ハプログループK (Y染色体)
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ハプログループK (Y染色体)（ハプログループK (Yせんしょくたい)、英: Haplogroup K (Y-DNA)）とは分子人類学において人類の父系を示すY染色体ハプログループ（型集団）の分類で、「rs2033003 (M526)」によって定義されるグループである。N、O、Q、Rなどの祖先に当たる。47,000年前[1] に南アジア-西アジアのいずれかでハプログループIJKから誕生した。
なお、ハプログループKの子系統のうち、特にO、Rなどは現在のユーラシア大陸とアメリカ大陸においては最も一般的に見られ、全人類男性の50%以上がハプログループKの子系統に属すると言われている。ハプログループKは比較的若い系統であるにもかかわらず、非常に多くの人々の共通祖先となっている。
- ハプログループKの系統樹 [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]
- 古代の集団は少ないサンプル数からの推定
| K |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ヒトのY染色体ハプログループの系統樹 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Y染色体アダム (Y-MRCA) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A0 | A1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A1a | A1b | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A1b1 | BT | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| B | CT | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DE | CF | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| D | E | C | F | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| G | H | IJK | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IJ | K | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| I | J | K1 | K2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L | T | MS | NO | P | K2* | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| N | O | Q | R | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
脚注
[脚注の使い方]
- ↑ Karafet, Tatiana M.; Mendez, Fernando L.; Meilerman, Monica B.; Underhill, Peter A.; Zegura, Stephen L.; Hammer, Michael F. (2008-05). “New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree”. Genome Research 18 (5): 830–838. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. ISSN 1088-9051. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18385274/.
- ↑ Karafet, Tatiana M.; Mendez, Fernando L.; Sudoyo, Herawati; Lansing, J. Stephen; Hammer, Michael F. (2015-03). “Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia”. European journal of human genetics: EJHG 23 (3): 369–373. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 4326703. PMID 24896152. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24896152/.
- ↑ Raghavan, Maanasa; Skoglund, Pontus; Graf, Kelly E.; Metspalu, Mait; Albrechtsen, Anders; Moltke, Ida; Rasmussen, Simon; Stafford, Thomas W. et al. (2014-01-02). “Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans”. Nature 505 (7481): 87–91. doi:10.1038/nature12736. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 4105016. PMID 24256729. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24256729/.
- ↑ Rasmussen, Morten; Anzick, Sarah L.; Waters, Michael R.; Skoglund, Pontus; DeGiorgio, Michael; Stafford, Thomas W.; Rasmussen, Simon; Moltke, Ida et al. (2014-02-13). “The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana”. Nature 506 (7487): 225–229. doi:10.1038/nature13025. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 4878442. PMID 24522598. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24522598/.
- ↑ Hollard, Clémence; Keyser, Christine; Giscard, Pierre-Henri; Tsagaan, Turbat; Bayarkhuu, Noost; Bemmann, Jan; Crubézy, Eric; Ludes, Bertrand (2014-09). “Strong genetic admixture in the Altai at the Middle Bronze Age revealed by uniparental and ancestry informative markers”. Forensic Science International. Genetics 12: 199–207. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.05.012. ISSN 1878-0326. PMID 25016250. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25016250/.
- ↑ Fregel, Rosa; Gomes, Verónica; Gusmão, Leonor; González, Ana M.; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Amorim, António; Larruga, Jose M. (2009-08-03). “Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European”. BMC evolutionary biology 9: 181. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-181. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 2728732. PMID 19650893. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19650893/.
- ↑ Grugni, Viola; Battaglia, Vincenza; Hooshiar Kashani, Baharak; Parolo, Silvia; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Achilli, Alessandro; Olivieri, Anna; Gandini, Francesca et al. (2012). “Ancient migratory events in the Middle East: new clues from the Y-chromosome variation of modern Iranians”. PloS One 7 (7): e41252. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3399854. PMID 22815981. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22815981/.
- ↑ Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E.; Ashrafian Bonab, Maziar; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Douaihy, Bouchra; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella et al. (2012). “Afghanistan's ethnic groups share a Y-chromosomal heritage structured by historical events”. PloS One 7 (3): e34288. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3314501. PMID 22470552. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22470552/.
- ↑ Bekada, Asmahan; Fregel, Rosa; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Larruga, José M.; Pestano, José; Benhamamouch, Soraya; González, Ana M. (2013). “Introducing the Algerian mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome profiles into the North African landscape”. PloS One 8 (2): e56775. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3576335. PMID 23431392. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23431392/.
