List of wars involving ancient and medieval Spain

This list details ancient and medieval Spain's involvement in wars and armed conflicts.

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results
Phoenician colonization of the Iberian Peninsula^[1] (700s–500s BC) Location: Iberian Peninsula and Mediterranean Sea	Iberians Tartessos Supported by: Greek Mediterranean colonies	Phoenicia Carthage Celts Celtiberians	Carthaginian victory Cádiz, Cartagena (Qart-Hadast), Ibiza, Málaga (Malaka), Barcelona, Huelva, Almuñécar, Lebrija, Tarragona (Tarraco), Melilla etc. are founded by Phoenicians and then Carthaginians (escaping from Babylonian and Neo-Assyrian Empire).^[2]^[3] Fall of Tartessos Civilization as an indirect consecuence of the Greco-Carthaginian Battle of Alalia and Celtic invasions.^[4]
Sicilian Wars^[5]^[6] (580–265 BC) Battle of Himera (480 BC) Battle of Selinus Battle of Himera (409 BC) Siege of Akragas (406 BC) Battle of Gela (405 BC) Sack of Camarina Siege of Syracuse (397 BC) Battle of the Himera River (311 BC) Location: Mediterranean Sea	Carthage Carthaginian Iberia Iberian mercenaries Balearic slinger	Greek city-states of Sicily, led by Syracuse	Stalemate Carthage retains Western Sicily and the Greeks the eastern part. Carthaginian Iberia is established and recognised. Dionysius I of Syracuse recruits Iberian renegades (due to the treason of Himilco) as his Personal Guard since 396 BC.
Peloponnesian War^[5]^[6] (431–404 BC) Location: Ancient Greece and Eastern Mediterranean	Peloponnesian League (led by Sparta) Boeotian League (led by Thebes) Delphi Phocis Doris Ambracia Macedon (up until 421 BC) Syracuse Iberian mercenaries Supported since 413 by: Tissaphernes (Achaemenid empire) (413 - 408 BC), Cyrus the Younger (since 408 BC)	Delian League (also called Athenian Empire) (led by Athens) Thessaly Plataea Argos Acarnania Elis (418 BC) Mantinea (418 BC) Segesta (415-413 BC) Etruscans (415-413 BC)^[7]^[8]	Spartan victory Alcibiades establish a pro-Greek network of recruitment in the Iberian Peninsula through Greek Sicily.
Theban–Spartan War^[5]^[6] (378–362 BC) Location: Ancient Greece	Sparta and allies Syracuse Iberian mercenaries	Thebes and allies Achaemenid empire	Theban victory End of Spartan hegemony Start of Theban hegemony
Iberian Guards' mutiny against Dionysius II of Syracuse^[5]^[6] (361 BC) Location: Greek Sicily	Iberian mercenaries	Syracuse	Victory Dionysius II of Syracuse do not reduce the payment of the Iberians, and even increase it (according to Plato).
Syracuse–Mamertines War^[5]^[6] (274 –270 BC) Location: Greek Sicily	Syracuse Iberian mercenaries	Mamertines	Syracuse victory Carthaginian mediation to save Mamertines from the anhilation, being confinated in Messina. Polybius mentions that the Iberian mercenarias were betrayed by Hiero II of Syracuse and then anhilated by the Mamertines. Hiero II became Tyrant of Syracuse. Further Roman intervention to aid Mamertines, which led to the First Punic War.
First Punic War^[5]^[6] (264–241 BC) Location: Mediterranean Sea (modern Italy and Tunisia)	Carthage Carthaginian Iberia Syracuse (until 263 BC) Mercenaries: Ligures Celts Hispans Balearic Numidians Gauls Libyans	Roman Republic Mamertines Syracuse (since 263 BC)	Roman victory Roman Sicily is established.
Mercenary War^[5]^[6] (241–237 BC) Location: North Africa, Sardinia and Corsica	Insurgents: Carthage's mutinous army Rebellious African town	Carthage	Carthaginian victory The multinational mercenaries are repressed by Hamilcar Barca in Africa. Sardinia and Corsica are ceded to Rome by the rebelling mercenaries. The human and economic losses forced Carthage to turn its sights towards new territories to colonize and far from the sphere of influence of Rome, thus beginning the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula.
