PIN1
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PIN1(peptidylprolyl cis/trans isomerase, NIMA-interacting 1)は、ヒトではPIN1遺伝子によってコードされている酵素である[1][2]。
PIN1はペプチジルプロリルイソメラーゼ(PPIase)である。リン酸化セリン/スレオニン-プロリンモチーフに対してのみシス/トランス異性化を行い、タンパク質のコンフォメーション変化によって機能を調節するリン酸化後制御機構として機能している。PIN1の調節の異常はさまざまなな疾患に重要な役割を果たしている可能性がある。特に、PIN1のアップレギュレーションは特定の種類のがん、そしてPIN1のダウンレギュレーションはアルツハイマー病と関連していることが示唆されている。PIN1の阻害剤は、がん[3][4]や免疫疾患[5]の治療への応用の可能性がある。
PIN1をコードする遺伝子は、1996年に有糸分裂の調節に関与しているタンパク質の遺伝学・生化学的スクリーニングから発見された[1]。一方で、Pin1のノックアウトマウスでは軽度の表現型しか観察されず[6]。、この酵素が細胞分裂自体に必要であるのかどうかは明確ではなかった。その後の詳細な研究により、マウスではPin1の喪失によって網膜変性をはじめとするいくつかの異常が生じることが明らかにされ、その表現型はサイクリンD1のヌルマウスと類似していることが示された[7]。このことから、PIN1によって媒介されるタンパク質のコンフォメーション変化が細胞の正常な機能に重要な役割を果たしている可能性が示唆された。
活性化
PIN1の発現は細胞増殖条件下で増大し、E2F転写因子によって誘導される[8]。PIN1は核と細胞質の双方に分布している。PIN1には古典的核局在化配列と正確には一致しないものの類似した配列が存在し、インポーチンα5(英語版)(KPNA1)との相互作用によって核内に移行する[9]。基質となるタンパク質がPIN1によって認識されるためには、基質中のセリン/スレオニン-プロリンモチーフのリン酸化が必要である。PIN1はN末端のWWドメインとC末端のPPIaseドメインからなり、WWドメインがこのモチーフの認識を担っている。WWドメイン中のSer16のリン酸化は基質との相互作用に多様な変化を及ぼし[10]、乳がんにおいてはこのリン酸化レベルの増大が腫瘍原性と関連している可能性がある[11]。
機能
いくつかのプロリン指向性プロテインキナーゼ(MAPK、CDK、GSK3など)はPIN1によって認識されるモチーフを作り出し、またPIN1自身もこれらのプロテインキナーゼによってリン酸化されて機能が変化するなど、両者は複雑な相互作用を行うことで細胞過程の遂行や環境シグナルへの応答を行っている[12]。PIN1との相互作用がどのような影響を及ぼすかは系によって異なっており、Cdc25やタウタンパク質はPIN1による異性化によって脱リン酸化が促進され[13]、サイクリンD1はPIN1との結合によって核外搬出が妨げられ核内に蓄積する[7]。また、PIN1はmRNAに結合するタンパク質複合体への作用を介してサイトカインのmRNAの安定性を高め、免疫応答にも重要な役割を果たしていることが示唆されている[14]。PIN1が分子タイマーとして機能しているという仮説も立てられている[15]。
阻害
PIN1はいくつかのがんで過剰発現していることが知られており、乳がん、子宮頸がん、子宮体がん、卵巣がんなどにおいて治療標的としての研究が広く行われている[3][16][17]。天然のビタミンA誘導体であるall-trans-レチノイン酸(ATRA)がPIN1の阻害に関与していることが研究から示されており[18]、ATRAはソラフェニブと相乗的に作用し、PIN1を減少させてがんの成長を阻害することが報告されている[19]。一部のエレモン酸(elemonic acid)誘導体もPIN1に対して阻害作用を示すことが報告されている[20]。インドセンダン由来の一部のテルペノイドもエレモン酸誘導体と同様にPIN1を阻害する可能性が計算機解析から示されている[3]。
相互作用
出典
- 1 2 Lu KP, Hanes SD, Hunter T (Apr 1996). “A human peptidyl-prolyl isomerase essential for regulation of mitosis”. Nature 380 (6574): 544–7. Bibcode: 1996Natur.380..544P. doi:10.1038/380544a0. PMID 8606777.