- ↑ Rosser, Z. H.; Zerjal, T.; Hurles, M. E.; Adojaan, M.; Alavantic, D.; Amorim, A.; Amos, W.; Armenteros, M. et al. (2000-12). “Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language”. American Journal of Human Genetics 67 (6): 1526–1543. doi:10.1086/316890. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1287948. PMID 11078479. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11078479/.
- ↑ Pichler, Irene; Mueller, Jakob C.; Stefanov, Stefan A.; De Grandi, Alessandro; Volpato, Claudia Beu; Pinggera, Gerd K.; Mayr, Agnes; Ogriseg, Martin et al. (2006-08). “Genetic structure in contemporary south Tyrolean isolated populations revealed by analysis of Y-chromosome, mtDNA, and Alu polymorphisms”. Human Biology 78 (4): 441–464. doi:10.1353/hub.2006.0057. ISSN 0018-7143. PMID 17278620. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17278620/.
- 1 2 “International Society of Genetic Genealogy, 2015 Y-DNA Haplogroup K and its Subclades – 2015 (5 April 2015).”. isogg.org. 2015年4月5日閲覧。
- ↑ Robino, C.; Varacalli, S.; Gino, S.; Chatzikyriakidou, A.; Kouvatsi, A.; Triantaphyllidis, C.; Di Gaetano, C.; Crobu, F. et al. (2004-10-04). “Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a population sample from continental Greece, and the islands of Crete and Chios”. Forensic Science International 145 (1): 61–64. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.02.026. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 15374596. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15374596/.
- ↑ Trivedi, R.; Sahoo, Sanghamitra; Singh, Anamika; Bindu, G. Hima; Banerjee, Jheelam; Tandon, Manuj; Gaikwad, Sonali; Rajkumar, Revathi et al. (2007). “High Resolution Phylogeographic Map of Y-Chromosomes Reveal the Genetic Signatures of Pleistocene Origin of Indian Populations”. Anthropology Today: Trends, Scope and Applications (Kamla-Raj Enterprises) 3: 393-414. ISBN 9788185264455. http://www.krepublishers.com/06-Special%20Volume-Journal/T-Anth-00-Special%20Volumes/T-Anth-SI-03-Anth-Today-Web/Anth-SI-03-31-Trivedi-R/Anth-SI-03-31-Trivedi-R-Tt.pdf.
- ↑ Hirbo, Jibril Boru『Complex Genetic History of East African Human Populations』University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)、2011年7月6日。hdl:1903/11443。 [要ページ番号]
- ↑ Sanchez, J. J.; Børsting, C.; Hernandez, A.; Mengel-Jørgensen, J.; Morling, N. (2004-04-01). “Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in Danes, Greenlanders and Somalis”. International Congress Series 1261: 347–349. doi:10.1016/S0531-5131(03)01635-2. ISSN 0531-5131. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0531513103016352.
- ↑ Cruciani, Fulvio; Trombetta, Beniamino; Sellitto, Daniele; Massaia, Andrea; Destro-Bisol, Giovanni; Watson, Elizabeth; Beraud Colomb, Eliane; Dugoujon, Jean-Michel et al. (2010-07). “Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages”. European journal of human genetics: EJHG 18 (7): 800–807. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.231. ISSN 1476-5438. PMC 2987365. PMID 20051990. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20051990/.
- ↑ “YHRD : Y-Chromosome STR Haplotype Reference Database”. 2014年6月12日閲覧。[要文献特定詳細情報]
- ↑ Zhong, Hua; Shi, Hong; Qi, Xue-Bin; Duan, Zi-Yuan; Tan, Ping-Ping; Jin, Li; Su, Bing; Ma, Runlin Z. (2011-01). “Extended Y chromosome investigation suggests postglacial migrations of modern humans into East Asia via the northern route”. Molecular Biology and Evolution 28 (1): 717–727. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq247. ISSN 1537-1719. PMID 20837606. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20837606/.
- ↑ “PhyloTree Y - Minimal Y tree”. www.phylotree.org. 2014年6月12日閲覧。[要文献特定詳細情報]
- ↑ Magoon, Gregory R; Banks, Raymond H; Rottensteiner, Christian; Schrack, Bonnie E; Tilroe, Vincent O; Robb, Terry; Grierson, Andrew J (2013). “Generation of high-resolution a priori Y-chromosome phylogenies using 'next-generation' sequencing data”. bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/000802.