Barcid conquest of Hispania (237–218 BC) Battle of Helike Battle of the Tajo [es] Location: Carthaginian Iberia	Iberians Celtiberians	Carthage	Carthaginian victory Expansion of Carthaginian Iberia
Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula (220–17 BC) Second Punic War Celtiberian Wars Lusitanian War Numantine War Sertorian War Cantabrian Wars Location: Iberian Peninsula, Western Europe, Italian Peninsula, North Africa and Mediterranean Sea	Pre-Roman Iberians Astures Cantabrians Gallaec Iberians Celts Aquitanians Arevaci Lusones Lusitanians Vaccaei Vettones Belli Titii Roman popularis exiles	Roman Republic Celtic tribes vassal to Rome Cynetes Turdetani	Roman victory Annexation of Iberian Peninsula to the Roman Empire
Carthage–Gadir conflict^[9] (220s) Location: Cádiz, present-day Spain	Carthaginian Iberia Gadir	Carthage	Defeat Carthaginians reconquer Cadiz through the use of Battering ram for the first time in the region (according to Vitruvius).
Siege of Saguntum (219 BC) Location: Saguntum, present-day Spain	Saguntines	Carthage	Carthaginian victory Beginning of the Second Punic War
Second Punic War (Spring 218 – 201 BC) Battle of Cissa Battle of Ebro River Battle of Ibera Battle of the Upper Baetis Battle of New Carthage Battle of Baecula Battle of Ilipa Battle of Carteia Battle of Carteia (naval) Part of the Punic Wars Location: Western Mediterranean	Carthage Syracuse (214–212 BC) Western Numidia Others	Rome Eastern Numidia Syracuse (218–215 BC) Others	Roman victory Roman conquest of Carthaginian Iberia Carthaginian African territories reduced
Indibilis and Mandonius Revolt [es] (206–205 BC) Mutiny at Sucro Part of Roman conquest of Hispania Location: Iberian Peninsula	Ilergetes Ausetani Sedetani Celtiberians Roman mutineers	Roman Republic Hispania	Roman victory
Iberian revolt (197–195 BC) Part of Roman conquest of Hispania Location: Iberian Peninsula	Iberian rebels Celtiberians Indigetes Bergistani Lacetani Suessetani Ausetani	Roman Republic Hispania Ilergetes	Roman victory Re-establishment of Roman control over Hispania
First Celtiberian War (181–179 BC) Part of Celtiberian Wars and Roman conquest of Hispania Location: Iberian Peninsula	Celtiberian tribes Vaccaei Vettones	Roman Republic Hispania	Roman victory Rome conquers certain tribes but allows them to keep their autonomy
Second Celtiberian War (154–151 BC) Part of Celtiberian Wars and Roman conquest of Hispania Location: Iberian Peninsula	Celtiberian tribes Belli Titii Arevaci Vaccaei	Roman Republic Hispania	Roman victory Roman influence increases over Celtiberians
Lusitanian War (155–139 BC) Part of Roman conquest of Hispania Location: Iberian Peninsula	Roman Republic Hispania Celtic tribes become vassals of Rome Cynetes Turdetani	Lusitanian tribes Celtic tribes Vettones Gallaeci Others	Roman victory Pacification of Lusitania (modern Portugal between the rivers Tagus and Douro and Extremadura, Spain)
Numantine War (143–133 BC) Part of Roman conquest of Hispania Location: Iberian Peninsula	Roman Republic Hispania	Arevaci Lusones Vaccaei Vettones	Roman victory Expansion of Roman territory through Celtiberia
Roman conquest of Gallaecia [es] (132–19 BC) Part of Roman conquest of Hispania Location: Iberian Peninsula	Gallaeci Celts	Roman Republic Hispania	Roman victory
Roman conquest of Majorca [es] (123–121 BC) Part of Roman conquest of Hispania Location: Iberian Peninsula	Balearic slinger	Roman Republic Hispania	Roman victory
Jugurthine War (111–105 BC) Location: North Africa (modern Algeria)	Roman Republic Hispania^[10] Mauretania (from 105 BC)	Numidia Mauretania (107-105 BC)	Roman victory
Sertorian War (80–72 BC) Part of Crisis of the Roman Republic and Roman conquest of Hispania Location: Iberian Peninsula	Roman popularis exiles Native Iberians Native Celts Native Aquitanians	Roman Senate	Roman senate victory
Gallic Wars (58–50 BC) Location: Gaul (modern France)	Roman Republic Auxilia forces: Numidians Cretans Hispans^[11] Balearic Germanics Celts	Gauls Germanics Ancient Britons	Roman victory Roman Gaul is established.