- ↑ “Entrez Gene: PIN1 Protein (peptidylprolyl cis/trans isomerase) NIMA-interacting 1”. 2025年12月13日閲覧。
- 1 2 3 da Costa, Kauê Santana; Galúcio, João Marcos; de Jesus, Deivid Almeida; Gomes, Guelber Cardoso; Lima e Lima, Anderson Henrique; Taube, Paulo Sérgio; dos Santos, Alberto Monteiro; Lameira, Jerônimo (2019-10-25). “Targeting Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1: A Structure-based Virtual Screening Approach to Find Novel Inhibitors”. Current Computer-Aided Drug Design 15 (5): 605–617. doi:10.2174/1573409915666191025114009. PMID 31654518.
- ↑ Campaner, Elena; Rustighi, Alessandra; Zannini, Alessandro; Cristiani, Alberto; Piazza, Silvano; Ciani, Yari; Kalid, Ori; Golan, Gali et al. (August 2017). “A covalent PIN1 inhibitor selectively targets cancer cells by a dual mechanism of action”. Nature Communications 8 (1). Bibcode: 2017NatCo...815772C. doi:10.1038/ncomms15772. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5472749. PMID 28598431. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5472749/.
- ↑ Rudrabhatla, P.; Albers, W.; Pant, H. C. (2009-11-25). “Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerase 1 Regulates Protein Phosphatase 2A-Mediated Topographic Phosphorylation of Neurofilament Proteins”. Journal of Neuroscience 29 (47): 14869–14880. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4469-09.2009. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 3849796. PMID 19940183. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3849796/.
- ↑ Fujimori, F.; Takahashi, K.; Uchida, C.; Uchida, T. (1999-11-30). “Mice lacking Pin1 develop normally, but are defective in entering cell cycle from G(0) arrest”. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 265 (3): 658–663. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1736. ISSN 0006-291X. PMID 10600477. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10600477.
- 1 2 Liou, Yih-Cherng; Ryo, Akihide; Huang, Han-Kuei; Lu, Pei-Jung; Bronson, Roderick; Fujimori, Fumihiro; Uchida, Takafumi; Hunter, Tony et al. (2002-02-05). “Loss of Pin1 function in the mouse causes phenotypes resembling cyclin D1-null phenotypes”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 (3): 1335–1340. doi:10.1073/pnas.032404099. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 122191. PMID 11805292. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11805292.
- ↑ Lee, Kwang Youl; Lee, Jeong Woon; Nam, Hyun Jeong; Shim, Jeong-Hyun; Song, Youngsup; Kang, Keon Wook (2011-07). “PI3-kinase/p38 kinase-dependent E2F1 activation is critical for Pin1 induction in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells”. Molecules and Cells 32 (1): 107–111. doi:10.1007/s10059-011-0074-y. ISSN 0219-1032. PMC 3887657. PMID 21573702. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21573702.
- ↑ Lufei C, Cao X (2009). “Nuclear import of Pin1 is mediated by a novel sequence in the PPIase domain”. FEBS Letters 583 (2): 271–276. Bibcode: 2009FEBSL.583..271L. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2008.12.011. PMID 19084525.
- ↑ Chen, Dongmei; Wang, Long; Lee, Tae Ho (2020). “Post-translational Modifications of the Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerase Pin1”. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 8: 129. doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.00129. ISSN 2296-634X. PMC 7064559. PMID 32195254. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32195254.
- ↑ Kim, Garam; Khanal, Prem; Kim, Jin Young; Yun, Hyo-Jeong; Lim, Sung-Chul; Shim, Jung-Hyun; Choi, Hong Seok (2015-06). “COT phosphorylates prolyl-isomerase Pin1 to promote tumorigenesis in breast cancer”. Molecular Carcinogenesis 54 (6): 440–448. doi:10.1002/mc.22112. ISSN 1098-2744. PMID 24265246. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24265246.
- ↑ Litchfield, David W.; Shilton, Brian H.; Brandl, Christopher J.; Gyenis, Laszlo (2015-10). “Pin1: Intimate involvement with the regulatory protein kinase networks in the global phosphorylation landscape”. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta 1850 (10): 2077–2086. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.02.018. ISSN 0006-3002. PMID 25766872. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25766872.
- ↑ Zhou, X. Z.; Kops, O.; Werner, A.; Lu, P. J.; Shen, M.; Stoller, G.; Küllertz, G.; Stark, M. et al. (2000-10). “Pin1-dependent prolyl isomerization regulates dephosphorylation of Cdc25C and tau proteins”. Molecular Cell 6 (4): 873–883. doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(05)00083-3. ISSN 1097-2765. PMID 11090625. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11090625.
