Tourism in Indonesia

Historical context

Indonesia seems to have been a travel destination for centuries. Some panels in Borobudur bas-reliefs depicted drink vendors, warungs (small restaurants), and tavern or lodgings where people were drinking and dancing. The historical record of travel in Indonesia can be found since the 14th century.^[28] The Nagarakretagama reported that King Hayam Wuruk's royal travel throughout Majapahit realm in East Java had large numbers of carriages, accompanied by nobles, royal courtiers, officials and servants.^[28] Although it seems like a stately affair, in some instances the king's trip somewhat resembles a modern-day tour, as the king visited multiple modern tourism sites; from temples such as Palah and Jajawa, to enjoy the mountain scenery, having a bath in petirtaan (bathing pools) and going to the beach. The 15th-century travelogue of Bujangga Manik, a travelling Hindu scholar-priest from Pakuan Pajajaran, reported about his travel around Java and Bali. Although his travel was a pilgrimage one; visiting temples and sacred places in Java and Bali, sometimes he behaves like a modern-day tourist, such as sitting around fanning his body while enjoying beautiful mountain scenery in Puncak area, looking at Gede volcano that he describes as the highest point around Pakuan Pajajaran (capital of Sunda kingdom).^[29]

Initially the tourism, service and hospitality sector in Dutch East Indies were developed to cater the lodging, entertainment and leisure needs of domestic visitors, especially the wealthy Dutch plantation owners and merchants during their stay in the city. In the 19th century, colonial heritage hotels equipped with dance halls, live music and fine dining restaurants were established in Dutch East Indies urban areas, such as Hotel des Indes (est. 1829) in Batavia (now Jakarta), Savoy Homann Hotel (est. 1871) in Bandung, Hotel Oranje (est. 1910) in Surabaya, and Hotel De Boer in Medan. Since the 19th century Dutch East Indies has attracted visitors from The Netherlands.^[28] The first national tourism bureau was the Vereeniging Toeristen Verkeer, established by Governor-General of Dutch East Indies in early 20th century, and shared their head office in Batavia with Koninklijke Nederlansch Indische Luchtfahrt Maatschapijj or KNILM (which is not a KLM subsidiary despite the similar name) that began to fly from Amsterdam to Batavia in 1929.^[28] In 1913, Vereeneging Touristen Verkeer wrote a guide book about tourism places in the Indies. Since then Bali become known to international tourist with foreign tourist arrivals rose for more than 100% in 1927.^[28] Much of the international tourism of the 1920s and 1930s was by international visitors on oceanic cruises. The 1930s did see a modest but significant influx of mainly European tourists and long term stayers to Bali. Many came for the blossoming arts scene in the Ubud area, which was as much a two-way exchange between the Balinese and outsiders as it was an internal phenomenon.^[30]

Tourism more or less disappeared during World War II, Indonesian National Revolution and in the early years of the Sukarno era. On 1 July 1947, the government of Republic of Indonesia tried to revive tourism sector in Indonesia by establishing HONET (Hotel National & Tourism) led by R. Tjitpo Ruslan. This new national tourism authority took over many of the colonial heritage hotels in Java and renamed them all "Hotel Merdeka". After Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference in 1949, this tourism authority changed its name to NV HORNET.^[28] In 1952 the President formed the Inter-Departement 4 on Tourism Affairs which is responsible for reestablishing Indonesia as the world's tourism destination.^[31]

National pride and identity in the late 1950s and early 1960s was incorporated into the monumentalism of Sukarno in Jakarta — and this included the development of grand multi-storied international standard hotels and beach resorts, such as Hotel Indonesia in Jakarta (est. 1962), Ambarrukmo Hotel in Yogyakarta (est. 1965), Samudra Beach Hotel in Pelabuhan Ratu beach West Java (est. 1966), and Inna Grand Bali Beach Hotel in Bali (est. 1966). The political and economic instability of the mid-1960s saw radical tourism decline again. Bali, and in particular the small village of Kuta, was, however, in the 1960s, an important stopover on the overland hippy trail between Australia and Europe, and a "secret" untouched surf spot.^[32] To stimulate the tourism sector, Indonesia became a member of PATA in the early 1960s, and appointed as the host of PATA annual conference in 1963 and 1974 in Jakarta, and 2003 in Bali. To host the 1974 PATA conference, the Hotel Borobudur was built and named as the official hotel of this event. At that time, it was the largest and the most luxurious hotel in Jakarta.^{[citation needed]}

In the early-to-mid-1970s, high standard hotels and tourist facilities began to appear in Jakarta and Bali. After the completion of Borobudur restoration project in 1982, Yogyakarta became a popular tourist destination in Indonesia after Bali, mostly attracted to the 8th-century Buddhist monument, surrounding ancient Javanese temples and Yogyakarta Sultanate palace. From this period to the end of the Suharto era, governmental policies of the tourism industry included an array of regulations and developments to encourage increasing numbers of international tourists to both visit Indonesia and stay longer.

Tourist arrivals

Yearly tourist arrivals in millions^[33][34]

Source: Statistics Indonesia^[35][36]

More information Country, 2/2026 ...