Caesar's civil war (49–45 BC) Battle of Ilerda Siege of Corduba Part of Crisis of the Roman Republic Location: Hispania, Italia, Graecia, Illyria, Aegyptus, Africa	Pompeians Optimates Numidia Ptolemaic kingdom Pontus	Caesarians Populares Mauretania	Caesarian victory
Antony's Atropatene campaign^[12] (36 BC) Part of Roman–Parthian Wars Location: Middle East	Roman Republic Armenia Galatia Cappadocia Pontus Herodian Kingdom of Judea	Parthian Empire Atropatene Hasmonean Kingdom	Draw Parthian expels Romans (which included Iberian cavalry).
Cantabrian Wars (29–19 BC) Part of Roman conquest of Hispania Location: Iberian Peninsula	Astures Cantabri Gallaeci^[13]	Roman Empire Hispania	Roman victory
Roman conquest of Britain (43–84)	Roman Empire Roman Italy Hispania^[14] Roman Gaul	Celtic Britons	Roman victory Roman Britain is established. Rise of the Legio IX Hispana.
First Jewish–Roman War (66–73) Part of Jewish–Roman wars Location: Roman Palestine	Roman Empire	Judean provisional government Supported by: Adiabene volunteers Zealots Galileans Peasantry faction Idumaeans^[a] Sicarii	Roman victory Destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple. Formation of the Jewish diaspora. The Cohors II Cantabrorum [es] (Unit recruited in Hispania) settles in Syria and Capadocia.^[15]
Year of the Four Emperors (68–69) Battle of Bedriacum Location: Western Europe	Galba to Otho Loyals to Galba Hispania Tarraconensis Lusitania Gallia Aquitania Sequani Otho to Vespasian Loyals to Otho Hispania Roman Italy Numidia Loyals to Vespasian Roman Egypt Roman Syria Roman Judaea Roman Illyria Raetia Moesia	Galba to Otho Loyals to Nero Germania Superior Gallia Lugdunensis Loyals to Otho Praetorian Guard Otho to Vespasian Loyals to Vitellius Germania Superior Batavi Roman Gaul	Stalemate Galba deposse Nero and repress Lucius Clodius Macer revolt in Africa. Death of Gaius Julius Vindex. Otho depose Galba, then Otho is deposed by Vitellius. Rise of the Flavian dynasty and of Lucius Verginius Rufus. Start of the Revolt of the Batavi against Vespasian. The Spanish Legio VII Gemina is consolidated. Vespasion grants Roman citizenship to all the population pf Hispania [es] in the year 74.
Revolt of the Batavi (69–70) Location: Modern Netherlands	Roman Empire Germania Inferior Roman Gaul Roman Britain Hispania	Celtic and Germanic tribes from Gallia Belgica: Batavi Cananefates Frisii Lingones Treveri	Roman victory Subjugation of the Batavi
Domitian's Dacian War (86–88) Part of Dacian Wars Location: Balkans	Roman Empire	Dacian Kingdom	Dacian victory The Cohors I Cantabrorum is nearly annihilated, joining their remnants to the Cohors II Cantabrorum (both of the Iberian Cantabri auxilia forces).^[15]
Maurétanie Tingitane's Revolt against Antonino Pius (144–152) Location: North Africa [modern Morocco]	Roman Empire Hispania^[16]	Mauretania Tingitana Mauri	Roman victory through the engages from the Legio VII Gemina, Cohors I Gallica Equitata civium romanorum and Ala II Flavia Hispanorum civium Romanorum.
Moorish War^[17]^[18] (170-180s) Raid on Baetica (170–171) Legio VII Gemina Revolt (171)^[19] Location: Strait of Gibraltar	Roman Empire Hispania^[16]	Mauri raiders	Mauri Razzia against Hispania Baetica are stopped.
Battle of Lugdunum (197) Part of the Year of the Five Emperors Location: Lugdunum (modern Lyon)	Loyals to Clodius Albinus Hispania Roman Britain	Loyals to Septimius Severus Pannonia, Illyricum Moesia Dacia	Severan victory Severus remodelled the Imperial cult sanctuary to celebrate his dominance and humiliate Albinus' provincial supporters. The Legio VII Gemina changed its name to the Legio VII Gemina Felix Pia.
