List of Mesozoic bird-line archosaur genera (T–Z)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This list of Mesozoic bird-line archosaur genera is a comprehensive listing of all Mesozoic genera that are included in the clade Avemetatarsalia (alternatively known as Pan-Aves), including dinosaurs, pterosaurs, silesaurids, lagerpetids, and more basal genera. The list includes all commonly accepted genera whose names begin with the letters T–Z. The list currently includes 268 genera.
Scope and terminology
There is no official, canonical list of Mesozoic bird-line archosaur genera, but thorough attempts have been made for its various subgroups, such as George Olshevsky's Dinosaur Genera List,[1] the book The Dinosauria,[2] Mikko Haaramo's Phylogeny Archive,[3] Mike Hanson's The Pterosauria,[4] the Pterosaur Species List,[5] Donald F. Glut's Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia series,[6] Holtz's list of Mesozoic dinosaurs,[7] Molina-Perez & Larramendi's list of theropods,[8] and Mickey Mortimer's Theropod Database.[9] These lists have been supplemented with more recent publications to create this one.
- Genus: The generic name of the taxon, sourced to its description publication.
- Authors: Full names of the authors of the descriptions. This column can be sorted by last names.
- Year: The year when the descriptions were physically published. These are not necessarily the years the names became valid according to the rules of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN).
- Formation: The geological formations each taxon was found in, along with their epoch and age. In the case of multiple formations, holotype localities are marked by an asterisk.
- Location: Every country and first-level subdivision the taxon was found in. In the case of multiple locations, holotype localities are marked by an asterisk.
The list
| Genus | Authors | Year | Formation | Location | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tachiraptor[10] | - Max C. Langer - Ascanio D. Rincón - Jahandar Ramezani - Andrés Solórzano - Oliver W. M. Rauhut |
2014 | La Quinta Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian) |
 Venezuela(  Táchira) |
Closely related to ceratosaurs and tetanurans |  |
| Tacuadactylus[11] | - Matías Soto - Felipe Montenegro - Pablo Toriño - Valeria Mesa - Daniel Perea |
2021 | Tacuarembó Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian) |
 Uruguay(Tacuarembó) |
Originally mistaken to be an early pristid fish | |
| Talarurus[12] | - Evgeny A. Maleev | 1952 | Bayanshiree Formation (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian to Coniacian) |
 Mongolia(  Dornogovi* Ömnögovi) |
Its tail club has been compared to a wicker basket |  |
| Talenkauen[13] | - Fernando E. Novas - Andrea V. Cambiaso - Alfredo Ambrosio |
2004 | Cerro Fortaleza Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian to Maastrichtian) |
 Argentina(  Santa Cruz) |
May have practiced parental care as an adult and a hatchling have been found together |  |
| Talos[14] | - Lindsay E. Zanno - David J. Varricchio - Patrick M. O'Connor - Alan L. Titus - Michael J. Knell |
2011 | Kaiparowits Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
 United States(  Utah) |
The holotype specimen preserves a pathology on its sickle claw |  |
| Tamarro[15] | - Albert G. Sellés - Bernat Vila - Stephen L. Brusatte - Philip J. Currie - Àngel Galobart |
2021 | Talarn Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
 Spain(  Catalonia) |
May have been closely related to Asian troodontids |  |
| Tambatitanis[16] | - Haruo Saegusa - Tadahiro Ikeda |
2014 | Ohyamashimo Formation (Early Cretaceous, Albian) |
 Japan(  Hyōgo) |
Possessed disproportionately large chevrons |  |
| Tangvayosaurus[17] | - Ronan Allain - Philippe Taquet - Bernard Battail - Jean Dejax - Philippe Richir - Monette Véran - Franck Limon-Duparcmeur - Renaud Vacant - Octávio Mateus - Phouvong Sayarath - Bounxou Khenthavong - Sitha Phouyavong |
1999 | Grès supérieurs Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian) |
 Laos(Savannakhet) |
Closely related to Phuwiangosaurus |  |
| Tanius[18] | - Carl Wiman | 1929 | Wangshi Group (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
 China(Shandong) |
Today known from only a few bones; more fossils were once present but were not collected |  |
| Tanycolagreus[19] | - Kenneth Carpenter - Clifford Miles - Karen Cloward |
2005 | Morrison Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian to Tithonian) |
United States (  Colorado Utah Wyoming*) |
Had a long, blunt snout |  |
| Tanystrosuchus[20] | - Oskar Kuhn | 1963 | Löwenstein Formation (Late Triassic, Norian) |
 Germany(  Baden-Württemberg) |
The only known vertebra was once misidentified as a phytosaur | |
| Taohelong[21] | - Jingtao Yang - Hailu You - Daqing Li - Delai Kong |
2013 | Hekou Group (Early Cretaceous, Valanginian to Albian) |
China (Gansu) |
Possessed a sacral shield similar to that of Polacanthus | |
| Tapejara[22] | - Alexander W. A. Kellner | 1989 | Romualdo Formation (Early Cretaceous, Albian) |
 Brazil(  Ceará) |
Had a large crest on top of the head and a smaller one at the tip of the lower jaw |  |
| Tapuiasaurus[23] | - Hussam Zaher - Diego Pol - Alberto B. Carvalho - Paulo M. Nascimento - Claudio Riccomini - Peter Larson - Rubén D. Juarez-Valieri - Ricardo Pires-Domingues - Nelson J. da Silva Jr. - Diogenes A. Campos |
2011 | Quiricó Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian) |
Brazil (  Minas Gerais) |
One of the few titanosaurs from which a complete skull is known |  |
| Tarascosaurus[24] | - Jean Le Loeuff - Eric Buffetaut |
1991 | Fuvelian Beds (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
 France(  Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur) |
If an abelisaurid it would be one of the few northern members of the group | .jpg) |
| Tarbosaurus[25] | - Evgeny A. Maleev | 1955 | Nemegt Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
Mongolia ( Ömnögovi) |
An apex predator that hunted large prey |  |
| Tarchia[26] | - Teresa Maryańska | 1977 | Baruungoyot Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian)* Nemegt Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
Mongolia ( Ömnögovi) |
One specimen preserves injuries on its ribs and tail, possibly from a fight with a member of its own kind |  |
| Targaryendraco[27] | Rodrigo V. Pêgas - Borja Holgado - Maria Eduarda C. Leal |
2021 | Stadthagen Formation (Early Cretaceous, Valanginian) |
Germany (  Lower Saxony) |
Named after the House of Targaryen from the A Song of Ice and Fire series |  |
| Tastavinsaurus[28] | - José I. Canudo - Rafael Royo-Torres - Gloria Cuenca-Bescós |
2008 | Forcall Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian) Xert Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) |
Spain (  Aragon) |
Could represent an obscure group of macronarians called Laurasiformes |  |
