3 August 1919. p. 4. Retrieved 18 December 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
15. [15]

    "Nebraska's Legislature Votes to Ratify Suffrage". The New York Tribune. New York, New York. 2 August 1919. p. 11. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
16. [16]

    Guttman, Jon, "Crazy Capronis," Aviation History, July 2008.
17. [17]

    "Venice Airport Lido: On the Wings of the Sparrow". Archived from the original on 2017-06-12. Retrieved 2019-12-11.
18. [18]

    Guttman, Jon, "Crazy Capronis," Aviation History, July 2008, p. 55
19. [19]

    "History". SC Pfullendorf (in German). Retrieved 20 December 2019.
20. [20]

    Dobson, Christopher; Miller, John (1986). The Day They Almost Bombed Moscow: The Allied War in Russia, 1918–1920. New York: Atheneum. pp. 224, 225.
21. [21]

    Ungarn Országgyűlés (1999). Országgyűlési almanach: Történelmi sorozat [Parliamentary almanac: Historical series] (in Hungarian). Magyar Országgyűlés. p. 564. ISBN 978-963-03-3856-1 – via Google Books.
22. [22]

    Sandburg, Carl (2005). "The Chicago Race Riots, July 1919". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society.
23. [23]

    "Homicide in Chicago 1919: The Race Riot". Northwestern University School of Law. 2004. Retrieved August 24, 2007.
24. [24]

    "Patrolman John W. Simpson, Chicago Police Department, Illinois". The Officer Down Memorial Page, Inc. Retrieved August 10, 2022.
25. [25]

    Lewinnek, Elaine (July 30, 2014). "On the 95th anniversary of the Chicago Race Riots". Oxford University Press. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
26. [26]

    "Colombia 1918–1919". RSSSF.com.
27. [27]

    Lewis, Bernard. The Emergence of Modern Turkey. Oxford University Press, 1968, p. 248
28. [28]

    The Associated Press (5 November 2015). "Rodin Museum in Paris Reopens After 3-Year Facelift". New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 November 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
29. [29]

    Pölöskei, F.; et al. (1995). Magyarország története, 1918–1990 (in Hungarian). Budapest: Korona Kiadó. pp. 32–33. ISBN 963-8153-55-5.
30. [30]

    Friedricks 1992, p. 145
31. [31]

    "Die amtliche Meldung über den Rücktritt" (in German). Neue Freie Presse, Morgenblatt. 1919-08-24. p. 2.
32. [32]

    "31st Infantry Regiment Yearbook" (PDF). Philippine Defenders. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
33. [33]

    Segrave, Kerry (2008). Actors Organize: A History of Union Formation Efforts in America, 1880–1919. Jefferson, London: McFarland & Company. p. 158.
34. [34]

    "1919 LIBERAL CONVENTION". CPAC. Cable Public Affairs Channel. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
35. [35]

    Hollway, Don, "Through the Arc," Aviation History, November 2012, p. 41
36. [36]

    "Account Suspended". Archived from the original on 2019-12-11. Retrieved 2019-12-11.
37. [37]

    Adamec, Ludwig W. (2011). Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan. Scarecrow Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-8108-7957-7. Retrieved 2012-06-26.
38. [38]

    "Samuel Pearson Goddard". National Governors Association. 2019-01-07. Retrieved 2026-03-15.
39. [39]

    Michael W. Campbell, "The 1919 Bible Conference and Its Significance for Seventh-day Adventist History and Theology". PhD dissertation, Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary, Andrews University, 2008 (PDF from James White Library Archived 2019-12-11 at the Wayback Machine). Abstract published in Andrews University Seminary Studies 46:2 (Autumn 2008), p. 258
40. [40]

    Beale, Lewis (June 28, 2005). "Zorro still makes his mark". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
41. [41]

    State of New York Public Service Commission for the First District (1920). Fourteenth Annual Report. State of New York. p. 398.
42. [42]

    Rodolfo Rodrigues (2009). Escudos dos Times do Mundo Inteiro. Panda Books. p. 96.
43. [43]