Crisis of the Third Century (235–285 AD) Location: Western Europe, Central Europe, Southern Europe, North Africa, Middle East	Roman Empire Roman Italy Hispania Roman Illyria Roman Greece Roman Mauretania Roman Libya Roman Anatolia	Roman usurpers Gallic Empire Palmyrene Empire Sasanian Persia Germanic tribes Goths Alemanni Vandals Carpians	Roman victory Gallic Empire fails in its attempt to control Hispania (conquered the Tarraconense and Lusitania from 261 to 269).^[20] Emperor Aurelian re-conquers both the Palmyrene and Gallic Empires, and emperor Diocletian puts an end to the civil war. A detachment of the Legio VII Gemina settles in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Frankish incursions to Roman Empire^[21]^[22] (250s-260s) Frankish raid on Tarraco (254) Frankish raid on Hispania (258)^[23] Frankish raid on North-Western Mediterranean Hispania Coast (262)^[24] Frankish raid on Tarraco (264)^[25] Location: Western Europe and North Africa	Roman Empire Roman Gaul Hispania Roman Italy Roman Mauretania	Germanic tribes Franks Suebi Alamanni	Frankish victory Tarraco is looted and Hēmeroskopeion is destroyed. Spanish Levant is raided. Interruption in exportation of olive oil supplies from Baetica to Italy. Germanic tribes cross Strait of Gibraltar to sack Roman Africa.^[26]
Invasions in the West of the Empire (258–260) part of Barbarian invasions into the Roman Empire of the 3rd century Location: Western Europe and Southern Europe	Roman Empire Hispania Roman Gaul Roman Italy	Germanic tribes Franks Alemanni Marcomanni Quadi Iazyges Roxolani	Roman victory and invasion repelled
Frankish-Alemanni Invasion of Hispania^[27]^[28] (270–277) Location: Western Europe and North Africa	Roman Empire Roman Mauretania Hispania Roman Gaul	Germanic tribes Franks Alemanni	Frankish victory Pamplona, Astorga, Mérida and Lisbon are sacked.^[26] Empúries is destroyed. Construction of fortifications and walls begins around Hispania. Ruralization of the economy in Hispania. Roman Africans' urban centers became devastated, abandoning continental Tingitania and subjecting to the Diocese of Hispania.
Magnus Maximus' Revolt (383–388) Battle of Poetovio Location: Western Europe	Western Roman Empire (loyal to Magnus Maximus) Hispania Roman Britain Roman Gaul	Eastern Roman Empire (loyal to Theodosius I) Western Roman Empire (loyal to Valentinian II) Roman Italy Roman Illyria Pannonia Roman Africa Germanic peoples	Defeat Fall of Gratian, Hispania secured by Valentinian II and rise of Theodosius I. Start of the End of Roman rule in Britain. Priscillianism is repressed as an heresy. The Franks under Marcomer invades northern Gaul
Roman Civil War (406–411) [es] and Gothic War (408–416) [es] Location: Western Europe	Western Roman Empire Hispania Roman Britain Roman Gaul Roman Italy	Constantine III's Britain Usurpation Gerontius' Hispanic Usurpation Priscus Attalus' Italian Usurpation Barbarians Franks Visigoths Vandals Alans Suebi	Roman Pirric Victory Honorius reunifies the Western Empire but loses territory to the Germanic peoples Maximus of Hispania is deposed
Crossing of the Rhine (406–411) part of Germanic invasions Location: Western Europe and Southern Europe	Western Roman Empire Hispania Roman Gaul Roman Italy Foederati Franks	Sarmatian and Germanic Barbarians Alans Asding Silingi Suebi Roman usurpers	Defeat Start of Barbarian invasions into the Roman Empire. Hispania is divided among the barbarian peoples: Lusitania and Carthaginensis are assigned to the Alans. The Adsingian Vandals, with their king Gunderic at the head, settle in eastern Gallaecia. The Suebi occupy western Atlantic Gallaecia. The Silingian Vandals (led by Fredbalus) obtain Baetica. Tarraconensis, the Balearic Islands and Mauretania Tingitana are excluded from the first divisions.