| Tatankacephalus[29] | - William L. Parsons - Kristen M. Parsons |
2009 | Cloverly Formation (Early Cretaceous, Albian) |
United States (  Montana) |
Retained premaxillary teeth in its upper jaws, a basal trait | |
| Tatankaceratops[30] | - Christopher J. Ott - Peter L. Larson |
2010 | Hell Creek Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
United States (  South Dakota) |
Noted to possess a strange mix of features of both juvenile and adult Triceratops; may be a dwarf specimen of that genus or an individual that stopped growing prematurely |  |
| Tataouinea[31] | - Federico Fanti - Andrea Cau - Mohsen Hassine - Michela Contessi |
2013 | Aïn el Guettar Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian) |
 Tunisia(Tataouinea) |
Its bones were extensively pneumatized, supporting the theory that sauropods had bird-like respiratory systems |  |
| Tatisaurus[32] | - David J. Simmons | 1965 | Lufeng Formation (Early Jurassic, Sinemurian) |
China (Yunnan) |
Potentially a basal thyreophoran |  |
| Taurovenator[33] | - Matías J. Motta - Alexis Mauro Aranciaga Rolando - Sebastián Rozadilla - Federico L. Agnolín - Nicolás R. Chimento - Federico Brissón-Eglí - Fernando E. Novas |
2016 | Huincul Formation (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian to Turonian) |
Argentina (  Río Negro) |
Originally known from a single postorbital |  |
| Tawa[34] | - Sterling J. Nesbitt - Nathan D. Smith - Randall B. Irmis - Alan H. Turner - Alex Downs - Mark A. Norell |
2009 | Chinle Formation (Late Triassic, Norian to Rhaetian) |
United States (  New Mexico) |
Well-preserved but inconsistent in phylogenetic placement |  |
| Tazoudasaurus[35] | - Ronan Allain - Najat Aquesbi - Jean Dejax - Christian Meyer - Michel Monbaron - Christian Montenat - Philippe Richir - Mohammed Rochdy - Dale A. Russell - Philippe Taquet |
2004 | Azilal Formation (Early Jurassic, Toarcian) |
 Morocco(Drâa-Tafilalet) |
One of the few Early Jurassic sauropods known from reasonably complete remains |  |
| Technosaurus[36] | - Sankar Chatterjee | 1984 | Cooper Canyon Formation (Late Triassic, Norian) |
United States (  Texas) |
Originally, and sometimes still, thought to be a basal ornithischian dinosaur |  |
| Tehuelchesaurus[37] | - Thomas H. Rich - Patricia Vickers-Rich - Olga Giménez - N. R. Cúneo - Pablo F. Puerta - Raul Vacca |
1999 | Cañadón Calcáreo Formation (Late Jurassic, Oxfordian to Tithonian) |
Argentina (  Chubut) |
Preserves impressions of scaly skin |  |
| Teinurosaurus[38] | - Franz Nopcsa | 1928 | Mont-Lambert Formation (Late Jurassic, Tithonian) |
France (  Hauts-de-France) |
A poorly known possible theropod |  |
| Teleocrater[39] | Sterling J. Nesbitt - Richard J. Butler - Martín D. Ezcurra - Paul M. Barrett - Michelle R. Stocker - Kenneth D. Angielczyk - Roger M. H. Smith - Christian A. Sidor - Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki - Andrey G. Sennikov - Alan J. Charig |
2017 | Manda Formation (Middle Triassic to Late Triassic, Anisian to Carnian) |
 Tanzania(Ruvuma) |
Represents a novel group of basal bird-line archosaurs called aphanosaurians |  |
| Telmatornis[40] | - Othniel C. Marsh | 1870 | Hornerstown Formation (Late Cretaceous to Paleocene, Maastrichtian to Danian) |
United States (  New Jersey) |
Has been compared to rallids and burhinids | |
| Telmatosaurus[41] | - Franz Nopcsa | 1903 | Sânpetru Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
 Romania(Hunedoara) |
One specimen preserves a facial deformity caused by an ameloblastoma |  |
| Tendaguria[42] | - José F. Bonaparte - Wolf-Dieter Heinrich - Rupert Wild |
2000 | Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Tithonian) |
Tanzania (Lindi) |
The first definitive turiasaur known from Africa |  |
| Tendaguripterus[43] | - David M. Unwin - Wolf-Dieter Heinrich |
1999 | Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian) |
Tanzania (Lindi) |
May be a close relative of dsungaripterids | |
| Tengrisaurus[44] | - Alexander O. Averianov - Pavel P. Skutschas |
2017 | Murtoi Formation (Early Cretaceous, Valanginian to Hauterivian) |
 Russia(  Buryatia) |
Closely related to South American titanosaurs | |
| Tenontosaurus[45] | - John H. Ostrom | 1970 | Cloverly Formation (Early Cretaceous, Albian) Twin Mountains Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian) |
United States ( Montana* Texas Wyoming) |
Remains of this genus are often found associated with skeletons of Deinonychus |  |
| Teratophoneus[46] | - Thomas D. Carr - Thomas E. Williamson - Brooks B. Britt - Ken Stadtman |
2011 | Kaiparowits Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
United States ( Utah) |
Its snout was shorter and deeper than those of other tyrannosaurids |  |
| Terminocavus[47] | - Denver W. Fowler - Elizabeth A. Freedman Fowler |
2020 | Kirtland Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
United States ( New Mexico) |
Had a teardrop-shaped hole on the top of its frill which was almost closed off by a pair of epoccipitals |  |
| Tethydraco[48] | - Nicholas R. Longrich - David M. Martill - Brian Andres |
2018 | Couche III (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
Morocco (Béni Mellal-Khénifra) |
Has been considered synonymous with Phosphatodraco, but this has been disputed |  |
| Tethyshadros[49] | - Fabio M. Dalla Vecchia | 2009 | Calcare di Aurisina (Late Cretaceous, Santonian to Campanian) |
 Italy(  Friuli-Venezia Giulia) |
Had limbs adapted for high speed but were too short for running |  |
| Teviornis[50] | - Evgeny N. Kurochkin - Gareth J. Dyke - Alexander A. Karhu |
2002 | Nemegt Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
Mongolia ( Ömnögovi) |
A presbyornithid and one of the oldest known neognaths | |
| Texacephale[51] | - Nicholas R. Longrich - Julia Sankey - Darren Tanke |
2010 | Aguja Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
United States ( Texas) |
Might represent a specimen of Stegoceras |  |
| Texasetes[52] | - Walter P. Coombs Jr. | 1995 | Paw Paw Formation (Early Cretaceous, Albian) |
United States ( Texas) |
Potentially synonymous with Pawpawsaurus |  |
| Thalassodromeus[53] | - Alexander W. A. Kellner - Diogenes A. Campos |
2002 | Romualdo Formation (Early Cretaceous, Albian) |
Brazil ( Ceará) |
Although named after the skim-feeding hypothesis, this is extremely unlikely and it is more probable that it was a terrestrial stalker |  |
| Thanatosdrakon[54] | - Leonardo D. Ortiz David - Bernardo J. González Riga - Alexander W. A. Kellner |
2022 | Plottier Formation (Late Cretaceous, Coniacian to Santonian) |
Argentina (  Mendoza) |
The largest pterosaur known from South America |  |
| Thanatotheristes[55] | - Jared T. Voris - François Therrien - Darla K. Zelenitsky - Caleb M. Brown |
2020 | Foremost Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
 Canada(  Alberta) |
A close relative of Daspletosaurus |  |