    Maurer, Maurer (1987). Aviation in the U.S. Army, 1919–1939. Office of Air Force History, U.S. Air Force. pp. 104–105. ISBN 978-0-912799-38-4.
44. [44]

    Zvi Y. Gitelman (8 March 2015). Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections of the CPSU, 1917–1930. Princeton University Press. pp. 216–217. ISBN 978-1-4008-6913-8.
45. [45]

    Katz, Hélèna (2010). Cold Cases: Famous Unsolved Mysteries, Crimes, and Disappearances in America. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-313-37692-4.
46. [46]

    Ishino, Tetsu, ed. (1998). 停車場変遷大辞典 国鉄・JR編 [Station Transition Directory – JNR/JR]. Japan: JTB. pp. 96–97. ISBN 4-533-02980-9.
47. [47]

    Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p. 762 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
48. [48]

    Grolier (1920-08-26). "History of Women's Suffrage | Scholastic.com". Teacher.scholastic.com. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
49. [49]

    "Weimar Constitution adopted in Germany". History. 5 November 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
50. [50]

    Denikin A.I. Campaign to Moscow. Kiev. Military publishing house, 1990, p. 15
51. [51]

    Segrave 2008, p. 162
52. [52]

    Harding, Alfred (1929). The Revolt of the Actors. New York: William Morrow & Company. pp. 92–93.
53. [53]

    "Birth of a Team and a Legend". Green Bay Packers. Retrieved December 23, 2018.
54. [54]

    "British Seaplane Falls.; Wireless Operator Killed on Eve of Flight for South Africa" (PDF). The New York Times. 12 August 1919. Retrieved 24 January 2008.
55. [55]

    "Le Raid du Goliath". L'Aérophile (in French): 247. 1 August 1919.
56. [56]

    Denikin 1990, p. 15
57. [57]

    Harding 1929, pp. 119–120
58. [58]

    Faulkender, Robert E. (1979). Historical Development and Basic Politics of the Actors' Equity Association. Ann Arbor, London: University Microfilms International. p. 47.
59. [59]

    Browne, J. Gilbert (1932). The Iraqi Levies 1915–1932. London: Royal United Service Institution. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
60. [60]

    Kotowski 1998, p. 55
61. [61]

    "Kalendarium historii Huty Ludwików". www.muzeumhistoriikielc.pl (in Polish). Muzeum Historii Kielc. 2010. Retrieved 2013-04-23.
62. [62]

    Patrick Thompson, Guide to St. Colman's Cathedral, Cobh, revised edition, Carraig Print, Cork.
63. [63]

    "Victor matrix B-23068. And he'd say oo-la-la! Wee-wee / Billy Murray". Discography of American Historical Recordings. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
64. [64]

    Maurer 1987, p. 104.
65. [65]

    "Waitt & Bond, Inc, to Leave Boston". The Boston Daily Globe. August 14, 1919.
66. [66]

    Clark, George B. (1999). Devil Dogs: Fighting Marines of World War I. Novato, CA: Presidio Press. p. 388. ISBN 0-89141-653-6.
67. [67]

    Ford, Colonel Joseph H., MC (1927). The Medical Department of the U.S. Army in the World War, Volume 2. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 682. Archived from the original on 2018-01-03. Retrieved 2019-12-11.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
68. [68]

    Tamagne, Florence (2004). A History of Homosexuality in Europe, Vol. I & II: Berlin, London, Paris, 1919–1939. Algora Publishing. pp. 74–75. ISBN 978-0-87586-355-9.
69. [69]

    "Historia" (in Swedish). Leksands IF. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
70. [70]

    Maly rocznik statystyczny 1939, Nakladem Glownego Urzedu Statystycznego, Warszawa 1939 (Concise Statistical Year-Book of Poland, Warsaw 1939)
71. [71]

    Rodolfo Rodrigues (2009). Escudos dos Times do Mundo Inteiro. Panda Books. p. 97.
72. [72]

    Rodolfo Rodrigues (2009). Escudos dos Times do Mundo Inteiro. Panda Books. p. 101.
73. [73]