Country	2/2026	2025	2024	2023	2022	2021	2020	2019	2018	2017
Malaysia	410,390	2,639,749	2,278,281	1,901,242	1,212,574	480,723	980,118	2,980,753	2,503,344	1,238,276
China	261,795	1,344,074	1,198,582	787,924	169,378	54,713	239,768	2,072,079	2,139,161	1,972,405
Australia	253,544	1,754,791	1,671,222	1,431,177	655,370	3,196	256,291	1,386,803	1,301,478	1,188,449
Singapore	218,804	1,526,438	1,408,015	1,414,447	736,797	18,704	280,492	1,934,445	1,768,744	1,512,813
Timor-Leste	165,174	1,009,181	776,294	728,586	703,780	819,488	994,590	1,178,381	1,762,442	960,026
India	103,294	734,490	710,688	606,439	281,814	6,670	111,724	657,300	595,636	485,314
South Korea	85,683	496,862	436,054	347,185	122,226	9,497	75,562	388,316	358,885	378,769
United States	55,177	412,115	418,196	392,310	188,764	21,962	91,782	457,832	387,856	331,132
United Kingdom	53,613	412,902	392,133	335,209	170,881	5,177	69,997	397,624	392,112	361,197
Japan	53,348	380,079	338,934	251,866	73,913	5,952	92,228	519,623	530,573	538,334
Russia	48,086	219,162	180,215	161,323	75,578	8,392	67,491	158,943	125,728	110,529
Philippines	39,054	246,728	239,714	209,458	78,436	9,375	50,413	260,980	217,874	162,726
France	32,996	367,904	346,337	273,682	134,541	3,776	43,438	283,814	287,917	268,989
Germany	31,609	287,596	281,397	263,534	128,634	3,429	46,361	277,653	274,166	260,586
Papua New Guinea	31,211	156,138	124,492	76,471	22,509	31,703	20,975	78,433	142,648	141,299
Netherlands	27,096	251,941	314,211	250,201	115,052	12,229	53,495	215,287	209,978	205,844
New Zealand	19,078	181,081	159,229	116,603	44,125	482	19,947	149,010	128,366	106,914
Canada	17,397	97,558	87,889	83,696	36,042	1,242	23,200	103,616	97,908	96,139
Saudi Arabia	16,986	156,318	135,643	107,684	47,472	2,053	31,906	157,512	165,912	166,111
Vietnam	13,775	87,398	106,630	121,879	68,067	2,008	19,608	96,024	75,816	77,466
Thailand	13,346	112,137	119,664	111,786	61,128	3,992	21,303	136,699	124,153	106,510
Italy	11,631	146,360	131,149	104,393	47,415	2,339	13,260	91,229	94,288	90,022
Spain	11,377	140,245	142,247	106,581	51,563	3,255	11,829	83,373	85,560	81,690
Turkey	10,355	66,902	50,051	30,433	14,424	1,122	6,038	23,883	20,861	34,433
Poland	10,335	68,100	53,907	41,988	18,401	752	9,055	41,637	31,437	32,704
Myanmar	9,314	57,147	49,255	40,920	22,637	3,093	12,669	46,381	28,612	48,133
Kazakhstan	8,248	24,424	19,403	8,198	2,282	378	3,735	9,781	7,955	7,219
Ukraine	7,860	30,688	27,672	22,204	11,428	3,044	16,491	35,537	26,697	32,964
Sweden	7,068	38,719	40,297	37,481	19,885	3,516	17,600	56,402	50,381	51,417
Mongolia	6,830	9,708	4,850	2,323	706	12	1,483	4,260	3,679	2,414
Denmark	6,761	44,309	42,141	39,555	20,913	557	10,533	45,090	46,825	43,721
Pakistan	6,342	36,348	23,150	14,264	5,247	974	4,110	14,663	13,448	11,424
Switzerland	6,213	60,616	58,205	48,459	23,192	782	8,362	57,484	60,293	61,191
Czech Republic	5,789	27,209	22,741	18,388	7,607	496	6,178	23,941	22,848	20,125
Ireland	5,049	39,607	38,676	34,466	16,003	291	5,167	28,602	28,742	29,400
Portugal	4,947	41,193	37,350	32,029	14,393	476	6,245	35,434	36,804	33,223
Brunei	4,812	31,797	19,796	13,518	4,798	144	2,701	19,278	17,279	23,455
Brazil	4,561	34,497	32,031	29,497	14,855	952	5,945	30,232	26,503	32,403
Norway	4,357	23,721	22,170	19,577	10,069	336	5,072	23,886	24,906	22,838
Belgium	4,140	55,493	52,826	42,888	21,120	798	5,902	46,780	50,050	48,477
Austria	4,072	34,095	39,041	34,984	17,708	2,103	4,858	28,476	29,492	27,208
Uzbekistan	4,040	10,480	8,130	5,283	1,393	68	1,586	3,756	3,548	4,057
Romania	3,857	27,191	27,030	25,031	9,896	510	4,320	18,650	14,092	18,787
South Africa	3,773	36,548	33,135	31,872	13,267	572	15,142	47,657	41,962	38,073
Hungary	3,414	21,042	19,234	16,689	6,384	218	3,664	14,218	13,434	12,600
Bangladesh	3,194	19,329	12,674	9,373	9,593	1,001	12,866	59,777	56,564	56,503
Finland	2,951	14,382	14,859	12,345	5,480	240	6,376	22,665	27,127	24,447
Nepal	2,826	15,836	9,660	5,897	2,225	61	3,918	18,977	14,968	12,821
Oman	2,714	16,663	13,655	9,315	2,980	89	3,612	24,051	25,704	18,615
Colombia	2,678	16,045	14,669	14,572	3,992	96	1,324	6,304	5,445	5,051
Lithuania	2,594	9,816	8,794	9,436	4,091	204	3,038	9,180	8,497	8,550
Sri Lanka	2,398	12,998	10,178	7,393	3,447	620	4,300	28,907	32,508	35,669
Argentina	2,328	13,214	11,771	10,322	3,528	114	3,066	9,994	11,468	15,280
Slovakia	2,311	11,910	9,147	7,503	3,046	152	2,203	9,359	9,058	9,264
Belarus	2,301	10,455	8,953	7,700	3,276	617	3,092	6,644	4,821	4,576
Bulgaria	2,291	10,303	9,631	7,233	2,488	211	2,575	7,652	8,405	8,695
Chile	2,242	10,712	10,690	9,170	2,330	91	2,615	10,029	11,008	10,049
Egypt	2,208	22,030	19,719	16,832	7,326	611	4,337	21,354	18,075	20,345
Mexico	2,155	16,725	16,244	14,341	5,092	135	2,375	13,663	12,418	11,497
Estonia	2,067	6,744	6,114	5,757	2,124	230	3,099	6,644	7,719	7,569
Cambodia	1,844	10,949	10,497	12,611	4,945	228	2,227	13,843	8,875	6,506
Greece	1,547	13,029	11,356	9,531	5,324	385	2,047	9,705	7,713	9,896
Morocco	1,310	17,382	16,771	11,241	3,663	182	1,707	11,371	7,920	11,122
Latvia	1,215	5,406	5,125	5,959	2,478	329	1,860	5,278	4,213	3,932
Jordan	1,117	9,466	7,632	6,140	2,516	167	1,027	6,571	6,228	6,773
United Arab Emirates	980	11,293	9,120	8,537	5,456	384	1,093	9,065	7,100	8,387
Kenya	970	6,098	4,308	2,798	946	65	429	2,845	3,020	3,785
Iran	947	9,438	9,230	7,177	3,073	300	1,354	10,440	11,415	16,301
Croatia	870	5,177	5,217	3,981	1,860	392	1,388	5,257	4,115	6,620
Yemen	865	7,761	6,739	5,936	3,208	758	2,094	9,221	10,008	8,453
Serbia	798	5,471	5,045	3,727	1,417	128	1,287	5,600	3,991	7,054
Slovenia	758	6,632	6,602	3,987	1,347	66	986	4,747	4,472	5,264
Iraq	662	5,679	4,956	2,820	1,180	127	817	2,933	2,356	2,167
Tunisia	592	11,216	10,424	8,563	3,170	75	645	4,335	3,867	6,922
Algeria	469	7,453	5,316	2,990	915	89	792	5,000	4,214	4,341
Lebanon	390	4,577	4,017	3,425	1,777	165	684	6,066	5,228	6,115
Taiwan	No data	204,704	183,341	155,150	25,750	1,398	35,680	207,490	208,317	211,489
Hong Kong	No data	131,140	56,302	13,885	7,086	2,432	2,625	50,324	91,182	98,272
Total	2,348,110	15,386,646	13,902,420	11,677,825	5,889,031	1,557,530	4,052,923	16,106,954	15,810,305	14,039,799