| Thanos[56] | - Rafael Delcourt - Fabiano Vidoi Iori |
2020 | São José do Rio Preto Formation (Late Cretaceous, Santonian to Campanian) |
Brazil (  São Paulo) |
The generic name honors the Marvel Comics villain Thanos |  |
| Thapunngaka[57] | - Timothy M. Richards - Paul E. Stumkat - Steven W. Salisbury |
2021 | Toolebuc Formation (Early Cretaceous, Albian) |
 Australia(  Queensland) |
The largest known pterosaur from Australia |  |
| Tharosaurus[58] | - Sunil Bajpai - Debajit Datta - Pragya Pandey - Triparna Ghosh - Krishna Kumar - Debasish Bhattacharya |
2023 | Jaisalmer Formation (Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic, Bajocian to Oxfordian) |
 India(Rajasthan) |
Although originally described as the oldest neosauropod, it may actually be outside that clade | .jpg) |
| Thecocoelurus[59] | - Friedrich von Huene | 1923 | Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous, Berriasian to Barremian) |
 England(  Isle of Wight) |
Has been assigned to a variety of theropod groups throughout history |  |
| Thecodontosaurus[60] | - Henry Riley - Samuel Stutchbury |
1836 | Magnesian Conglomerate (Late Triassic, Norian to Rhaetian) |
England (Bristol) |
Could have been an extremely fast bipedal runner |  |
| Thecospondylus[61] | - Harry G. Seeley | 1882 | Wealden Group (Early Cretaceous, Valanginian to Hauterivian) |
England (  Kent) |
Indeterminate within Dinosauria |  |
| Theiophytalia[62] | - Kathleen Brill - Kenneth Carpenter |
2007 | Purgatoire Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian) |
United States ( Colorado) |
Only known from a skull originally referred to Camptosaurus |  |
| Therizinosaurus[63] | - Evgeny A. Maleev | 1954 | Nemegt Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
Mongolia ( Ömnögovi) |
Possessed extremely elongated and stiffened hand claws |  |
| Thescelosaurus[64] | - Charles W. Gilmore | 1913 | Frenchman Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) Hell Creek Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) Lance Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian)* Scollard Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
Canada ( Alberta Saskatchewan) United States( Montana South Dakota Wyoming*) |
One specimen was originally considered to have preserved its heart, although this was later found to be a mineral concretion |  |
| Thespesius[65] | - Joseph Leidy | 1856 | Lance Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
United States ( South Dakota) |
Once suggested to be a possible Miocene mammal |  |
| Thyreosaurus[66] | - Omar Zafaty - Mostafa Oukassou - Facundo Riguetti - Julio Company - Saad Bendrioua - Rodolphe Tabuce - André Charrière - Xabier Pereda-Suberbiola |
2024 | El Mers III Formation (Middle Jurassic, Bathonian to Callovian) |
Morocco (Fez-Meknes) |
May have possessed recumbent dermal armor, an unusual feature among stegosaurs |  |
| Tiamat[67] | - Paulo V. L. G. C. Pereira - Kamila L. N. Bandeira - Luciano S. Vidal - Theo B. Ribeiro - Carlos R. A. Candeiro - Lilian P. Bergqvist |
2024 | Açu Formation (Early Cretaceous to Late Cretaceous, Albian to Cenomanian) |
Brazil ( Ceará) |
Named after a Mesopotamian goddess |  |
| Tianchisaurus[68] | - Zhiming Dong | 1993 | Toutunhe Formation (Late Jurassic, Oxfordian to Kimmeridgian) |
China (Xinjiang) |
Its description uses the spellings Tianchisaurus and Tianchiasaurus interchangeably, but the former is correct | |
| Tianyulong[69] | - Xiaoting Zheng - Hailu You - Xing Xu - Zhiming Dong |
2009 | Tiaojishan Formation (Late Jurassic, Oxfordian) |
China (Liaoning) |
Preserves impressions of long bristles down its back, tail and neck |  |
| Tianyuornis[70] | - Xiaoting Zheng - Jingmai K. O'Connor - Xiaoli Wang - Xiaomei Zhang |
2014 | Yixian Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) |
China (Inner Mongolia) |
Confirms the presence of teeth in hongshanornithids | |
| Tianyuraptor[71] | - Xiaoting Zheng - Xing Xu - Hailu You - Qi Zhao - Zhiming Dong |
2010 | Yixian Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) |
China (Liaoning) |
Combines features of both northern and southern dromaeosaurids |  |
| Tianzhenosaurus[72] | - Qiqing Pang - Zhengwu Cheng |
1998 | Huiquanpu Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian to Maastrichtian) |
China (Shanxi) |
Has been suggested to be synonymous with Saichania, but the discovery of the second species, T. chengi, casts doubt on this interpretation |  |
| Tichosteus[73] | - Edward D. Cope | 1877 | Morrison Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian to Tithonian) |
United States ( Colorado) |
Two species have been named, both from isolated vertebrae |  |
| Tienshanosaurus[74] | - Zhongjian Yang | 1937 | Shishugou Formation (Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic, Callovian to Oxfordian) |
China (Xinjiang) |
Large but basal for a mamenchisaurid |  |
| Tietasaura[75] | - Kamila L. N. Bandeira - Bruno A. Navarro - Rodrigo V. Pêgas - Natan S. Brilhante - Arthur S. Brum - Lucy G. de Souza - Rafael C. da Silva - Valéria Gallo |
2025 | Marfim Formation (Early Cretaceous, Valanginian to Hauterivian) |
Brazil (  Bahia) |
The first unambiguous ornithischian genus described from Brazil |  |
| Timimus[76] | - Thomas H. Rich - Patricia Vickers-Rich |
1994 | Eumeralla Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian) |
Australia (  Victoria) |
Potentially a tyrannosauroid; if so, it would be one of the few Gondwanan members of that group |  |
| Timurlengia[77] | - Stephen L. Brusatte - Alexander O. Averianov - Hans-Dieter Sues - Amy Muir - Ian B. Butler |
2016 | Bissekty Formation (Late Cretaceous, Turonian) |
 Uzbekistan(Navoiy) |
Its inner ear was specialized for detecting low-frequency sounds |  |
| Tingmiatornis[78] | - Richard K. Bono - Julia Clarke - John A. Tardund - Donald Brinkman |
2016 | Unnamed Canadian formation (Late Cretaceous, Turonian) |
Canada (  Nunavut) |
One of the northernmost primitive birds known |  |
| Titanoceratops[79] | - Nicholas R. Longrich | 2011 | Kirtland Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
United States ( New Mexico) |
Potentially a large, old specimen of Pentaceratops |  |
| Titanomachya[80] | - Agustín Pérez-Moreno - Leonardo Salgado - José L. Carballido - Alejandro Otero - Diego Pol |
2025 | La Colonia Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
Argentina ( Chubut) |
The morphology of its astragalus is intermediate between members of the Colossosauria and Saltasauroidea |  |
| Titanosaurus[81] | - Richard Lydekker | 1877 | Lameta Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
India (Madhya Pradesh) |
Although only known from a few bones, this genus is the namesake of the Titanosauria and the Titanosauriformes |  |
| Tlatolophus[82] | - Angel A. Ramírez-Velasco - Felisa J. Aguilar - René Hernández-Rivera - José Luis Gudiño Maussán - Marisol L. Rodríguez - Jesús Alvarado-Ortega |