Invasion of Roman Gallaecia by the Germanic Suebi (409) Part of Fall of the Western Roman Empire Location: Iberian Peninsula	Hispania Lusitania	Germanics Suebi Quadi Marcomanni Buri	Germanic victory Kingdom of the Suebi settled in Hispania (Galicia) by Hermeric
Invasion of Hispania by the Germanic Vandals (409) Part of Fall of the Western Roman Empire and Germanic Invasions of Hispania [es] Location: Iberian Peninsula	Hispania Lusitania	Germanics Vandals Silingi Hasdingi Sarmatian Alans	Germanic victory Vandals Kingdoms settled in Baetica and Gallaecia, near Vandals Alans settled in Lusitania
Invasion of Hispania by the Germanic Visigoths (410) Part of Fall of the Western Roman Empire and Germanic Invasions of Hispania [es] Location: Iberian Peninsula	Hispania Lusitania	Germanics Visigoths	Visigothic victory Visigothics settles on Hispania
Visigothic Campaign on Hispania (416–418) Battle of the Nervasos Mountains Part of Germanic Invasions of Hispania [es] Location: Iberian Peninsula and Southern France	Western Roman Empire Kingdom of the Suebi Visigoths	Vandals Silingi Alans	Roman-Visigothic victory Wallia got a Visigothic settlement in Aquitania by the Romans, leaving Hispania
Asterius campaign in Gallaecia (419) Part of Germanic Invasions of Hispania [es] Location: Iberian Peninsula	Suebi Hispania	Hasdingi Vandals	Roman-Suevi Victory
Vandal war of 422 (422) Battle of Tarraco Part of Germanic Invasions of Hispania [es] Location: Iberian Peninsula	Hispania	Hasdingi Vandals Sarmatian Alans	Roman defeat Vandals gain control of Baetica
Vandal pirate incursions on the Mediterranean^[29] (424–429) Location: Iberian Peninsula, North Africa and Balearic Islands	Hispania Hispania Balearica Mauretania Tingitana	Hasdingi Vandals	Vandal victory
War between the Alans and the Suevi (428) Battle of Mérida (428) Part of Germanic Invasions of Hispania [es] Location: Iberian Peninsula	Suebi Hispania	Sarmatian Alans	Defeat at the Battle of Mérida
War between the Visigoths and the Vandal–Alanic alliance (429) Part of Germanic Invasions of Hispania [es] Location: Iberian Peninsula	Visigothic Kingdom	Vandals Sarmatian Alans	Visigoth victory Vandals and Alans move to North Africa, then establish Vandal Kingdom
Bagaudae Revolts (284–456)	Western Roman Empire Roman Gaul Hispania (since 441)	Bagaudae Peasant rebels Germanic tribes Suebi	Roman victory
Gothic War in Spain (456) Battle of Órbigo (456) Part of Germanic Wars and Germanic Invasions of Hispania [es] Location: Iberian Peninsula	Western Roman Empire Visigothic Kingdom Burgundians Franks	Suebi	Visigothic victory Sack of Braga
Gothic War (457–458) Battle of Arelate Part of Gothic Wars and Germanic Invasions of Hispania [es] Location: Iberian Peninsula and Gallia	Western Roman Empire	Visigothic Kingdom	Roman victory Visigoths had to relinquish their recent conquests in Hispania and return to federal status
Roman reconquest of Hispania (459–461) Battle of Cartagena (461) part of Vandalic Wars Location: Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean Sea	Western Roman Empire Huns	Suebi Vandal Kingdom	Inconclusive Victory against Suebi. Majorian reconquers Hispania for Romans for the last time, but his final campaign against the Vandals is canceled Vandals conquer Balearic Islands
Visigoth invasion of Hispania (461) Paer of Germanic Invasions of Hispania [es] Location: Iberian Peninsula	Hispania	Visigothic Kingdom	Indecisive
Visigoth conquest of Hispania (469–474) Part of Germanic Invasions of Hispania [es] and Fall of the Western Roman Empire Location: Iberian Peninsula	Hispania Suebi	Visigothic Kingdom	Visigoth victory Roman empire, Julius Nepos recognise the conquests of Euric, Visigoth Lord of Hispania

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List of wars involving ancient and medieval Spain

Medieval

See also

Notes

References

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Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results