Close

Past arrivals statistics

The ten most popular tourist destinations in Indonesia recorded by Central Statistics Agency (BPS) are Bali, West Java, Central Java, East Java, Jakarta, North Sumatra, Lampung, South Sulawesi, South Sumatra, Banten, and West Sumatra (which would make it 11 provinces today due to Banten previously having been a part of West Java).^[41]

As with most countries, domestic tourists are by far the largest market segment. The biggest movement of domestic tourists is during Eid al-Fitr, locally known as lebaran. During this period, which is a two-week holiday after the month of fasting during Ramadan, many city-dwelling Muslim Indonesians visit relatives in their home towns. Intercity traffic is at its peak, and often an additional surcharge is applied during this time.

Over the five years up to 2006, attention has been focused on generating more domestic tourism. Competition amongst budget airlines has increased the number of domestic air travellers throughout the country. Recently, the Ministry of Labour legislated to create long weekends by combining public holidays that fall close to weekends, except in the case of important religious holidays. During these long weekends, most hotels in popular destinations are fully booked.

Since 2000, on average, there have been five million foreign tourists each year (see table), who spend an average of US$100 per day. With an average visit duration of 9–12 days, Indonesia gains US$4.6 billion of foreign exchange income annually.^[24] This makes tourism Indonesia's third most important non-oil–gas source of foreign revenue, after timber and textile products.^[18]

After toppling Japan two years ago, China as the world's biggest tourism spender now outranked Australia to become number three with a 30.42% increase year-on-year (y-o-y), while foreign tourists growth by 10.6% y-o-y set to more than 2.9 million. The top countries of origin Q1 2014 data comes from the Asia-Pacific region, with Singapore (15.7 per cent), Malaysia (14.0), China (11.0), Australia, and Japan among the top countries of origin.^[42]

Around 59% of all visitors are travelling to Indonesia for holiday purposes, while 38% are for business.^[43]

In 2012, according to the World Travel & Tourism Council, travel and tourism made a total contribution of 8.9% of GDP and supported 8% of total employment in Indonesia.^[43]

Dive sites

With more than 17,508 islands, Indonesia presents ample diving opportunities. With 20% of the world's coral reefs, over 3,000 different species of fish and 600 coral species, deep water trenches, volcanic sea mounts, World War II wrecks, and a very large variety of macro life, scuba diving in Indonesia is both excellent and relatively inexpensive.^[50] Bunaken National Marine Park, at the northern tip of Sulawesi, claims to have seven times more genera of coral than Hawaii,^[51] and has more than 70% of all the known fish species of the Western Indo-Pacific.^[52] Moreover, there are over 3,500 species ^{[clarification needed]}living in Indonesian waters, including sharks, dolphins, manta rays, turtles, morays, cuttlefish, octopus and scorpionfish, compared to 1,500 on the Great Barrier Reef and 600 in the Red Sea.^[53] Tulamben Bay in Bali has the wreck of the 120 metres (390 ft) US Army commissioned transport vessel, the Liberty.^[54] Other popular dive sites on Bali are at Candidasa and Menjangan. Across the Badung Strait from Bali, there are several popular dive sites on Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Penida. Lombok's three Gilis (Gili Air, Gili Meno and Gili Trawangan) are popular, as is Bangka. Saronde Island is a very popular spot also in Gorontalo, Sulawesi. Some of the most famous diving sites in Indonesia are also the most difficult to reach, with places like Biak off the coast of Papua and the Alor Archipelago among the popular, more remote, destinations for divers.

Surf breaks

Surfing is also a popular water activity in Indonesia and the sites are recognised as world-class.^[55] The well-known locations are mostly located on the southern, Indian Ocean side of Indonesia, the largest breaks being on southern Java. The north coast does not receive the same surf from the Java Sea. Surf breaks can be found all the way along Sumatra, down to Nusa Tenggara, including Aceh, Bali, Banten, Java, Lombok, the Mentawai Islands, and Sumbawa. Although Indonesia has many world-class surfing spots, the majority of surfers come from abroad, especially Australia and the United States. Local enthusiasm for surfing began at Bali and West Java's Pelabuhan Ratu and Pangandaran beaches, with most surfers arriving from nearby cities of Jakarta and Bandung.