2021 | Cerro del Pueblo Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
 Mexico(  Coahuila) |
Possessed a short, broad crest resembling an inverted comma |  |
| Tochisaurus[83] | - Sergei M. Kurzanov - Halszka Osmólska |
1991 | Nemegt Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
Mongolia ( Ömnögovi) |
Known from only a single metatarsus |  |
| Tonganosaurus[84] | - Kui Li - Chunyan Yang - Jian Liu - Zhengxin Wang |
2010 | Yimen Formation (Early Jurassic, Pliensbachian) |
China (Sichuan) |
Potentially the oldest known mamenchisaurid | |
| Tongtianlong[85] | - Junchang Lü - Rongjun Chen - Stephen L. Brusatte - Yangxiao Zhu - Caizhi Shen |
2016 | Nanxiong Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
China (Jiangxi) |
The pose of the holotype suggests it died while trying to free itself from mud |  |
| Tornieria[86] | - Richard Sternfeld | 1911 | Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian to Tithonian) |
Tanzania (Lindi) |
Has been assigned to different genera throughout its history |  |
| Torosaurus[87] | - Othniel C. Marsh | 1891 | Hell Creek Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) Lance Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian)* Laramie Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
United States ( Colorado Montana North Dakota South Dakota Wyoming*) |
Once believed to be potentially synonymous with Triceratops |  |
| Torotix[88] | - Pierce Brodkorb | 1963 | Lance Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
United States ( Wyoming) |
Only known from a partial humerus | |
| Torukjara[89] | - Rodrigo V. Pêgas | 2025 | Rio Paraná Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian to Albian) |
Brazil (  Paraná) |
Originally believed to be specimens of Caiuajara |  |
| Torvosaurus[90] | - Peter M. Galton - James A. Jensen |
1979 | Lourinhã Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian) Morrison Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian) |
 Portugal(Lisbon) United States( Colorado* Wyoming) |
Several species, many of them unnamed, have been found in Europe, South America, and possibly Africa |  |
| Tototlmimus[91] | - Claudia I. Serrano-Brañas - Esperanza Torres-Rodríguez - Paola C. Reyes-Luna - Ixchel González-Ramírez - Carlos González-León |
2016 | Packard Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
Mexico (  Sonora) |
The southernmost ornithomimid known from North America | |
| Trachodon[92] | - Joseph Leidy | 1856 | Judith River Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
United States ( Montana) |
Several remains assigned to this genus actually belong to other taxa, most notably Edmontosaurus |  |
| Tralkasaurus[93] | - Mauricio A. Cerroni - Matías J. Motta - Federico L. Agnolín - Alexis Mauro Aranciaga Rolando - Federico Brissón-Egli - Fernando E. Novas |
2020 | Huincul Formation (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian to Turonian) |
Argentina ( Río Negro) |
Exhibits a conflicting blend of characteristics from basal and derived abelisauroids | |
| Transylvanosaurus[94] | - Felix J. Augustin - Dylan Bastiaans - Mihai D. Dumbravă - Zoltán Csiki-Sava |
2022 | Pui Beds (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
Romania (Hunedoara) |
Had an unusually wide skull compared to other rhabdodontids |  |
| Tratayenia[95] | - Juan D. Porfiri - Rubén D. Juárez Valieri - Domenica D. dos Santos - Matthew C. Lamanna |
2018 | Bajo de la Carpa Formation (Late Cretaceous, Santonian) |
Argentina (  Neuquén) |
One of the youngest known megaraptorans |  |
| Traukutitan[96] | - Rubén D. Juárez Valieri - Jorge O. Calvo |
2011 | Bajo de la Carpa Formation (Late Cretaceous, Santonian) |
Argentina ( Neuquén) |
Retained basal features in its caudal vertebrae despite its late age | |
| Triceratops[97] | - Othniel C. Marsh | 1889 | Evanston Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) Hell Creek Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) Lance Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian)* Laramie Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) Scollard Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
Canada ( Alberta) United States( Colorado Montana North Dakota South Dakota Wyoming*) |
A common ceratopsid with long brow horns and a short nasal horn |  |
| Trierarchuncus[98] | - Denver W. Fowler - John P. Wilson - Elizabeth A. Freedman Fowler - Christopher R. Noto - Daniel Anduza - John R. Horner |
2020 | Hell Creek Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
United States ( Montana) |
Known from remains of different sizes which depict how the claws of alvarezsaurids grew more hooked as they aged |  |
| Trigonosaurus[99] | - Diogenes A. Campos - Alexander W. A. Kellner - Reinaldo J. Bertini - Rodrigo M. Santucci |
2005 | Serra da Galga Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
Brazil ( Minas Gerais) |
Potentially synonymous with Baurutitan |  |
| Trimucrodon[100] | - Richard A. Thulborn | 1973 | Lourinhã Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian) |
Portugal (Lisbon) |
Possessed wedge-shaped teeth | |
| Trinisaura[101] | - Rodolfo A. Coria - Juan J. Moly - Marcelo Reguero - Sergio Santillana - Sergio Marenssi |
2013 | Snow Hill Island Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
 Antarctica(  Argentine Antarctica British Antarctic Territory Chilean Antarctic Territory) |
The first ornithopod named from Antarctica |  |
| Triunfosaurus[102] | - Ismar S. Carvalho - Leonardo Salgado - Rafael M. Lindoso - Hermínio I. de Araújo-Júnior - Francisco C. C. Nogueira - José A. Soares |
2017 | Rio Piranhas Formation (Early Cretaceous, Berriasian to Hauterivian) |
Brazil (  Paraíba) |
Originally described as a titanosaur but similarities have been noted with basal somphospondylians | |
| Troodon[92] | - Joseph Leidy | 1856 | Judith River Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
United States ( Montana) |
Usually seen as a dubious, undiagnostic genus, but a later study recommends the formal designation of a neotype to preserve its validity | .jpg) |
| Tropeognathus[103] | - Peter Wellnhofer | 1987 | Romualdo Formation (Early Cretaceous, Albian) |
Brazil ( Ceará) |
One of the largest known toothed pterosaurs | |
| Tsaagan[104] | - Mark A. Norell - James M. Clark - Alan H. Turner - Peter J. Makovicky - Rinchen Barsbold - Timothy B. Rowe |
2006 | Djadokhta Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
Mongolia ( Ömnögovi) |
Very similar to Velociraptor but differs in some features of the skull |  |
| Tsagantegia[105] | - Tatyana A. Tumanova | 1993 | Bayanshiree Formation (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian to Coniacian) |
Mongolia ( Dornogovi) |
Had a long, shovel-shaped snout which may indicate a browsing lifestyle |  |
| Tsintaosaurus[106] | - Zhongjian Yang | 1958 | Wangshi Group (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
China (Shandong) |