First Franco-Visigothic war (496–498) and Franco–Gothic War (507–511) Location: Southern France	Visigothic Kingdom Supported by: Kingdom of the Ostrogoths Kingdom of the Burgundians (pre-507) Alemanni	Frankish kingdom Supported by: Armorica Kingdom of the Burgundians (post-507) Eastern Roman Empire	Frankish victory Gallia Aquitania is annexed by the Franks under Clovis I
Burdunellus Revolt (496–497) Location: Iberian Peninsula	Visigothic Kingdom	Hispano-Romans	Visigothic victory Burdunellus is killed by Brazen bull
Tarraconense Revolt (507) Location: Iberian Peninsula	Visigothic Kingdom	Hispano-Romans	Visigothic victory Petrus is executed in Tortosa
Conflict over the succession of Alaric II (507–514) Battle of Barcelona (512) Location: Iberian Peninsula	Visigothic rebels Frankish kingdom	Ostrogothic Kingdom Ostrogothic Spain [es]	Ostrogothic victory Theodoric the Great got the regency over Hispania during the reign of Amalaric
Vandalic War (533–534) part of Vandalic Wars Location: North Africa, Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Corsica and Mediterranean Sea	Vandal Kingdom Balearic domains	Byzantine Empire	Byzantine victory Byzantine dominion over Balearic Islands [es] under Byzantine North Africa
Gothic War (535–554) Part of Justinian's campaign for Renovatio Imperii Location: Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Dalmatia	Ostrogothic Kingdom Franks Alamanni Burgundians Visigothic Kingdom	Byzantine Empire Huns Heruli Sclaveni Lombards	Byzantine victory against Ostrogoths, then plans for revenge against Visigoths due to its support to Ildibad and Totila
Childebert I campaigns against Spain (531–542) Location: Iberian Peninsula	Visigothic Kingdom	Frankish kingdom	Frankish victory The Merovingian Queen Clotilde is liberated from her abusive marriage with the Visigothic King Amalaric (who dies in Barcelona). Pamplona and Zaragoza are raided. Brought back to Paris is the tunic of Saint Vincent.
Visigothic revolts against Agila I (550–554) Location: Iberian Peninsula	Visigothic Kingdom loyal to Agila I Arianists	Visigoths loyals to Athanagild Hispano-Romans from Córdoba Nicene Christians Byzantine Empire	Rebels victory and legitimation for a Byzantine intervention on Spain
Byzantine conquest of Visigothic Baetica (551–555) Part of Justinian's campaign for Renovatio Imperii Location: Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands	Visigothic Kingdom	Byzantine Empire	Byzantine victory
Visigothic conquest of Spania (570–624) Location: Iberian Peninsula	Visigothic Kingdom	Byzantine Empire	Visigothic victory
Visigothic conquest of Córdoba (572) Location: Iberian Peninsula	Visigothic Kingdom	Byzantine Empire	Visigothic victory
Visigothic conquest of Sabaria (573) Location: Iberian Peninsula	Visigothic Kingdom	Sappi	Visigothic victory
Visigothic conquest of Cantabria (574) Location: Southern France	Visigothic Kingdom	Cantabri	Visigothic victory
Second Visigothic–Suevic War (575–577) Location: Iberian Peninsula	Visigothic Kingdom	Kingdom of the Suebi	Visigothic victory
Visigothic–Vasconic War (581) Location: Iberian Peninsula and Pyrenees	Visigothic Kingdom	Vascones	Visigothic victory
Third Visigothic–Suevic War (585–586) Location: Iberian Peninsula	Visigothic Kingdom	Kingdom of the Suebi	Visigothic victory
First Muslim invasion of Iberian Peninsula (650s) Military campaigns under Caliph Uthman and Arab–Byzantine wars Location: Iberian Peninsula and Mediterranean Sea	Visigothic Kingdom co-beligerant: Byzantine Empire	Rashidun Caliphate Arab and Berber forces	Stalemate Initial Muslim victory, conquering the coastal areas of Iberian Peninsula and establishing some colonies on the coast of Spain to help the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb Areas lost soon after due to the general disorder in the Muslim empire, re-occupied by Visigoths
Byzantine incursion against Visigoth Spain (694/702/703) Location: Southern Iberian Peninsula and Mediterranean Sea	Visigothic Kingdom	Byzantine Empire	Visigothic victory Theodemir success in the defense of the Visighotic Mediterranean coasts