In 2018, World Surf League had eight surfing events in Indonesia.^[56]

On Bali, there are about 33 surf locations, from West Bali to East Bali including four on the offshore island of Nusa Lembongan. In Sumbawa, Hu'u and Lakey Beach in Cempi Bay are popular spots among surfing enthusiasts. Sumatra is the island, with the second greatest number of surf spots, with 18 altogether. High season for surfing is around May to September with the trade winds blowing from east to south-east. From October to April, winds tend to come from the west to north-west, so the east coast breaks get the offshore winds.^{[citation needed]}

Two well-known surf breaks in Indonesia are the G-Land in the Bay of Grajagan, East Java, and Lagundri Bay at the southern end of Nias island. G-Land was first identified in 1972 when a surfer saw the break from the window of a plane. Since 6 to 8-foot (Hawaiian scale) waves were discovered by surfers at Lagundri Bay in 1975, the island has become famous for surfing worldwide.^{[citation needed]}

National parks

Bogor Botanical Gardens established in 1817, and Cibodas Botanical Gardens established in 1862, are two among the oldest botanical gardens in Asia. With rich collections of tropical plants, these gardens are the centre of botanical research as well as tourism attraction since the colonial era.^{[citation needed]}

There are 50 national parks in Indonesia, of which six are World Heritage listed. The largest national parks in Sumatra are the 9,500-square-kilometre (3,700 sq mi) Gunung Leuser National Park, the 13,750-square-kilometre (5,310 sq mi) Kerinci Seblat National Park and the 3,568-square-kilometre (1,378 sq mi) Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, all three recognised as Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra on the UNESCO World Heritage list. Other national parks on the list are Lorentz National Park in Papua, Komodo National Park in the Lesser Sunda Islands, and Ujung Kulon National Park in the west of Java.

To be noticed, different national parks offer different biodiversity, as the natural habitat in Indonesia is divided into two areas by the Wallace line. The Wallacea biogeographical distinction means the western part of Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan) have the same flora and fauna characteristics as the Asian continent, whilst the remaining eastern part of Indonesia has similarity with the Australian continent.^[48]

Many native species such as Sumatran elephants, Sumatran tigers, Sumatran rhinoceros, Javan rhinoceros and orangutans are listed as endangered or critically endangered, and the remaining populations are found in national parks and other conservation areas. Sumatran orangutan can be visited in the Bukit Lawang conservation area, while the Bornean orangutan can be visited in Tanjung Puting national park, Central Kalimantan. The world's largest flower, rafflesia arnoldi, and the tallest flower, titan arum, can be found in Sumatra.

The east side of the Wallacea line offers the most remarkable, rare, and exotic animals on earth.^[57] Birds-of-paradise, locally known as cenderawasih, are plumed birds that can be found among other fauna in Papua New Guinea. The largest bird in Papua is the flightless cassowary. One species of lizard, the Komodo dragon can easily be found on Komodo, located in the Nusa Tenggara lesser islands region. Besides Komodo island, this endangered species can also be found on the islands of Rinca, Padar and Flores.^[58]

Volcanoes

Hiking and camping in the mountains are popular adventure activities. Some mountains contain ridge rivers, offering rafting activity. Though volcanic mountains can be dangerous, they have become major tourist destinations. Several tourists have died on the slopes of Mount Rinjani, Indonesia's second-highest volcano and a popular destination for climbers visiting Lombok in eastern Indonesia. Popular active volcanoes are the 2,329-metre (7,641 ft) high Mount Bromo in the East Java province with its scenic volcanic desert around the crater, the upturned boat shaped Tangkuban Perahu and the volcanic crater Kawah Putih, north and south of Bandung respectively and both with drive-in access up to the crater, the most active volcano in Java, Mount Merapi near Yogyakarta, and the legendary Krakatau with its new caldera known as Anak Krakatau (the child of Krakatau). Gede Pangrango volcano in West Java is also a popular hiking destination, especially among domestic hikers.

In Sumbawa, Mount Tambora with its historical massive volcanic eruption back in 1815 that produced massive caldera also had gained attention among hikers. In the neighbouring island of Flores, the three-coloured volcanic crater-lake of Kelimutu is also hailed as one of Indonesia's natural wonder and had attracted visitors worldwide. Puncak Jaya in the Lorentz National Park, the highest mountain in Indonesia and one of the few mountains with ice caps at the (tropical) equator^[59][60] offers the opportunity of rock climbing. In Sumatra, there are the remains of a supervolcano eruption that have created the landscape of Lake Toba close to Medan in North Sumatra.

Ancient Hindu and Buddhist temples

From the 4th century until the 15th century, Hinduism and Buddhism shaped the culture of Indonesia. Kingdoms rise and fall, such as Mataram kingdom, Srivijaya, Kediri, Singhasari and Majapahit. Along with the Indonesian classical history of Hindu-Buddhist era, they produced some temples and monuments called candi. The best-preserved Buddhist shrine, which was built during the Sailendra dynasty in the 8th century, is Borobudur temple in Central Java. A giant stone mandala stepped pyramid adorned with bell-shaped stupas, richly adorned with bas-reliefs telling the stories and teachings of Buddha.

A few kilometres to the southeast is the Prambanan complex, the largest Hindu temple in Indonesia built during the second Mataram dynasty.^[48] The Prambanan temple is dedicated to Trimurti; Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma, three highest gods in Hinduism. Both the Borobudur and the Prambanan temple compounds have been listed in the UNESCO World Heritage list since 1991. Both temples are the largest and the most popular, conveniently accessible from Yogyakarta, the heartland of Javanese culture. The Ramayana Javanese dance is performed routinely on the stage near Prambanan temple, providing visitors with a glimpse of Javanese classical culture.

In and around Jogjakarta, ancient Javanese archaeology and temple enthusiasts may still discover numerous ancient temples, accessible by car or motorcycle. Although not as grand and popular as Borobudur and Prambanan, these smaller temples provide a glimpse of ancient culture and the intricate details of ancient Java temple architecture. Mendut and Pawon temples are located in Kedu Plain near Borobudur, while Ratu Boko, Sewu, Lumbung, Plaosan, Kalasan, and Sari are located in Prambanan Plain near Prambanan temple.

