Inscriptional Pahlavi
Earliest attested form of Pahlavi scripts
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Inscriptional Pahlavi is the earliest attested form of Pahlavi scripts, and is evident in clay fragments that have been dated to the reign of Mithridates I (r. 171–138 BC). Other early evidence includes the Pahlavi inscriptions of Parthian coins and the rock inscriptions of Sasanian emperors and other notables, such as Kartir the High Priest.
| Inscriptional Pahlavi | |
|---|---|
Inscribed stone block from the c. 293 CE Paikuli inscription | |
| Script type | |
Period | 2nd century BC — 6th century AD |
| Direction | Right-to-left script |
| Languages | Middle Iranian languages |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | Aramaic alphabet
|
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Phli (131), Inscriptional Pahlavi |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Inscriptional Pahlavi |
| U+10B60–U+10B7F | |

Letters
Inscriptional Pahlavi used 19 non-joining letters written from right to left, and usually with spaces between words:[1][2]
| Name[A] | Image | Text | Principal phones (IPA; Middle Persian)[3] | Transliteration[4]: 129(۱۲۹)-130(۱۳۰) [5]: xi, xii, xiii [1] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iranian | Semitic (Aramaic) | ||||
| Aleph | 𐭠 | [a], [aː] | ʼ or ʾ | A | |
| Beth | 𐭡 | [b], [w] | b | B | |
| Gimel | 𐭢 | [ɡ], [j] | g | G | |
| Daleth | 𐭣 | [d], [j] | d | D | |
| He | 𐭤 | — | -H, E | ||
| Waw- | 𐭥 | [w], [o(ː)], [u(ː)] | w | W | |
| -Ayin- | [∅] | O | |||
| -Resh | [r][B] | r | R | ||
| Zayin | 𐭦 | [z] | z | Z | |
| Heth | 𐭧 | [h], [x] | h | Ḥ | |
| Teth | 𐭨 | — | Ṭ | ||
| Yodh | 𐭩 | [j], [e(ː)], [i(ː)], [d̠͡ʒ] | y, j- | Y | |
| Kaph | 𐭪 | [k], [ɡ] | k | K | |
| Lamedh | 𐭫 | [l], [r][B] | l | L | |
| Mem- | 𐭬 | [m] | m | M | |
| -Qoph | — | Q | |||
| Nun | 𐭭 | [n] | n | N | |
| Samekh | 𐭮 | [s], [h] | s | S | |
| Pe | 𐭯 | [p], [b], [f] | p | P | |
| Sadhe | 𐭰 | [t̠͡ʃ], [d̠͡ʒ], [z] | ṣ | Ṣ | |
| Shin | 𐭱 | [ʃ] | š | Š | |
| Taw | 𐭲 | [t], [d] | t | T | |
Numbers
Inscriptional Pahlavi had its own numerals:
Numerals are written right-to-left, the rightmost being the highest—with the exception of multiplication. Numerals add when the one to the left is lower or equal but multiply when it is larger.
Example: 6798 is written as 𐭺𐭺𐭿𐭻𐭺𐭾𐭽𐭽𐭽𐭽𐭼𐭻𐭻 ((3 + 3) × 1000 + (4 + 3) × 100 + 20 + 20 + 20 + 20 +10 + 4 + 4).[1]
Unicode
Inscriptional Pahlavi script was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 2009 with the release of version 5.2.
The Unicode block for Inscriptional Pahlavi is U+10B60–U+10B7F:
| Inscriptional Pahlavi[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+10B6x | 𐭠 | 𐭡 | 𐭢 | 𐭣 | 𐭤 | 𐭥 | 𐭦 | 𐭧 | 𐭨 | 𐭩 | 𐭪 | 𐭫 | 𐭬 | 𐭭 | 𐭮 | 𐭯 |
| U+10B7x | 𐭰 | 𐭱 | 𐭲 | 𐭸 | 𐭹 | 𐭺 | 𐭻 | 𐭼 | 𐭽 | 𐭾 | 𐭿 | |||||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
Gallery
- Inscription of Shapur II at Taq-e Bostan, including some rudimentary ligatures (letters joined on the baseline)
- Drachm of Yazdegerd II (struck ca. 439-447)