    "A Club of Tradition". FC Progrès Niederkorn (in French). Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
74. [74]

    Cienciala, Anna M. (2012). "The Rebirth of Poland". ku.edu. University of Kansas. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
75. [75]

    "Governments and Ministers since 1917". Finnish Government. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
76. [76]

    "ROYAL ASSENT. (Hansard, 15 August 1919)". api.parliament.uk. Retrieved 2019-04-23.
77. [77]

    Daniel, Clifton, Chronicle of the 20th Century, Mount Kisco, New York: Chronicle Publications, 1987, ISBN 0-942191-01-3, p. 304
78. [78]

    "Aircraft Stationed at Hickam AFB/Luke Field". State of Hawaii Department of Transportation, Airports Division. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
79. [79]

    Fr. Thomas Inchakkalody, Archbishop Mar Ivanios (Vol.1), pp. 152–171
80. [80]

    Segrave 2008, p. 164
81. [81]

    Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, pp. 368, 379 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
82. [82]

    Hinkle, Stacy C. (1970). Wings Over the Border: The Army Air Service Armed Patrol of the United States-Mexico Border, 1919–1921. Texas Western Press. p. 25.
83. [83]

    Dobson, Christopher, and John Miller, The Day They Almost Bombed Moscow: The Allied War in Russia, 1918–1920, New York: Atheneum, 1986, no ISBN, pp. 63–64
84. [84]

    Carm, A.S. (6 December 1919). "The Labor Party Convention" (PDF). The Weekly People. New York. p. 1. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
85. [85]

    Maurer 1987, p. 105.
86. [86]

    "History of the 103d Aero Squadron". Gorrell's History – AEF Air Service. fold3. 1919. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
87. [87]

    "Company History". Archived from the original on March 24, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
88. [88]

    "History of the Danforth". The Danforth Business Improvement Association. Archived from the original on 2009-03-21. Retrieved 2009-03-15.
89. [89]

    "City of Toronto Inventory of Heritage Properties". Retrieved 2011-01-09.
90. [90]

    The Seattle Star (August 19, 1919). "Front Cover". The Seattle Star. Seattle, Washington: E.H. Wells & Co. pp. 1–14. ISSN 2159-5577. OCLC 17285351. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
91. [91]

    "The Fight For Women's Voting Rights". centralasiainstitute.org. Bozeman, Montana: Central Asia Institute. 7 November 2016. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
92. [92]

    "Country Profile: Afghanistan" (PDF). loc.gov. Washington, D. C.: Library of Congress. August 2008. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
93. [93]

    The Washington Herald (2019). "Follow Hot Trail as Ransom Frees 2 Air Pilots". The Washington Herald. Washington, D.C. pp. 1–12. ISSN 1941-0662. OCLC 9470809. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
94. [94]

    Swanborough, Gordon, and Peter M. Bowers, United States Navy Aircraft Since 1911, Second Edition, London: Putnam, 1976, ISBN 0-370-10054-9, pp. 24, 27
95. [95]

    BBC: London – History, "London's jazz legends". Accessed 10 December 2012
96. [96]

    "History". US Tolentino 1919 (in Italian). Retrieved 20 December 2019.
97. [97]

    "Biografie Friedrich Ebert (German)". Deutsches Historisches Museum. Archived from the original on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
98. [98]

    Bernstein, Patricia (2008). The First Waco Horror: The Lynching of Jesse Washington and the Rise of the NAACP. Texas A&M University Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-1-58544-544-8.
99. [99]

    Creel, George. How We Advertised America: The First Telling of the Amazing Story of the Committee on Public Information That Carried the Gospel of Americanism to Every Corner of the Globe. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1920, p. ix
100. [100]

     "Location and History Profile: Village of Forestburg" (PDF). Alberta Municipal Affairs. October 21, 2016. p. 302. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
101. [101]

     "Die amtliche Meldung über den Rücktritt" (in German). Neue Freie Presse, Morgenblatt. 1919-08-24. p. 2.
102. [102]