- ↑ Esnault, Stephane; Braun, Ruedi K.; Shen, Zhong-Jian; Xiang, Zhuzai; Heninger, Erika; Love, Robert B.; Sandor, Matyas; Malter, James S. (2007-02-21). “Pin1 modulates the type 1 immune response”. PloS One 2 (2): e226. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000226. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 1790862. PMID 17311089. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17311089.
- ↑ Lu KP, Finn G, Lee TH, Nicholson LK (Oct 2007). “Prolyl cis-trans isomerization as a molecular timer”. Nature Chemical Biology 3 (10): 619–29. doi:10.1038/nchembio.2007.35. PMID 17876319.
- ↑ Russo Spena C, De Stefano L, Poli G, Granchi C, El Boustani M, Ecca F, Grassi G, Grassi M, Canzonieri V, Giordano A, Tuccinardi T, Caligiuri I, Rizzolio F (January 2019). “Virtual screening identifies a PIN1 inhibitor with possible antiovarian cancer effects”. Journal of Cellular Physiology 234 (9): 15708–15716. doi:10.1002/jcp.28224. hdl:10278/3711934. PMID 30697729.
- ↑ Kim G, Bhattarai PY, Choi HS (February 2019). “Peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 as a molecular target in breast cancer: a therapeutic perspective of gynecological cancer”. Archives of Pharmacal Research 42 (2): 128–139. doi:10.1007/s12272-019-01122-3. PMID 30684192.
- ↑ Wei S, Kozono S, Kats L, Nechama M, Li W, Guarnerio J, Luo M, You MH, Yao Y, Kondo A, Hu H, Bozkurt G, Moerke NJ, Cao S, Reschke M, Chen CH, Rego EM, Lo-Coco F, Cantley LC, Lee TH, Wu H, Zhang Y, Pandolfi PP, Zhou XZ, Lu KP (May 2015). “Active Pin1 is a key target of all-trans retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia and breast cancer”. Nature Medicine 21 (5): 457–66. doi:10.1038/nm.3839. PMC 4425616. PMID 25849135. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4425616/.
- ↑ Zheng M, Xu H, Liao XH, Chen CP, Zhang AL, Lu W, Wang L, Yang D, Wang J, Liu H, Zhou XZ, Lu KP (May 2017). “Inhibition of the prolyl isomerase Pin1 enhances the ability of sorafenib to induce cell death and inhibit tumor growth in hepatocellular carcinoma”. Oncotarget 8 (18): 29771–29784. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.15967. PMC 5444702. PMID 28404959. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5444702/.
- ↑ Li X, Li L, Zhou Q, Zhang N, Zhang S, Zhao R, Liu D, Jing Y, Zhao L (December 2014). “Synthesis of the novel elemonic acid derivatives as Pin1 inhibitors”. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 24 (24): 5612–5615. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.087. PMID 25466185.
- ↑ Wulf GM, Ryo A, Wulf GG, Lee SW, Niu T, Petkova V, Lu KP (Jul 2001). “Pin1 is overexpressed in breast cancer and cooperates with Ras signaling in increasing the transcriptional activity of c-Jun towards cyclin D1”. The EMBO Journal 20 (13): 3459–72. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.13.3459. PMC 125530. PMID 11432833. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC125530/.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Shen M, Stukenberg PT, Kirschner MW, Lu KP (Mar 1998). “The essential mitotic peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 binds and regulates mitosis-specific phosphoproteins”. Genes & Development 12 (5): 706–20. doi:10.1101/gad.12.5.706. PMC 316589. PMID 9499405. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC316589/.
- ↑ Goldstrohm AC, Albrecht TR, Suñé C, Bedford MT, Garcia-Blanco MA (Nov 2001). “The transcription elongation factor CA150 interacts with RNA polymerase II and the pre-mRNA splicing factor SF1”. Molecular and Cellular Biology 21 (22): 7617–28. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.22.7617-7628.2001. PMC 99933. PMID 11604498. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC99933/.
- 1 2 3 Lu PJ, Zhou XZ, Shen M, Lu KP (Feb 1999). “Function of WW domains as phosphoserine- or phosphothreonine-binding modules”. Science 283 (5406): 1325–8. Bibcode: 1999Sci...283.1325L. doi:10.1126/science.283.5406.1325. PMID 10037602.
- 1 2 Messenger MM, Saulnier RB, Gilchrist AD, Diamond P, Gorbsky GJ, Litchfield DW (Jun 2002). “Interactions between protein kinase CK2 and Pin1. Evidence for phosphorylation-dependent interactions”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 277 (25): 23054–64. doi:10.1074/jbc.M200111200. PMID 11940573.