The temples of East Java dated from the era of Singhasari and Majapahit; mostly located in Trowulan archaeological site, and also scattered around Blitar and Malang. Although not as grand and popular as the temples of Central Java, the East Javanese temples are also an interesting destination for candi and Indonesian ancient history enthusiasts. East Javanese temples such as Wringin Lawang, Brahu, Bajang Ratu, and Candi Tikus in Trowulan archaeological site. Jawi temple near Pandaan, south of Surabaya, Penataran temple in Blitar, Kidal temple and Singhasari temple near Malang.

Most major Indonesian archaeological sites are equipped with museums; such as Samudra Raksa Museum and Karmawibhangga Museum in Borobudur, Prambanan museum in Prambanan temple compounds, and Trowulan Museum located in former Majapahit capital of Trowulan archaeological site. Some of the archaeological discoveries are also displayed in municipal museums, such as Sonobudoyo Museum in Yogyakarta and Radyapustaka Museum in Surakarta, and of course the Indonesian National Museum in Jakarta.

Sumatra is also home to several ancient Buddhist temples mostly linked to the Srivijaya kingdom, such as Muaro Jambi in Jambi province, Muara Takus in Riau and Biaro Bahal in North Sumatra. Sumatran temples, however, are not as elaborate and spectacular as their Javanese counterparts, and are subsequently less popular. The location is rural, quite far from large cities, so renting a car to visit these sites is advisable since public transportation to the location is scarce.

Islamic heritage

Islam has also contributed greatly to the cultural society in Indonesia. As of 2006, 88% of Indonesia's recorded population were Muslim.^[63] Islamic culture is prominent in Sumatra, and a few of the remaining sultanate palaces can be seen in Medan and Tanjung Pinang.

The Islamic heritage tourism is also popular, especially among Indonesian Muslims and Muslims from neighbouring countries such as Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei that share common Southeast Asian Islamic heritage. The tourist activity is usually linked with Islamic ziyarat pilgrimage to historical Islamic sites, such as historical mosques and tombs of venerated Islamic figures. However, for visitors in Islamic sites, either local or foreign, Muslim or non-Muslim, the rules of conduct and dress modesty is applied, such as removing the footwear while entering mosques or makam (tombs), a visitor should not enter the site wearing shorts (sarong usually lent near the entrance to cover the lower torso of the visitors).

In Aceh the Baiturrahman Grand Mosque and tombs of Aceh Sultanate kings is a popular destination, while in Medan the Medan Great Mosque and Maimun Palace is also a major Islamic heritage destination. Most of the major Indonesian cities have their own historical or monumental Masjid Agung (Grand Mosque) that has become their city's landmark as well as a tourism attraction. Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta, the Indonesian national mosque and the largest in Southeast Asia is Jakarta's major landmark as well as a tourist attraction.

In Java the ziyarat pilgrimage is usually linked to historically important Islamic figures of Wali Sanga (Nine Saints). They are important because of their historic role in the spread of Islam in Indonesia. Their tombs and mosques scattered along with Java's north coast towns, such as Demak, Kudus, Cirebon, Gresik, to Ampel in Surabaya. The 15th-century Agung Demak Mosque hailed as the first mosque established in Java. Menara Kudus Mosque is notable for incorporating Majapahit Hindu-Javanese architecture. The tomb of Sunan Gunungjati near Cirebon, is also the important ziyarat site in West Java.

The heritage tourism might also be focused on the era of 17th- to 19th-century royal Javanese courts of Yogyakarta Sultanate, Surakarta Sunanate and Mangkunegaran.

Colonial heritage

Heritage tourism is focused on specific interest in Indonesian history, such as colonial architectural heritage of the Dutch East Indies era in Indonesia. The colonial heritage tourism mostly attracted visitors from the Netherlands that share historical ties with Indonesia, as well as Indonesian or foreign colonial history enthusiasts.

The activities among others are visiting museums, churches, forts and historical colonial buildings, as well as spending some nights in colonial heritage hotels. The popular heritage tourism attractions are Kota – the centre of old Jakarta, with its Maritime Museum, Kota Intan drawbridge, Gereja Sion, Wayang Museum, Stadhuis Batavia, Fine Art and Ceramic Museum, Toko Merah, Bank Indonesia Museum, Bank Mandiri Museum, Jakarta Kota railway station, and Glodok (Jakarta Chinatown). In the old ports of Sunda Kelapa, in Jakarta and Paotere in Makassar the tall-masted pinisi ship still sailed. The Jakarta Cathedral with neo-gothic architecture in Central Jakarta also attracts architecture enthusiasts.

Bandung historical avenue around Asia Afrika and Braga Street displays rich collections of Indies and Art deco architecture from the early 20th century. Several hotels such as Savoy Homann in Bandung and Hotel Majapahit in Surabaya are colonial heritage hotels suitable for those who are interested in Dutch East Indies colonial history. The VOC forts can be found in Yogyakarta, Makassar, Bengkulu and Ambon. Colonial buildings can also be found in old town districts of various Indonesian cities, with notable ones being in Semarang, Surabaya, Malang, Medan, and Sawahlunto.

Village tourism

Village tourism (Indonesian: desa wisata) is a tourism concept in Indonesia to integrate attraction, activity, accommodation, and supporting facilities within a specific area, called desa or village, to maximize tourism potential of that specific area. Unlike popular resort areas that are mostly owned by global hotel chains, village tourism is usually modest small-scale family or community-owned accommodations; i.e. boarding house, guest house, bed and breakfast, lodge, tavern, restaurant or warung shop. This community-based tourism model is intended to generate the local economy, create jobs, as well as empowering the local community.