Originally mistakenly believed to have possessed a unicorn horn-like crest |  |
| Tuebingosaurus[107] | - Omar R. Regalado-Fernández - Ingmar Werneburg |
2022 | Trossingen Formation (Late Triassic, Norian to Rhaetian) |
Germany ( Baden-Württemberg) |
Although originally assigned to Plateosaurus, it contains several features that point to a more derived position |  |
| Tugulusaurus[108] | - Zhiming Dong | 1973 | Lianmuqin Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian) |
China (Xinjiang) |
Potentially an early, Xiyunykus-grade alvarezsaurian | |
| Tuojiangosaurus[109] | - Zhiming Dong - Xuanmin Li - Shiwu Zhou - Chang Yijong |
1977 | Shangshaximiao Formation (Late Jurassic, Oxfordian to Tithonian) |
China (Sichuan) |
Possessed two rows of tall, pointed plates, thickened in the center as if they were modified spikes |  |
| Tupandactylus[110] | - Alexander W. A. Kellner - Diogenes A. Campos |
2007 | Crato Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian) |
Brazil ( Ceará) |
Had the large triangular crest commonly seen in depictions of Tapejara, the taxon to which its remains were originally assigned |  |
| Tupuxuara[111] | - Alexander W. A. Kellner - Diogenes A. Campos |
1988 | Romualdo Formation (Early Cretaceous, Albian) |
Brazil ( Ceará) |
Two species are known, both with slightly different crest shapes |  |
| Turanoceratops[112] | - Lev A. Nessov - L. F. Kaznyshkina - G. O. Cherepanov |
1989 | Bissekty Formation (Late Cretaceous, Turonian) |
Uzbekistan (Navoiy) |
Had a pair of brow horns like ceratopsids but was likely not a member of that family |  |
| Turiasaurus[113] | - Rafael Royo-Torres - Alberto Cobos - Luis Alcalá |
2006 | Villar del Arzobispo Formation (Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, Tithonian to Berriasian) |
Spain ( Aragon) |
Extremely large despite not being a member of Neosauropoda |  |
| Tylocephale[114] | - Teresa Maryańska - Halszka Osmólska |
1974 | Baruungoyot Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
Mongolia ( Ömnögovi) |
Only known from a partial skull but it is enough to tell that it had a remarkably tall dome |  |
| Tyrannomimus[115] | - Soki Hattori - Masateru Shibata - Soichiro Kawabe - Takuya Imai - Hiroshi Nishi - Yoichi Azuma |
2023 | Kitadani Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian) |
Japan (  Fukui) |
Its ilium is remarkably similar to that of the supposed tyrannosauroid Aviatyrannis |  |
| Tyrannosaurus[116] | - Henry F. Osborn | 1905 | Frenchman Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) Hell Creek Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian)* Lance Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) North Horn Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) Willow Creek Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
Canada ( Alberta Saskatchewan) United States( Montana* North Dakota South Dakota Utah Wyoming) |
The last, largest, and most well-known tyrannosaurid |  |
| Tyrannotitan[117] | - Fernando E. Novas - Silvina de Valais - Patricia Vickers-Rich - Thomas H. Rich |
2005 | Cerro Barcino Formation (Early Cretaceous to Late Cretaceous, Aptian to Cenomanian) |
Argentina ( Chubut) |
Unlike other carcharodontosaurids, its sacral and caudal vertebrae were not pneumatic |  |
| Tytthostonyx[118] | - Storrs L. Olson - David C. Parris |
1987 | Hornerstown Formation (Late Cretaceous to Paleocene, Maastrichtian to Danian) |
United States ( New Jersey) |
Possibly closely related to procellariforms | |
| Uberabatitan[119] | - Leonardo Salgado - Ismar S. Carvalho |
2008 | Serra da Galga Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
Brazil ( Minas Gerais) |
Several individuals are known, some of which are very large |  |
| Udanoceratops[120] | - Sergei M. Kurzanov | 1992 | Djadokhta Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
Mongolia ( Ömnögovi) |
The largest known leptoceratopsid |  |
| Udelartitan[121] | - Matías Soto - José L. Carballido - Max C. Langer - Julian C.G. Silva Junior - Felipe Montenegro - Daniel Perea |
2024 | Guichón Formation (Early Cretaceous to Late Cretaceous, Aptian to Santonian) |
Uruguay (  Paysandú) |
Known from at least two fragmentary specimens |  |
| Uktenadactylus[122] | - Taissa Rodrigues - Alexander W. A. Kellner |
2009 | Paw Paw Formation (Early Cretaceous, Albian)* Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) |
England ( Isle of Wight) United States( Texas*) |
One species is much larger than the other |  |
| Ultrasaurus[123] | - Hang-Mook Kim | 1983 | Gugyedong Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian) |
 South Korea(  North Gyeongsang) |
Described as very large but this may be due to misidentification of a bone | |
| Ulughbegsaurus[124] | - Kohei Tanaka - Otabek Ulugbek Ogli Anvarov - Darla K. Zelenitsky - Akhmadjon S. Ahmedshaev - Yoshitsugu Kobayashi |
2021 | Bissekty Formation (Late Cretaceous, Turonian) |
Uzbekistan (Navoiy) |
A 2022 study suggested this taxon could be a large-bodied dromaeosaurid, although the discovery of a fragmentary right maxilla assigned to the genus suggests it is very likely a member of the family Carcharodontosauridae |  |
| Unaysaurus[125] | - Luciano A. Leal - Sergio A.K. de Azevedo - Alexander W. A. Kellner - Átila A. S. Da Rosa |
2004 | Caturrita Formation (Late Triassic, Norian) |
Brazil (  Rio Grande do Sul) |
Described as the first plateosaurid-grade sauropodomorph from Brazil |  |
| Unenlagia[126] | - Fernando E. Novas - Pablo F. Puerta |
1997 | Portezuelo Formation (Late Cretaceous, Turonian to Coniacian) |
Argentina ( Neuquén) |
Could potentially be adapted for flapping due to the structure of its shoulder girdle |  |
| Unescoceratops[127] | - Michael J. Ryan - David C. Evans - Philip J. Currie - Caleb M. Brown - Don Brinkman |
2012 | Dinosaur Park Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
Canada ( Alberta) |
Had the roundest teeth of any known leptoceratopsid | |
| Unquillosaurus[128] | - Jaime E. Powell | 1979 | Los Blanquitos Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian to Maastrichtian) |
Argentina (  Salta) |
Has been suggested to be a dromaeosaurid or a carcharodontosaurid | |
| Unwindia[129] | - David M. Martill | 2011 | Romualdo Formation (Early Cretaceous, Albian) |
Brazil ( Ceará) |
Has been suggested to be a lonchodectid, but this is not widely accepted | |
| Urbacodon[130] | - Alexander O. Averianov - Hans-Dieter Sues |
2007 | Dzharakuduk Formation (Late Cretaceous, Turonian)* Iren Dabasu Formation (Late Cretaceous, Turonian to Maastrichtian) |
China (Inner Mongolia) Uzbekistan(Navoiy*) |
The U. itemirensis holotype preserves a gap separating the eight rear teeth from the rest of its teeth |  |
| Utahceratops[131] | - Scott D. Sampson - Mark A. Loewen - Andrew A. Farke - Eric M. Roberts - Catherine A. Forster - Joshua A. Smith - Alan L. Titus |
2010 | Kaiparowits Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