- ↑ He J, Xu J, Xu XX, Hall RA (Jul 2003). “Cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation of Disabled-2 by cdc2”. Oncogene 22 (29): 4524–30. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206767. PMID 12881709.
- ↑ Ruan L, Torres CM, Qian J, Chen F, Mintz JD, Stepp DW, Fulton D, Venema RC (Feb 2011). “Pin1 prolyl isomerase regulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase”. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 31 (2): 392–8. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.213181. PMC 3075952. PMID 21051667. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3075952/.
- ↑ Brenkman AB, de Keizer PL, van den Broek NJ, van der Groep P, van Diest PJ, van der Horst A, Smits AM, Burgering BM (Sep 2008). “The peptidyl-isomerase Pin1 regulates p27kip1 expression through inhibition of Forkhead box O tumor suppressors”. Cancer Research 68 (18): 7597–605. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-1059. PMID 18794148.
- ↑ Kamimoto T, Zama T, Aoki R, Muro Y, Hagiwara M (Oct 2001). “Identification of a novel kinesin-related protein, KRMP1, as a target for mitotic peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 (40): 37520–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M106207200. PMID 11470801.
- ↑ Wells NJ, Watanabe N, Tokusumi T, Jiang W, Verdecia MA, Hunter T (Oct 1999). “The C-terminal domain of the Cdc2 inhibitory kinase Myt1 interacts with Cdc2 complexes and is required for inhibition of G(2)/M progression”. Journal of Cell Science 112 (19): 3361–71. doi:10.1242/jcs.112.19.3361. PMID 10504341.
- ↑ Wulf GM, Liou YC, Ryo A, Lee SW, Lu KP (Dec 2002). “Role of Pin1 in the regulation of p53 stability and p21 transactivation, and cell cycle checkpoints in response to DNA damage”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 277 (50): 47976–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.C200538200. PMID 12388558.
- ↑ Zacchi P, Gostissa M, Uchida T, Salvagno C, Avolio F, Volinia S, Ronai Z, Blandino G, Schneider C, Del Sal G (Oct 2002). “The prolyl isomerase Pin1 reveals a mechanism to control p53 functions after genotoxic insults”. Nature 419 (6909): 853–7. Bibcode: 2002Natur.419..853Z. doi:10.1038/nature01120. PMID 12397362.
- 1 2 Nakano A, Koinuma D, Miyazawa K, Uchida T, Saitoh M, Kawabata M, Hanai J, Akiyama H, Abe M, Miyazono K, Matsumoto T, Imamura T (Mar 2009). “Pin1 down-regulates transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling by inducing degradation of Smad proteins”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 284 (10): 6109–15. doi:10.1074/jbc.M804659200. PMID 19122240.
- ↑ Lavoie SB, Albert AL, Handa H, Vincent M, Bensaude O (Sep 2001). “The peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 interacts with hSpt5 phosphorylated by Cdk9”. Journal of Molecular Biology 312 (4): 675–85. doi:10.1006/jmbi.2001.4991. PMID 11575923.
- ↑ Lee TH, Tun-Kyi A, Shi R, Lim J, Soohoo C, Finn G, Balastik M, Pastorino L, Wulf G, Zhou XZ, Lu KP (2009). “Essential role of Pin1 in the regulation of TRF1 stability and telomere maintenance”. Nature Cell Biology 11 (1): 97–105. doi:10.1038/ncb1818. PMC 2699942. PMID 19060891. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2699942/.
関連文献
- Lu KP, Liou YC, Zhou XZ (Apr 2002). “Pinning down proline-directed phosphorylation signaling”. Trends in Cell Biology 12 (4): 164–72. doi:10.1016/S0962-8924(02)02253-5. PMID 11978535.
- Wulf G, Finn G, Suizu F, Lu KP (May 2005). “Phosphorylation-specific prolyl isomerization: is there an underlying theme?”. Nature Cell Biology 7 (5): 435–41. doi:10.1038/ncb0505-435. PMID 15867923.
- Etzkorn FA (May 2006). “Pin1 flips Alzheimer's switch”. ACS Chemical Biology 1 (4): 214–6. doi:10.1021/cb600171g. PMID 17163675.
- Balastik M, Lim J, Pastorino L, Lu KP (Apr 2007). “Pin1 in Alzheimer's disease: multiple substrates, one regulatory mechanism?”. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease 1772 (4): 422–9. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.01.006. PMC 1868500. PMID 17317113. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1868500/.