Tourism potential may include natural points of interest, specific food, local activity, festivals, crafts, arts and cultural events that are unique to that area. Indonesia have 1,734 tourism villages, most of them located in Java and Bali.^[64]

Shopping

The nation's capital, Jakarta, offers many places for shopping. Mal Kelapa Gading, the biggest one with 130 square kilometres (50 sq mi), Plaza Senayan, Senayan City, Grand Indonesia, Sarinah, and Plaza Indonesia are some of the shopping malls in the city. Next to high-end shopping centres with branded products, Indonesia is also a popular destination for handicraft shopping in the region. Certain Indonesian traditional crafts such as batik, songket, ikat weaving, embroidery, wooden statue and fashion products are popular souvenirs for visitors.^[65]

Indonesian textile and fashion products are known for their good value; good quality with relatively cheap and reasonable price. Bandung is a popular shopping destination for fashion products among Malaysians and Singaporeans.^[65] Bali has many shopping centres, for instance, the Kuta shopping centre and the Galeria Nusa Dua.

Amusement and theme parks

Amusement parks are popular destinations for Indonesian families. Ancol Dreamland with Dunia Fantasi theme park and Atlantis Water Adventure is Jakarta's answer to Disneyland-style amusement park and water park. Several similar theme parks also developed in other cities, such as Trans Studio Makassar and Trans Studio Bandung.

Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII]) is one of the large theme parks.

Gastronomic tourism

Indonesia has rich and diverse culinary traditions, and might be considered as one of the richest and the best in the world; such as rendang that was recently voted as the number one dish of CNN International 'World's 50 Most Delicious Foods' list.^[66] Many regional cuisines exist, often based upon indigenous culture and foreign influences.^[67] Indonesian cuisine varies greatly by region and has many different influences.^[67][68][69] Some popular Indonesian dishes such as nasi goreng,^[70] sate,^[71] and soto^[72] are ubiquitous in the country and have numerous regional variations. These dishes are considered as Indonesian national dishes.

Eating establishments in Indonesia are available from the modest street-side cart vendors, to the luxury fine-dining restaurants. Most of the malls and shopping centres in Indonesian major cities usually have an entire floor dedicated as food courts, where one can sample a rich variety of Indonesian cuisine, and some Indonesian cities have their own signature dishes. Such as Mie Aceh, Padang's rendang, Palembang's pempek, Jakarta's soto betawi and gado-gado, Bandung's siomay and batagor, Yogyakarta's gudeg, Solo's tongseng, Semarang's lumpia, Surabaya's rawon, Madura's satay, Balinese nasi campur and babi panggang, Makassar's konro, Manado's tinutuan, to Chinese Indonesian mie goreng. There are also regional food fairs and festivals, such as Jakarta Fair that offers local delicacies as well as food products from various corners of Indonesia, or Jakarta Fashion & Food Festival (JFFF), that features food and fashion.

Wellness and Spas

Indonesia has a local tradition of health and beauty treatments. However, it was not until 2000s that wellness tourism business has become particularly popular in Java and Bali.^[73] In 2009 and 2012, Indonesia won international wellness awards as the world's best spa destination.^[73]

Traditionally Indonesians—especially in Java and Bali—have developed their own traditional wellness treatment for health, beauty and wellbeing purposes.^[74] Traditional treatments include Javanese jamu herbal medicine, also Javanese and Balinese massage. Spas, fitness centres, and yoga classes are offered to tourists in major Indonesian cities, especially in Bali, Yogyakarta, Jakarta and Bandung. The Tourism Ministry of Indonesia has promoted Indonesia as a spa and wellness destination through various exhibitions.^[75]

Historically, the Taman Sari of Yogyakarta is a water castle built in 1758 that functioned as a pleasure garden for Sultan Hamengkubuwono I, his concubines and the royal family. This palace equipped with rooms and bathing pools served as a place to cleanse, purify and energize body and soul, restricted only for the king and royals, it was pretty much an 18th-century royal spa.^[73] Javanese royal treatments included jamu herbal medicine, traditional massage, luluran (herbal body scrub), bathing and aromatheraphy.^[73]

In 2019 Indonesian Tourism Ministry is also partnering with Indonesian Health Ministry to provide health tourism, in four sectors: medical tourism, wellness tourism and Jamu, sports tourism, and health academic tourism.^[76]

Golfing

Another popular tourist activity is golfing, a favourite sport among the upper class Indonesians and foreigners. Indonesia has around 150 golf courses. Golf courses concentrated mostly in Greater Jakarta, West Java, East Java, Bali, Bintan and Batam. Bali, West Java and Yogyakarta have well-designed golf courses, either by the sea or on highland overlooking volcanoes. Some notable golf courses include Taman Dayu in Pasuruan East Java, Ria Bintan, Damai Indah Golf Bumi Serpong Damai Tangerang, Rancamaya near Bogor, New Kuta Golf in Bali, and Merapi Golf near Yogyakarta.^[77]

Nightlife

Nightlife of Indonesia is also popular among foreigners, especially in the big cities like Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya, Manado, Denpasar and Medan.^[78] Jakarta and Bali for example, are quite popular for its vibrant nightlife and festivals as the city boast its large numbers of discotheque and clubs. The annual Djakarta Warehouse Project dance music festival is a major Electronic Dance Music event in Asia.^[79]

Sex tourism

International sex tourism and child sex tourism remains an issue, especially on the islands of Batam and Karimun and in major urban centres and tourist destinations across the country, including Bali and Riau Islands. In Indonesia, prostitution is illegal and interpreted as a "crime against decency and morality".^[80] In practice, however, prostitution is quite widespread, tolerated, and somewhat regulated, mostly illegally or underground in discotheques, massage parlours, and karaoke rooms,^[81] and also visible on certain streets. It is estimated that 40,000 to 70,000 Indonesian children are being exploited in prostitution within the country.^[82] Prostitution is conducted by both genders, with Bali being notorious for its 'Kuta Cowboys', local gigolos targeting foreign female tourists.^[83]

Indonesian tourism campaigns

The official Indonesian government authority that is responsible for the tourism sector in Indonesia is the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Indonesia. Several campaigns to promote Indonesian tourism have been launched, either by government or private sectors through various media such as print, television, and online.