United States ( Utah) |
Almost the entire skeleton is known, including the skull |  |
| Utahdactylus[132] | - Stephen A. Czerkas - Debra L. Mickelson |
2002 | Morrison Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian to Tithonian) |
United States ( Utah) |
Has been considered an indeterminate diapsid | |
| Utahraptor[133] | - James I. Kirkland - Robert Gaston - Donald Burge |
1993 | Cedar Mountain Formation (Early Cretaceous, Berriasian to Valanginian) |
United States ( Utah) |
Very large and powerfully built |  |
| Uteodon[134] | - Andrew T. McDonald | 2011 | Morrison Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian to Tithonian) |
United States ( Utah) |
May be a species of Camptosaurus, with a referred braincase being from Dryosaurus |  |
| Vagaceratops[131] | - Scott D. Sampson - Mark A. Loewen - Andrew A. Farke - Eric M. Roberts - Catherine A. Forster - Joshua A. Smith - Alan L. Titus |
2010 | Dinosaur Park Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
Canada ( Alberta) |
Possessed a row of fused epoccipitals folding over the top of the frill |  |
| Vahiny[135] | - Kristina Curry Rogers - Jeffrey A. Wilson |
2014 | Maevarano Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
 Madagascar(Boeny) |
May have been a rare component of its habitat due to the paucity of its remains | |
| Valdoraptor[136] | - George Olshevsky | 1991 | Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation (Early Cretaceous, Valanginian) |
England (  West Sussex) |
Potentially a junior synonym of Thecocoelurus |  |
| Valdosaurus[137] | - Peter M. Galton | 1977 | Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) |
England ( Isle of Wight) |
Large and similar to Dryosaurus |  |
| Vallibonavenatrix[138] | - Elisabete Malafaia - José M. Gasulla - Fernando Escaso - Iván Narváez - José Luis Sanz - Francisco Ortega |
2020 | Arcillas de Morella Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) |
Spain (  Valencia) |
One of the most complete spinosaurids known from Iberia |  |
| Variraptor[139] | - Jean Le Loeuff - Eric Buffetaut |
1998 | Argiles et Grès à Reptiles Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
France ( Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur) |
May be closely related to Bambiraptor |  |
| Vayuraptor[140] | - Adun Samathi - Phornphen Chanthasit - P. Martin Sander |
2019 | Sao Khua Formation (Early Cretaceous, Valanginian to Hauterivian) |
 Thailand(  Nong Bua Lamphu) |
Either ancestral to megaraptorans or an early member of the group |  |
| Vectaerovenator[141] | - Chris T. Barker - Darren Naish - Claire E. Clarkin - Paul Farrell - Gabriel Hullmann - James Lockyer - Philipp Schneider - Robin K. C. Ward - Neil J. Gostling |
2020 | Ferruginous Sands (Early Cretaceous, Aptian) |
England ( Isle of Wight) |
Only known from four vertebrae but are distinct enough to be classified as their own genus |  |
| Vectidraco[142] | - Darren Naish - Martin Simpson - Gareth Dyke |
2013 | Lower Greensand Group (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian) |
England ( Isle of Wight) |
Specific name honors Daisy Morris, who found the holotype when she was only four years old |  |
| Vectidromeus[143] | - Nicholas R. Longrich - David M. Martill - Martin Munt - Mick Green - Mark Penn - Shaun Smith |
2024 | Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) |
England ( Isle of Wight) |
Originally described as a relative of the coeval Hypsilophodon, but a subsequent analysis suggests possible dryosaurid affinities for this genus |  |
| Vectipelta[144] | - Stuart Pond - Sarah-Jane Strachan - Thomas J. Raven - Martin I. Simpson - Kirsty Morgan - Susannah C.R. Maidment |
2023 | Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) |
England ( Isle of Wight) |
May have been more closely related to Asian ankylosaurs than to European ones |  |
| Vectiraptor[145] | - Nicholas R. Longrich - David M. Martill - Megan L. Jacobs |
2022 | Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) |
England ( Isle of Wight) |
Shares some features with North American dromaeosaurids |  |
| Vegavis[146] | Julia A. Clarke - Claudia P. Tambussi - Jorge I. Noriega - Gregory M. Erickson - Richard A. Ketcham |
2005 | López de Bertodano Formation (Late Cretaceous to Paleocene, Maastrichtian to Danian) |
Antarctica ( Argentine Antarctica British Antarctic Territory Chilean Antarctic Territory) |
One specimen preserves a syrinx |  |
| Velafrons[147] | - Terry A. Gates - Scott D. Sampson - Carlos R. Delgado De Jesús - Lindsay E. Zanno - David A. Eberth - René Hernández-Rivera - Martha C. Aguillón Martínez - James I. Kirkland |
2007 | Cerro del Pueblo Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
Mexico ( Coahuila) |
May have had elongated neural spines similar to those of Hypacrosaurus altispinus |  |
| Velocipes[148] | - Friedrich von Huene | 1932 | Lissauer Breccia (Late Triassic, Norian) |
 Poland(  Opole) |
Has been considered a dubious, indeterminate vertebrate |  |
| Velociraptor[149] | - Henry F. Osborn | 1924 | Djadokhta Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
Mongolia ( Ömnögovi) |
One potential specimen preserves quill knobs |  |
| Velocisaurus[150] | - José F. Bonaparte | 1991 | Bajo de la Carpa Formation (Late Cretaceous, Santonian) |
Argentina ( Neuquén) |
Unusually, its third metatarsal is the thickest, which may be an adaptation to running |  |
| Venenosaurus[151] | - Virginia Tidwell - Kenneth Carpenter - Susanne Meyer |
2001 | Cedar Mountain Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian to Aptian) |
United States ( Utah) |
Its skeleton has traits of both titanosaurs and more basal macronarians | |
| Venetoraptor[152] | - Rodrigo T. Müller - Martín D. Ezcurra - Mauricio S. Garcia - Federico L. Agnolín - Michelle R. Stocker - Fernando E. Novas - Marina B. Soares - Alexander W. A. Kellner - Sterling J. Nesbitt |
2023 | Candelária Sequence (Late Triassic, Carnian) |
Brazil ( Rio Grande do Sul) |
Had extremely large claws on its four fingers as well as a hooked beak |  |
| Vescornis[153] | - Fucheng Zhang - Per G. P. Ericson - Zhonghe Zhou |
2004 | Huajiying Formation (Early Cretaceous, Hauterivian) |
China (Hebei) |
A small and short-snouted enantiornithean which may be synonymous with Jibeinia | |
| Vesperopterylus[154] | Junchang Lü - Qingjin Meng - Baopeng Wang - Di Liu - Caizhi Shen - Yuguang Zhang |
2018 | Jiufotang Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian) |
China (Liaoning) |
Had a reversed first toe which suggests an arboreal lifestyle |  |
| Vespersaurus[155] | - Max C. Langer - Neurides de Oliveira Martins - Paulo César Manzig - Gabriel de Souza Ferreira - Júlio César de Almeida Marsola - Edison Fortes - Rosana Lima - Lucas Cesar Frediani Sant'Ana - Luciano da Silva Vidal - Rosangela Honório da Silva Lorençato - Martín D. Ezcurra |
2019 | Rio Paraná Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian to Albian) |
