Old Dhivehi
Earliest form of Maldivian language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Old Dhivehi is the earliest attested form of the Maldivian language, with records found in the Loamaafaanu from the 12th and 13th centuries CE, as well as various Buddhist texts dating back to the 6th century CE. It is the ancestral form that evolved into the modern northern dialect of the Dhivehi language. Old Dhivehi belongs to Indo-Aryan branch of the wider Indo-European language family.
| Old Dhivehi | |
|---|---|
Dhanbidhoo Loamaafaanu (1195 CE) is written in the Old Dhivehi language | |
| Region | Maldives |
| Era | 12-13th century CE |
Indo-European
| |
| Eveylaa akuru (older variant of Dhives Akuru) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
No endonym for the language is known. However the language may have been called "Dhuvesi" or "Dhivesi" meaning "Islander", which has evolved into the endonym for the modern language.[1]
History
Old Dhivehi descends through Proto Dhivehi-Sinhala or Elu spoken in 3rd century BCE. Around 1st century BCE, the unattested Proto-Dhivehi, the direct ancestor to all Maldivian dialects, started to separate from Elu prakrit. Proto-Dhivehi came to be influenced by subcontinental Middle Indo-Aryan dialects and Dravidian languages.[2]
Phonology
Vowel inventory of Old Dhivehi is mostly identical to that of modern Dhivehi. Like Sinhala and Dravidian and unlike most Indo-Aryan languages, spoken Old Dhivehi distinguished between long and short forms of [e, eː] and [o, oː]. However these were not distinguished in writing.[3]
- Modern [æː] developed as an independent phoneme from the Old Dhivehi diphthong /ai/.
- The Old Dhivehi consonant inventory was more limited compared to that of modern Dhivehi, as the phonemes of /f/, /z̪/, /d͡ʒ/, /t͡ʃ/ and /ʃ/ had not evolved.
- OIA sibilants historically merged /ʃ/ and /ʂ/ into /s/.[5]
- The Old Dhivehi consonant clusters /dj/ and /tj/ evolved into later /d͡ʒ/ and /t͡ʃ/ respectively.[6]
- Prenasalized consonants existed in the spoken form of Old Dhivehi, however were not written down.[7]
- Modern Dhivehi ށ /ʂ/ is a reflex of OIA and Old Dhivehi /ʈ/ rather than OIA /ʂ/.[5]
- Old Dhivehi contrasted between the retroflex nasal ޱ [ɳ] and dental nasal ނ [n̪].[8][9]
- Old Dhivehi /p/ shifted to /f/ after the 17th century.[10]
- Vowel backing of Old Dhivehi /e/ to /o/ before retroflexes occurred after the 13th century.[11]
Grammar
Vocabulary
| Old Dhivehi | Dhives Akuru | Modern Dhivehi | Thaana | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Puʈi | 𑤠𑤳𑤖𑤱 | Fuʂi | ފުށި | Islet |
| Pavuru | 𑤠𑤩𑤳𑤧𑤳 | Fāru | ފާރު | Wall |
| Ateɭu | 𑤀𑤛𑤵𑤮𑤳 | Atoɭu | އަތޮޅު | Atoll |
| Malu | 𑤤𑤨𑤳 | Mā | މާ | Flower |
| Raʈu | 𑤧𑤖𑤳 | Raʂ | ރަށް | Island/Country |
| Keɭu | 𑤌𑤵𑤮𑤳 | Koɭu | ކޮޅު | end/piece |
| Simu | 𑤬𑤱𑤤𑤳 | In | އިން | Border |
| Saᶯdu | 𑤬𑤿𑤝𑤳 | Haᶯdu | ހަނދު | Moon |
| Doruveʈi | 𑤝𑤸𑤧𑤳𑤩𑤵𑤖𑤱 | Dorōʂi | ދޮރޯށި | Gate |