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- Campbell HD, Webb GC, Fountain S, Young IG (Sep 1997). “The human PIN1 peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase gene maps to human chromosome 19p13 and the closely related PIN1L gene to 1p31”. Genomics 44 (2): 157–62. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4854. PMID 9299231.
- Crenshaw DG, Yang J, Means AR, Kornbluth S (Aug 1998). “The mitotic peptidyl-prolyl isomerase, Pin1, interacts with Cdc25 and Plx1”. The EMBO Journal 17 (5): 1315–27. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.5.1315. PMC 1170480. PMID 9482729. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1170480/.
- Shen M, Stukenberg PT, Kirschner MW, Lu KP (Mar 1998). “The essential mitotic peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 binds and regulates mitosis-specific phosphoproteins”. Genes & Development 12 (5): 706–20. doi:10.1101/gad.12.5.706. PMC 316589. PMID 9499405. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC316589/.
- Lu PJ, Zhou XZ, Shen M, Lu KP (Feb 1999). “Function of WW domains as phosphoserine- or phosphothreonine-binding modules”. Science 283 (5406): 1325–8. Bibcode: 1999Sci...283.1325L. doi:10.1126/science.283.5406.1325. PMID 10037602.
- Lu PJ, Wulf G, Zhou XZ, Davies P, Lu KP (Jun 1999). “The prolyl isomerase Pin1 restores the function of Alzheimer-associated phosphorylated tau protein”. Nature 399 (6738): 784–8. Bibcode: 1999Natur.399..784L. doi:10.1038/21650. PMID 10391244.
- Albert A, Lavoie S, Vincent M (Aug 1999). “A hyperphosphorylated form of RNA polymerase II is the major interphase antigen of the phosphoprotein antibody MPM-2 and interacts with the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1”. Journal of Cell Science. 112 112 (15): 2493–500. doi:10.1242/jcs.112.15.2493. PMID 10393805.
- Wells NJ, Watanabe N, Tokusumi T, Jiang W, Verdecia MA, Hunter T (Oct 1999). “The C-terminal domain of the Cdc2 inhibitory kinase Myt1 interacts with Cdc2 complexes and is required for inhibition of G(2)/M progression”. Journal of Cell Science. 112 112 (19): 3361–71. doi:10.1242/jcs.112.19.3361. PMID 10504341.
- Gerez L, Mohrmann K, van Raak M, Jongeneelen M, Zhou XZ, Lu KP, van Der Sluijs P (Jul 2000). “Accumulation of rab4GTP in the cytoplasm and association with the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase pin1 during mitosis”. Molecular Biology of the Cell 11 (7): 2201–11. doi:10.1091/mbc.11.7.2201. PMC 14913. PMID 10888662. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC14913/.
- Verdecia MA, Bowman ME, Lu KP, Hunter T, Noel JP (Aug 2000). “Structural basis for phosphoserine-proline recognition by group IV WW domains”. Nature Structural Biology 7 (8): 639–43. doi:10.1038/77929. PMID 10932246.
- Rippmann JF, Hobbie S, Daiber C, Guilliard B, Bauer M, Birk J, Nar H, Garin-Chesa P, Rettig WJ, Schnapp A (Jul 2000). “Phosphorylation-dependent proline isomerization catalyzed by Pin1 is essential for tumor cell survival and entry into mitosis”. Cell Growth & Differentiation 11 (7): 409–16. PMID 10939594.
- Liu W, Youn HD, Zhou XZ, Lu KP, Liu JO (May 2001). “Binding and regulation of the transcription factor NFAT by the peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase Pin1”. FEBS Letters 496 (2–3): 105–8. Bibcode: 2001FEBSL.496..105L. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02411-5. PMID 11356192.
- Wulf GM, Ryo A, Wulf GG, Lee SW, Niu T, Petkova V, Lu KP (Jul 2001). “Pin1 is overexpressed in breast cancer and cooperates with Ras signaling in increasing the transcriptional activity of c-Jun towards cyclin D1”. The EMBO Journal 20 (13): 3459–72. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.13.3459. PMC 125530. PMID 11432833. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC125530/.
- Kamimoto T, Zama T, Aoki R, Muro Y, Hagiwara M (Oct 2001). “Identification of a novel kinesin-related protein, KRMP1, as a target for mitotic peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 (40): 37520–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M106207200. PMID 11470801.