Brazil ( Paraná) |
Possessed raised claws on its second and fourth toes, making it functionally monodactyl, a possible adaptation to its desert habitat |  |
| Veterupristisaurus[156] | - Oliver W. M. Rauhut | 2011 | Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian) |
Tanzania (Lindi) |
Known from a few vertebrae somewhat similar to those of Acrocanthosaurus |  |
| Viavenator[157] | - Leonardo S. Filippi - Ariel H. Méndez - Rubén D. Juárez Valieri - Alberto C. Garrido |
2016 | Bajo de la Carpa Formation (Late Cretaceous, Santonian) |
Argentina ( Neuquén) |
May have relied on quick movements of its head and gaze stabilization when hunting |  |
| Volgadraco[158] | - Alexander O. Averianov - M. S. Arkhangelsky - E. M. Pervushov |
2008 | Rybushka Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
Russia (  Saratov Oblast) |
Originally described as an azhdarchid but subsequent analyses found it to be pteranodontian | |
| Volgatitan[159] | - Alexander O. Averianov - Vladimir Efimov |
2018 | Unnamed Early Cretaceous Russian formation (Early Cretaceous, Hauterivian) |
Russia (  Ulyanovsk Oblast) |
Closely related to South American titanosaurs |  |
| Volgavis[160] | - Lev A. Nessov - Alexander A. Yarkov |
1989 | Unnamed Late Cretaceous Russian formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
Russia (  Volgograd Oblast) |
May be a Paleocene charadriiform | |
| Volkheimeria[161] | - José F. Bonaparte | 1979 | Cañadón Asfalto Formation (Early Jurassic, Toarcian) |
Argentina ( Chubut) |
Coexisted with at least four other sauropods | |
| Vorona[162] | - Catherine A. Forster - Luis M. Chiappe - David W. Krause - Scott D. Sampson |
1996 | Maevarano Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
Madagascar (Betsiboka) |
The first pre-Holocene bird found on Madagascar | |
| Vouivria[163] | - Philip D. Mannion - Ronan Allain - Olivier Moine |
2017 | Calcaires de Clerval (Late Jurassic, Oxfordian) |
France (  Bourgogne-Franche-Comté) |
The oldest known titanosauriform |  |
| Vulcanodon[164] | - Michael A. Raath | 1972 | Forest Sandstone (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Sinemurian) |
 Zimbabwe(Mashonaland West) |
Theropod teeth were found associated with the holotype |  |
| Wakinosaurus[165] | - Yoshihiko Okazaki | 1992 | Sengoku Formation (Early Cretaceous, Hauterivian to Barremian) |
Japan (  Fukuoka) |
May be a close relative of Acrocanthosaurus | |
| Walgettosuchus[148] | - Friedrich von Huene | 1932 | Griman Creek Formation (Early Cretaceous to Late Cretaceous, Albian to Cenomanian) |
Australia (  New South Wales) |
Has been considered synonymous with Rapator, but too little is known of both genera to be certain |  |
| Wamweracaudia[166] | - Philip D. Mannion - Paul Upchurch - Daniela Schwarz - Oliver Wings |
2019 | Tendaguru Formation (Late Jurassic, Oxfordian to Tithonian) |
Tanzania (Lindi) |
Described as the first definitive mamenchisaurid known from outside Asia | |
| Wannanosaurus[167] | - Lianhai Hou | 1977 | Xiaoyan Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian to Maastrichtian) |
China (Anhui) |
Basal for a pachycephalosaur as indicated by its flat skull with large openings |  |
| Weewarrasaurus[168] | - Phil R. Bell - Matthew C. Herne - Tom Brougham - Elizabeth T. Smith |
2018 | Griman Creek Formation (Early Cretaceous to Late Cretaceous, Albian to Cenomanian) |
Australia ( New South Wales) |
Unusually, its fossils were preserved in opal |  |
| Wellnhoferia[169] | - Andrzej Elżanowski | 2001 | Altmühltal Formation (Late Jurassic, Tithonian) |
Germany (  Bavaria) |
May be another specimen of Archaeopteryx |  |
| Wellnhopterus[170] | - Brian Andres - Wann Langston Jr. |
2021 | Javelina Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
United States ( Texas) |
The holotype was originally named Javelinadactylus, but it was discarded |  |
| Wendiceratops[171] | - David C. Evans - Michael J. Ryan |
2015 | Oldman Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
Canada ( Alberta) |
Had three pairs of enlarged, curved epiparietals at the very top of its frill |  |
| Wenupteryx[172] | - Laura Codorniú - Zulma Gasparini |
2012 | Vaca Muerta (Late Jurassic, Tithonian) |
Argentina ( Neuquén) |
Closely related to archaeopterodactyloids | |
| Wiehenvenator[173] | - Oliver W. M. Rauhut - Tom R. Hübner - Klaus-Peter Lanser |
2016 | Ornatenton Formation (Middle Jurassic, Callovian) |
Germany (  North Rhine-Westphalia) |
Before its formal description, it had been nicknamed the "Monster of Minden" |  |
| Wightia[174] | David M. Martill - Mick Green - Roy E. Smith - Megan L. Jacobs - John Winch |
2020 | Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) |
England ( Isle of Wight) |
The oldest known tapejarid from outside China | |
| Willinakaqe[175] | - Rubén D. Juárez Valieri - José A. Haro - Lucas E. Fiorelli - Jorge O. Calvo |
2010 | Allen Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
Argentina ( Río Negro) |
As originally described, it represented a chimera of two different taxa, one of which was later named Bonapartesaurus |  |
| Wintonotitan[176] | - Scott A. Hocknull - Matt A. White - Travis R. Tischler - Alex G. Cook - Naomi D. Calleja - Trish Sloan - David A. Elliott |
2009 | Winton Formation (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian to Turonian) |
Australia ( Queensland) |
More gracile than other contemporary titanosaurs |  |
| Wuerhosaurus[108] | - Zhiming Dong | 1973 | Ejinhoro Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) Lianmuqin Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian)* Luohandong Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian) |
China (Inner Mongolia Xinjiang*) |
Preserved with low rectangular plates but these may be broken |  |
| Wukongopterus[177] | - Xiaolin Wang - Alexander W. A. Kellner - Shunxing Jiang - Xi Meng |
2009 | Tiaojishan Formation (Late Jurassic, Oxfordian) |
China (Liaoning) |
Had both a long neck and a long tail |  |
| Wulagasaurus[178] | - Pascal Godefroit - Shulin Hai - Tingxiang Yu - Pascaline Lauters |
2008 | Yuliangze Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
China (Heilongjiang) |
A rare hadrosaurid known from far less remains than the contemporary Amurosaurus |  |
| Wulatelong[179] | - Xing Xu - Qingwei Tan - Shuo Wang - Corwin Sullivan - David W. E. Hone - Fenglu Han - Qingyu Ma - Lin Tan - Dong Xiao |
2013 | Bayan Mandahu Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
China (Inner Mongolia) |
Known from a partial skeleton including some parts of the skull |  |
| Wulong[180] | - Ashley W. Poust - Chuling Gao - David J. Varricchio - Jianlin Wu - Fengjiao Zhang |
2020 | Jiufotang Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian) |
China (Liaoning) |
Analysis of preserved melanosomes suggests it was mostly gray with iridescent wings |  |
| Wyleyia[181] | - Colin J. O. Harrison - Cyril A. Walker |