Visit Indonesia Year 1991 Learning from neighbouring countries' success, such as Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia, which successfully gained benefits and exploited their tourism sectors through intensive promotions, in the early 1990s the Indonesian government launched integrated efforts to promote Indonesian tourism worldwide. The first integrated campaign was coined as Visit Indonesia Year, and the first year was the Visit Indonesia Year 1991.^[89]

Visit Indonesia Year 2008 The Indonesian Ministry of Culture and Tourism declared 2008 as a Visit Indonesia Year.^[90] Visit Indonesia Year 2008 was officially launched on 26 December 2007.^[91] The figure of Visit Indonesia Year 2008 branding took the concept of Garuda Pancasila as the Indonesian way of life. The five components of Pancasila were represented by five different coloured lines and symbolised the Indonesian Unity in Diversity. The targeted number was 7 million. Visit Indonesia Year 2008 also commemorated 100 years of Indonesia's national awakening in 1908.

Visit Indonesia Year 2009

Tourism Indonesia Mart & Expo (TIME) 2009 was held at Santosa Villas & Resort in Senggigi on the west coast of Lombok NTB. Entering its 16th year of conduct, TIME 2009 was organised by the Indonesian Tourism Promotion Board (ITPB) and received the support of a wide number of tour participants in Indonesia.

TIME 2009 attracted 127 buyers from 25 countries. The top five buyers were from Korea, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, the United States, and the Netherlands. TIME 2009 also attracted a total of 250 delegates of Sellers from 97 companies of Indonesia occupying 84 booths at the exhibition. Sellers came from 15 provinces dominated by West Nusa Tenggara, Jakarta, Bali, Central Java, and East Kalimantan as the top five sellers. The percentage of sellers based on the industry was hotel, resort & spa (75%), NTO (10%), tour operator/travel agent (7%), adventure/activity holiday (3%), airline (1.5%), and others (hotel management, tourism board, tourism organization & travel portal 8.5%). During the 2008 financial crisis, TIME 2009 booked an estimated of the transaction of US$17.48 million, or increasing 15% from the previous TIME held in Makassar, South Sulawesi in 2008.^[92]

Visit Indonesia Year 2010

Following the hosting on the island of Lombok in 2009, the event was again hosted in Lombok-Sumbawa on 12–15 October 2010 at Santosa Villas & Resort in Senggigi on the west coast of Lombok. Entering its 16th year, TIME was organised by the Indonesian Tourism Promotion Board (ITPB) and supported by a wide number of tour participants in Indonesia. TIME 2010 was supported by the travel and tourism industry in Indonesia, including the Ministry of Culture & Tourism, the Provincial Government of West Nusa Tenggara, West Nusa Tenggara Culture & Tourism Office, Lombok Sumbawa Promo, Garuda Indonesia as official airline, other supporting airlines, Indonesia National Air Carriers Association (INACA), Board of Airline Representatives Indonesia (BARINDO), Association of Indonesian Tours & Travel Agencies (ASITA), Indonesia Hotels and Restaurant Association (PHRI), Indonesian Conference and Convention Association (INCCA), Pacto Convex as the event organiser, supported by national and international media.^[93] Lombok and Sumbawa in West Nusa Tenggara set a target of wooing one million tourists to visit the islands by 2012.^[94]

Wonderful Indonesia (since 2011)

Wonderful Indonesia has been the slogan since January 2011 of an international marketing campaign directed by the Indonesian Ministry of Culture and Tourism to promote tourism.^[95] The campaign replaced the previous "Visit Indonesia Year" campaign which had been used since 1991.^[96] The "Wonderful Indonesia" concept highlights Indonesia's "wonderful" nature, cultures, people, food, and value for the money.^[97][98] After the campaign was launched, Indonesia reported an increase of foreign visitors; from 7,002,944 in 2010, to 7,649,731 in 2011; and 8,044,462 in 2012.^[99]

In late January 2011, Culture and Tourism Minister Jero Wacik announced that "Wonderful Indonesia" would replace the previous "Visit Indonesia Year" branding used by the nation's official tourism promotional campaigns, although the logo of stylised curves Garuda remain.^[100] The minister announced that in 2010, foreign tourists visiting Indonesia touched 7 million and made predictions of 7.7 million in 2011. He was reported as describing the new branding as reflecting "the country's beautiful nature, unique culture, varied food, hospitable people and price competitiveness. "We expect each tourist will spend around US$1,100 and with an optimistic target of 7.7 million arrivals, we will get $8.3 billion," from this. The Culture and Tourism Minister added that 50 per cent of the revenue would be generated from about 600 meetings, conventions and exhibitions that were expected to take place in various places throughout the country in 2011. He further added in the announcements of January 2011 that his ministry would be promoting the country's attractions under the eco-cultural banner.^[101]

Pesona Indonesia (since 2014) In December 2014, the new Minister of Tourism, Arief Yahya launched the new brand Pesona Indonesia to target the domestic tourism market. Both Wonderful Indonesia and Pesona Indonesia have the same Garuda logo. The minister hopes that both brands will be a single tourism identity for Indonesia.^[102]

2016

For most of the time, Indonesian tourism relies heavily on the charm of Bali as a drawing force to attract tourists. As a result, most foreign visitors are drawn and concentrated only in Bali, which already has quite well-developed tourism culture and infrastructure. To distribute the wealth of tourism and generate tourism-related economic opportunities among Indonesian provinces, the tourism authority launched a program to create and add new centres of attraction as an alternative for Bali.