Muslim incursions on the Balearic Islands [ca] (8th century–10th century) part of Arab–Byzantine wars Location: Balearic Islands and Western Mediterranean Sea	Byzantine Empire Byzantine North Africa Byzantine Balearic Islands [es] Carolingian Empire (799–815)	Umayyad Caliphate (until 750) Emirate of Córdoba (since 759)	Arab victory Muslim conquest of Majorca. It becomes the Eastern Islands of Al-Andalus [es]
Visigothic Civil War (710–711) Location: Iberian Peninsula	Achila II forces from northeast Hispania	Roderic forces from southwest Hispania	Inconclusive due to Arab-Berber Invasion
Umayyad conquest of Hispania (710–780) Part of Early Muslim conquests Location: Iberian Peninsula and Mediterranean Sea	Visigothic Kingdom	Umayyad Caliphate	Umayyad victory Start of Spanish Reconquista
Umayyad invasion of Gaul (719–759) Campaign of Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Ghafiqi Combat of Llívia Battle of the River Garonne Battle of Poitiers Part of Early Muslim conquests Location: Southern Gaul (now France)	Frankish kingdom Duchy of Aquitaine Lombard Kingdom Duchy of Gascony Vascones	Umayyad Caliphate Wilayah of Al Andalus [es]	Frankish victory Franks conquers Septimania after the fall of Visigoths, expelling Arab-Berber settlers Umayyad Caliphate retreat permanently to Iberia after the siege of Narbonne (752–759) End of Muslim attempts to conquer Western Europe
Battle of Covadonga (722) Part of the Reconquista Location: Iberian Peninsula	Kingdom of Asturias	Umayyad Caliphate Wilayah of Al Andalus [es]	Asturian victory
Berber Revolt (740–743) Part of the Fitnas and Reconquista Location: Iberian Peninsula and North Africa	Berber insurgents on North Africa and Hispania Kingdom of Asturias	Umayyad Caliphate Al-Andalus (Moors) Ifriqiya (Fihrids) Syrian, Egyptian, Jordanian, Palestine junds of Bilad al-Sham	Arab victory just in al-Andalus and Ifriqiya Establishment of several berber states on Maghreb (independence of Morocco) Alfonso I of Asturias add the northwestern provinces of Galicia and León to his kingdom and create a buffer zone in the Douro River valley (the "Desert of the Duero") The Arab element on the Iberian Peninsula is increased, to the detriment of Berber, due to Middle Eastern migrants from the junds settlements (but also destabilizing the power of the governor of al-Andalus)
Yemeni Revolt on the Wali of Al-Andalus (745–756) Battle of Guadalete (745) [es] Battle of Secunda (747) Siege of Zaragoza (754) [es] Revolt in Zaragoza (755) Siege of Pamplona (755) Battle of Musarah (756) Battle of Alameda (756) [es] Part of Third Fitna, Qays–Yaman rivalry and Reconquista Location: Iberian Peninsula	1st phase Supports of Abu'l-Khattar al-Husam ibn Darar al-Kalbi Qays units Yaman units Qahtanite units 2nd phase Supports of Abd al-Rahman Umayyad dynasty Yaman units Syrian junds Revolt of Amer bin Amr al-Abdari Abbasid Basques of Pamplona	1st phase Supports of Tuwaba ibn Salama al-Judhami Banu Lakhm units Mudar units Banu Judham units Adnan units 2nd phase Supports of Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri Ma'addites Fihrids Qays Berber	Initial victory of the north Arab faction in the first phase, then of the south Arab faction in the second phase The fugitive Umayyad prince, Abd al-Rahman I, establishes an independent Emirate of Córdoba End of al-Andalus rule by governors sent from Damascus or appointed by the recommendation of the Umayyad regional governors of Ifriqiya Christian Iberic kingdom conquers territory of the Upper March
Abbasid attempt to conquer Al Andalus (763)^[30]^[31] Siege of Carmona (763) Location: Iberian Peninsula	Emirate of Córdoba Umayyad dynasty	Abbasid Caliphate Ifriqiya Rebels led by Al-Ala ibn Mughith al-Judhami	Umayyad victory Al-Mansur withdrew from Spain and focused on consolidating its authority in Persia Abd al-Rahman I (grandson of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik) became an independent emir of Córdoba and reached the first unification of Al-Andalus (Toledo, Zaragoza, Pamplona, Barcelona), including parts of western Maghreb. Considering themselves the authentic caliphate against Abbasid's pretension Total independence of Al Andalus from the Caliphs of Baghdad. Spain never again came under the rule of an eastern caliph who ruled the Muslim world
