Mahavakya Upanishad

The Mahavakya Upanishad is a short text that discusses nature of Atman (self, soul) and Brahman (metaphysical reality), their oneness, and the nature of knowledge and ignorance.^[7][2] The text asserts that Yoga and introspection is the way to spiritual knowledge, with the help of a guru.^[2][11] The Upanishad is notable for characterizing Vedic rituals and chasing sensual pleasures as a mark of darkness within,^[12] that this darkness can be shed with the radiance of knowledge, the discovery of self as light.^[2][13] This, states the text, is why yoga is started with Gayatri mantra and yogins assert "hamsa-so'ham" (I am he, he is I).^[2][13] Supreme self is satcitananda, or "truth-consciousness-bliss", states the Upanishad.^[2][13] There is no other means to liberation other than realizing the identity of Atman and Brahman, asserts the text.^[2][14]

The Upanishad asserts that Samadhi while being a yogic accomplishment is not Self-knowledge and moksha,^[2] nor is it the dissolution of mind to external objects.^[14] The highest state is, translates Ayyangar, oneness with the inmost Brahman.^[14] This is when, asserts the text, the yogin fully feels and understands "the radiant knowledge of sun is in me, Shiva is within me, this transcendent radiance in the universe is in me", and such is the conviction with which he attains the union with Mahavishnu within.^[2][15] This is liberation, nothing less, states the Mahavakya Upanishad.^[14]

The state of singular self-awareness and consciousness described in Mahavakya Upanishad, states Laurence Rosan, is similar to those found in Chandogya Upanishad, Atmabodha Upanishad, Maitreya Upanishad, Maha Upanishad, Subala Upanishad, Adhyatma Upanishad, Brahmavidya Upanishad and Tejobindu Upanishad.^[16] These ideas are also found in Greek Neoplatonic philosophy, states Rosan, particularly the works of 5th-century Proclus.^[17]

• Nirvana Upanishad
• Yoga (philosophy)
• Yoga Vasistha
• Yoga Yajnavalkya

• Ayyangar, TR Srinivasa (1938). The Yoga Upanishads. The Adyar Library.
• Coward, Harold G. (2012). The Perfectibility of Human Nature in Eastern and Western Thought. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7885-1.
• Deussen, Paul (1997). Sixty Upanishads of the Veda. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1467-7.
• Flood, Gavin D. (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521438780.
• Hattangadi, Sunder (2000). "महावाक्योपनिषत् (Mahavakya Upanishad)" (PDF) (in Sanskrit). Retrieved 24 February 2016.
• Larson, Gerald James; Potter, Karl (2011). The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8120833494.
• Rosan, Laurence (1981). Neoplatonism and Indian Thought (Editor: R Baine Harris). State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0873955461.
• Tinoco, Carlos Alberto (1997). Upanishads. IBRASA. ISBN 978-85-348-0040-2.