In mid-2016, the Indonesian Ministry of Tourism launched a new program named "10 Priority Tourism Destinations (Indonesian: 10 Destinasi Wisata Prioritas)" dubbed as "the new Bali". The ten destinations are Borobudur Temple, Lake Toba, Mount Bromo, Komodo National Park, Kepulauan Seribu, Mandalika, Wakatobi Islands, Tanjung Kelayang beach, Tanjung Lesung beach, and Morotai island.^[103]

The efforts among others by creating and improving tourism infrastructure facilities including hotels, homestays, restaurants, handicraft and souvenir art markets, also improving interconnection into these regions by improving and constructing new airports.^[103] However, in practice by 2017 among these 10 priorities, only 4 of them that kick-off and received full government attention and supports; they are Lake Toba in North Sumatra, Borobudur in Central Java, Labuan Bajo as the gate into Komodo National park, and Mandalika in Lombok.^[104]

Terrorism

Although Indonesia had suffered terrorist attacks back in the 1980s, it was not until the 2000s that the attacks became disturbingly organized. The first major terrorist attack in Indonesia was the 2002 Bali bombing. This was a major blow to Indonesia's tourism industry. A series of travel warnings were issued by several countries. After the attack, the rate of tourism in Bali decreased by 32%.^[108]

After this 2002 attack, the following three years also suffered three major terrorist bombings: the 2003 Marriott Hotel bombing, the 2004 Australian embassy bombing in Jakarta, and a second bombing in Bali. Fortunately in 2008, no major terrorist attack occurred since 2005, and the United States Government lifted its warning against travel to Indonesia.^[109] In 2006, 227,000 Australians visited Indonesia, and in 2007, this tourist rate continued to rise with a recorded 314,000 tourists entering Indonesia.^[109]

In 2008, the US government lifted their travel warning on Indonesia.^[110]

By 2016, the terrorist threat was renewed and reactivated by the outbreak of ISIS-affiliated sleeper cells in the region. In 2016, Jakarta suffered a terrorist attack. And by 2018, numbers of terrorist attacks erupted in Surabaya and Pekanbaru.

Policies

Most of the major tourist destinations in Indonesia, especially Bali, Yogyakarta, Batam, Bandung and Jakarta, have a rather relaxed modern cosmopolitan social outlook, which is quite conducive for the tourism industry. However, certain regional provinces might not have that kind of luxury and tend to be conservative.^{[clarification needed]} In addition to national laws, certain Indonesian provinces have applied regional autonomous laws, some of them based on Islamic sharia law, such as Aceh province. Extra caution must be demonstrated by visitors to Aceh since the province has rather strict Islamic-based law, enforced by Islamic religious police, called the Wilayatul Hisbah in Indonesia.^[111]

Thus, some certain normally private matters, such as beach clothing (especially bikini),^[112] modesty issue, party and the consumption of alcohol, to a display of affections between a couple, are discouraged and frowned upon, and might lead to a legal problem.^[113] Carefulness and discretion are required, especially for unmarried couple and LGBT travellers.^[114]

The legal restriction against alcohol, pushed forward by Islamist parties and organizations in the country, is also harming the tourism and service sectors. As a result, the alcohol tax in Indonesia is among the highest in the world, which caused an unusually high price for alcoholic beverages. This policy is quite harmful to bar, club and restaurant industry in Indonesia.^[115]

Another unconducive policy is a rather strict policy on nightlife; local authority sometimes launched a raid on clubs, karaoke and discothèque in a pretext to curb down drugs and substance abuse in these places, which might be inconvenient for visitors.^[116] It was reported in April 2017 that the Indonesian government authorities arrested 32 foreign nationals for failing to show proper ID during a raid on an entertainment hub in Batam on 23 April 2017. Yudi Kurnain, a Batam Legislative Council member, had condemned the raid, saying that it might discourage tourism in the island. He was quoted as saying, "They should humanely conduct immigration checks, not through such repressive actions".^[117]

Since 2016, anti-LGBT sentiments are on the rise in the country, such as homophobia, hate crimes, raids, criminalization and harassment against LGBT locals and foreigners.^[118] The government's failure to curb Islamist attacks on LGBT people might damage the tourism sector and real estate development.^[119]

Regional conflicts

Another major threat to the tourism industry are sectarian and separatist conflicts in certain provinces of Indonesia. Decades of separatism-related violence in Aceh ended in 2005 with the signing of a peace agreement between the Indonesian Government and the Free Aceh Movement.^[120] Currently, Aceh is trying to develop its tourism sector,^[121] although they still have problems regarding unconducive policies such as strict enforcement of sharia law that may harm tourism development in the province.^[122]

While the tourism industry in Maluku and Central Sulawesi, which have suffered in recent years from serious sectarian conflicts, are currently recovering.^[123]

Papua on the other hand, is still affected by Papuan separatism, a small-scale regional conflict. The government and military has been accused of a "slow genocide" against native inhabitant, through transmigration from other densely populated Indonesian provinces that alter the demographic balance in the province.^[124] The government and military also has been accused for suppressing free speech in West Papua, after an expulsion of foreign journalists.^[125]

Environmental issues

Environmental issues also pose some problems in the Indonesian tourism sector: especially for nature conservation, marine, forest and national park-related tourism. Problems include deforestation, haze hazard caused by slash-and-burn practice that disrupts air transportation and health, also plastic garbage that pollutes marine life.

During the tropical dry season in 2015, Indonesia and its neighbours were hit by a massive haze, caused by slash and burn practice to clear the land in Sumatra and Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo). Riau suffered the worst, as the haze disrupted air transportation and caused a health hazard.^[126]

In March 2018, a diver showed footage of a popular diving site polluted with floating plastic garbage in Manta Point, Nusa Penida, around 20 kilometres off the coast of Bali. Bali sits in the middle of the Indonesian throughflow, a current that streams from the Pacific Ocean into the Indian Ocean through the string of straits of the Indonesian archipelago. This means that plastic waste could either be local or be brought in from as far away as the Pacific Ocean; either from within Indonesia, from neighbouring Malaysia and Philippines, or from faraway Asia-Pacific regions, carried away by sea currents.^[127]

Health issues

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Indonesia closed its borders to all travellers from China. This move impacted Indonesian tourism since Chinese travellers are the second-biggest foreign visitors to the country. The government is planning to spend $477 million in the form of tax cuts, discounts, and others to reduce the slump in the tourism sector.^[128] Foreign tourist arrivals at 3 (three) big gates from 26 main entrances in April 2020 compared to April 2019, namely: Ngurah Rai decreased by -99.94%; Soekarno-Hatta experienced a decrease of -99.79%, and Batam decreased by -99.27%.^[129] In March 2020, The Indonesian government has decided that Visa Free Arrival (BVK), Visa on Arrival and the Diplomatic / Free Service Visa policy are suspended for 1 month.^[130]