Revolts against Emirate of Cordoba (771–774)^[32] Location: Iberian Peninsula	Emirate of Córdoba	Syrians rebels under Abd al-Ghaffar Arab and Berber tribes Abd al-Rahman's enemies	Revolts suppressed
Battle of Montecubeiro (774) Location: Iberian Peninsula	Kingdom of Asturias	Galician rebels	Asturian victory
Yemeni revolt on the Emirate of Cordoba (777 –781) Siege of Zaragoza (777) Iberian revolt in 778–779 Siege of Zaragoza (778) Zaragoza Muslim revolt in 781–783 Location: Iberian Peninsula and Mediterranean Sea	Arab wāli of Barcelona, Zaragoza and Girona Supported by: Abbasid Caliphate Ifriqiya (Fihrids) Frankish kingdom (Carolingian Empire)	Emirate of Córdoba Upper March Umayyad dynasty	Revolt suppressed Sulayman al-Arabi search for an alliance with Charlemagne at the Diet in Paderborn Death of Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Siqlabi, leader of the revolt End of Abbasids' efforts to assert their rule in Al-Andalus and end of Fihrids prominence Husayn of Zaragoza accepts a truce
Charlemagne's campaign in the Iberian Peninsula (778–816) Battle of Roncevaux Pass (778) Siege of Barcelona (801) Siege of Tortosa (808–809) Battle of Huesca (812) [es] Battle of Majorca (813) [es] Battle of Pancorbo (816) Iberian Naval campaign of Charlemagne [fr] Part of Conquest of the Spanish March [es] Location: Iberian Peninsula, Southern France and Mediterranean Sea	Frankish kingdom (Carolingian Empire) Duchy of Gascony County of Barcelona County of Urgell Papal States supported by: Abbasids^[33] Byzantine Empire	Emirate of Córdoba (Moors) Basques (Pagan) supported by: Banu Qasi	Initial Basque victory on the high Pyrenees Consolidation of Omeya rule on Al-Andalus against Abbasids, but Saracens fail to conquer more lands on Western Europe for Islam Carolingian Empire conquers the Balearic Islands [es] and Spanish March for the Franks and the Catholic Church
Battle of the Burbia River (791) Part of the Reconquista Location: Iberian Peninsula	Kingdom of Asturias	Emirate of Córdoba	Umayyad victory
Battle of Lutos (794) Part of the Reconquista Location: Iberian Peninsula	Kingdom of Asturias	Emirate of Córdoba	Asturian victory
Battle of Las Babias (795) Part of the Reconquista Location: Iberian Peninsula	Kingdom of Asturias	Emirate of Córdoba	Umayyad victory
Sack of Lisbon (798) Part of the Reconquista Location: Iberian Peninsula	Kingdom of Asturias	Emirate of Córdoba	Asturian victory
Pamplona Revolt (799) Battle of Argantzon Gorge Location: Basque Country	Vascones Kingdom of Asturias Carolingian Empire Kingdom of Aquitaine Duchy of Gascony Wali of Huesca	Emirate of Córdoba Banu Qasi County of Sobrarbe	Frankish and Vascon victory Velasco the Basque is ruler of the Kingdom of Pamplona
Andalusian raids on Sardinia^[34] (807–822) Part of Saracens incursions on Italy and Arab–Byzantine wars Location: Mediterranean Sea, Sardinia	Emirate of Córdoba	Byzantine Empire Byzantine Sardinia	Defeat
Louis the Pious' attempt to control the Hispanic March and Vasconia (814–824) Battle of Pancorbo Battle of Roncevaux Pass (824) Location: Iberian Peninsula and Southern France	Carolingian Empire Basques (Gascons)	Emirate of Córdoba Basques (Navarrese, Aragonese) Qasawi Muslims (Moors)	Basque and Muslim victory Navarre and Aragon became completely independent from the power of the Frankish rulers Íñigo Arista become King of Pamplona
Andalusian occupation of Alexandria (814–828) Part of Fourth Fitna and Sarracens incursion on the Mediterranean Location: Egypt and Mediterranean Sea	Emirate of Alexandria Andalusian corsairs	Abbasid Caliphate Arab Egypt Tahirids	Defeat Muslim Spaniards are expelled by Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani
Cordoban Razzias against Carolingian Empire (815–856) Razzia of 815 Razzia of 842 Razzia of 845 Razzia of 851 Razzia of 856 Location: Spanish March	Frankish kingdom (Carolingian Empire) Spanish March	Emirate of Córdoba	Mostly Muslim victories and successful sacks
Revolt of the Arrabal [ar; ca; es; eu] (818) Location: Iberian Peninsula	Emirate of Córdoba	Citizens of the suburb of Saqunda [ar; ca; es]	Emirate victory