     Morgała, Andrzej. O samolocie inż. Słowika raz jeszcze in: "Lotnictwo z szachownicą" nr. 21(1/2007), pp. 30–33 (in Polish)
103. [103]

     Peru, 25 August 1919: Constitutional reform Direct Democracy (in German)
104. [104]

     Mondey, David, ed., The Complete Illustrated History of the World's Aircraft, Secaucus, New Jersey: Chartwell Books, Inc., 1978, ISBN 0-89009-771-2, p. 27
105. [105]

     Cienciala 2012, "The Rebirth of Poland"
106. [106]

     Collins, Bud (2010). The Bud Collins History of Tennis (2nd ed.). [New York]: New Chapter Press. pp. 454–483. ISBN 978-0-942257-70-0.
107. [107]

     Churchill, Winston (1948) [1937]. Great Contemporaries. Lond: Odhams. p. 287. ISBN 9781931313704. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
108. [108]

     O'Farrell, P.J. (1964). Harry Holland: Militant Socialist. Canberra, Australia: Australian National University Press. p. 102.
109. [109]

     AFHRA 90th Fighter Squadron Archived September 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
110. [110]

     Brecher, Frank W. (1987). "Woodrow Wilson and the Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict" (PDF). American Jewish Archives. 39 (1): 37. Citing, U.S. State Department, The Paris Peace Conference, Vol. 11, p. 75.
111. [111]

     Hollis, Kenneth (2008). Thunder of the Hooves: A History of 12 Australian Light Horse Regiment 1915–1919. Loftus, New South Wales: Australian Military History Publications. pp. 95–96. ISBN 978-0-9803796-5-5.
112. [112]

     "Clube Esportivo de Bento Gonçalves". Arquivo de Clubes. Retrieved 2007-07-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
113. [113]

     Klöker, Martin (2004). "Bibliotheksgeschichtliche Einleitung". In Garber, Klaus (ed.). Handbuch des personalen Gelegenheitsschrifttums in europäischen Bibliotheken und Archiven. Vol. 7: Riga – Tallinn. Part 3: Riga (in German). Hildesheim: Olms. p. 41. ISBN 3-487-11405-4.
114. [114]

     Lombardi, Frederic (2013). Allan Dwan and the Rise and Decline of the Hollywood Studios. McFarland. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-7864-3485-5.
115. [115]

     Keil, Charlie; Singer, Ben, eds. (2009). American Cinema of the 1910s: Themes and Variations. Rutgers University Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-8135-4445-8.
116. [116]

     Jackson, A.J. (1974). British Civil Aircraft since 1919 Volume 1. London: Putnam. p. 290. ISBN 0-370-10006-9.
117. [117]

     Lakin, Matthew (2000). "'A Dark Night': The Knoxville Race Riot of 1919". Journal of East Tennessee History. 72 (3). East Tennessee Historical Society: 1–29. ISSN 1058-2126. OCLC 23044540.
118. [118]

     "Supplemental Report of the National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party of America to the Emergency National Convention," New York Call, v. 12, no. 250 (Sept. 5, 1919), pg. 5.
119. [119]

     "7–20–4 Strike Has Been Ended". The United States Tobacco Journal. September 6, 1919.
120. [120]

     Vida, István (2011). Magyarországi politikai pártok lexikona (1846–2010) [Encyclopedia of the Political Parties in Hungary (1846–2010)] (in Hungarian). Gondolat Kiadó. p. 187. ISBN 978-963-693-276-3.
121. [121]

     "English Division One (old) 1919–1920: Results". statto.com. Archived from the original on 2011-08-22. Retrieved 2012-09-25.
122. [122]

     Davenport, Tim. "The Communist Party of America (1919–1946)". Maxist History. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
123. [123]

     Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the World War, American Expeditionary Forces: General Headquarters Armies, Army Corps Services of Supply Separate Forces, Volume I (PDF). Center of Military History, United States Army. 1937. p. 57. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
124. [124]

     The Sunday Sun. No. 1. Newcastle upon Tyne. 31 August 1919. p. 1. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)