1973 | Hastings Beds (Early Cretaceous, Valanginian) |
England ( West Sussex) |
Formerly considered a non-avialan dinosaur | |
| Xenoceratops[182] | - Michael J. Ryan - David C. Evans - Kieran M. Shepherd |
2012 | Foremost Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
Canada ( Alberta) |
Possessed two long spikes at the top of its frill with smaller knobs at their bases |  |
| Xenoposeidon[183] | - Michael P. Taylor - Darren Naish |
2007 | Hastings Beds (Early Cretaceous, Valanginian) |
England (  East Sussex) |
Only known from a single, very unique vertebra |  |
| Xenotarsosaurus[184] | - Rubén D. F. Martínez - Olga Giménez - Jorge Rodríguez - Graciela Bochatey |
1986 | Bajo Barreal Formation (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian to Turonian) |
Argentina ( Chubut) |
Its astragalus and calcaneum had an unusual shape |  |
| Xericeps[185] | - David M. Martill - David M. Unwin - Nizar Ibrahim - Nicholas R. Longrich |
2018 | Kem Kem Group (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian) |
Morocco (Drâa-Tafilalet) |
Had an unusual, forceps-like beak | .png) |
| Xiangornis[186] | - Dongyu Hu - Xing Xu - Lianhai Hou - Corwin Sullivan |
2012 | Jiufotang Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian) |
China (Liaoning) |
The hand of this genus was similar to that of ornithuromorphs, likely through convergent evolution | |
| Xianshanosaurus[187] | - Junchang Lü - Li Xu - Xiaojun Jiang - Songhai Jia - Ming Li - Chongxi Yuan - Xingliao Zhang - Qiang Ji |
2009 | Haoling Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian) |
China (Henan) |
May have been closely related to Daxiatitan |  |
| Xiaosaurus[188] | - Zhiming Dong - Zilu Tang |
1983 | Xiashaximiao Formation (Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic, Bathonian to Oxfordian) |
China (Sichuan) |
An ornithischian of uncertain affinities | |
| Xiaotingia[189] | - Xing Xu - Hailu You - Kai Du - Fenglu Han |
2011 | Tiaojishan Formation (Late Jurassic, Oxfordian) |
China (Liaoning) |
Well-preserved but inconsistent in phylogenetic placement |  |
| Xinghaiornis[190] | - Xuri Wang - Luis M. Chiappe - Fangfang Teng - Qiang Ji |
2013 | Yixian Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) |
China (Liaoning) |
May have been specialized for probing in mud | |
| Xingtianosaurus[191] | - Rui Qiu - Xiaolin Wang - Qiang Wang - Ning Li - Jialiang Zhang - Yiyun Ma |
2019 | Yixian Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) |
China (Liaoning) |
Retained the large third finger that was lost in other caudipterids |  |
| Xingxiulong[192] | - Yaming Wang - Hailu You - Tao Wang |
2017 | Lufeng Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Sinemurian) |
China (Yunnan) |
Two species are known, with the X. yueorum being considerably larger than the type species X. chengi |  |
| Xinjiangovenator[193] | - Oliver W. M. Rauhut - Xing Xu |
2005 | Lianmuqin Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian) |
China (Xinjiang) |
Remains originally identified as Phaedrolosaurus |  |
| Xinjiangtitan[194] | - Wenhao Wu - Changfu Zhou - Oliver Wings - Toru Sekiya - Zhiming Dong |
2013 | Qiketai Formation (Middle Jurassic, Callovian) |
China (Xinjiang) |
Had an extremely long neck | .jpg) |
| Xiongguanlong[195] | - Daqing Li - Mark A. Norell - Keqin Gao - Nathan D. Smith - Peter J. Makovicky |
2010 | Xiagou Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian) |
China (Gansu) |
More robust than other early tyrannosauroids, possibly to support its elongated skull |  |
| Xixianykus[196] | - Xing Xu - Deyou Wang - Corwin Sullivan - David W. E. Hone - Fenglu Han - Ronghao Yan - Fuming Du |
2010 | Majiacun Formation (Late Cretaceous, Coniacian to Santonian) |
China (Henan) |
One of the smallest known non-avian dinosaurs |  |
| Xixiasaurus[197] | - Junchang Lü - Li Xu - Yongqing Liu - Xingliao Zhang - Songhai Jia - Qiang Ji |
2010 | Majiacun Formation (Late Cretaceous, Coniacian to Santonian) |
China (Henan) |
Distinguished from other troodontids by its possession of exactly twenty-two teeth in each maxilla |  |
| Xixiposaurus[198] | - Toru Sekiya | 2010 | Lufeng Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Sinemurian) |
China (Yunnan) |
A poorly known potential massospondylid | |
| Xiyunykus[199] | - Xing Xu - Jonah N. Choiniere - Qingwei Tan - Roger B.J. Benson - James M. Clark - Corwin Sullivan - Qi Zhao - Fenglu Han - Qingyu Ma - Yiming He - Shuo Wang - Hai Xing - Lin Tan |
2018 | Tugulu Group (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian) |
China (Xinjiang) |
Had an unspecialized hand morphology for an alvarezsaur, having three fingers of roughly equal length and construction |  |
| Xuanhanosaurus[200] | - Zhiming Dong | 1984 | Xiashaximiao Formation (Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic, Bathonian to Oxfordian) |
China (Sichuan) |
Originally mistakenly believed to have been capable of quadrupedal locomotion |  |
| Xuanhuaceratops[201] | - Xijin Zhao - Zhengwu Cheng - Xing Xu - Peter J. Makovicky |
2006 | Houcheng Formation (Middle Jurassic, Callovian) |
China (Hebei) |
Possessed a large premaxillary tooth right behind its beak |  |
| Xunmenglong[202] | - Lida Xing - Tetsuto Miyashita - Donghao Wang - Kecheng Niu - Philip J. Currie |
2020 | Huajiying Formation (Early Cretaceous, Hauterivian) |
China (Hebei) |
The holotype was originally presented as part of a chimera involving three different animals |  |
| Xuwulong[203] | - Hailu You - Daqing Li - Weichang Liu |
2011 | Xiagou Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian) |
China (Gansu) |
The tip of its dentary was V-shaped when viewed from the side |  |
| Yamaceratops[204] | - Peter J. Makovicky - Mark A. Norell |
2006 | Javkhlant Formation (Late Cretaceous, Santonian to Campanian) |
Mongolia ( Dornogovi) |
Possessed a short, stubby frill |  |
| Yamanasaurus[205] | - Sebastián Apesteguía - John E. Soto Luzuriaga - Pablo A. Gallina - José T. Granda - Galo A. Guamán Jaramillo |
2020 | Río Playas Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian to Maastrichtian) |
 Ecuador(  Loja) |
The northernmost South American saltasaurine known to date |  |
| Yamatosaurus[206] | - Yoshitsugu Kobayashi - Ryuji Takasaki - Katsuhiro Kubota - Anthony R. Fiorillo |
2021 | Kita-Ama Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
Japan ( Hyōgo) |
Basal yet survived late enough to be contemporaneous with more advanced hadrosaurids |  |
| Yanbeilong[207] | - Lei Jia - Ning Li - Liyang Dong - Jianru Shi - Zhishuai Kang - Suozhu Wang - Shichao Xu - Hailu You |
2025 | Zuoyun Formation (Early Cretaceous, Albian) |
China (Shanxi) |
One of the youngest known stegosaurs |  |
| Yandangornis[208] | - Zhengquan Cai - Lijun Zhao |
1999 | Tangshang Formation (Late Cretaceous, Turonian to Campanian) |
China (Zhejiang) |
Has been considered a non-avialan theropod |  |
| Yandusaurus[209] | - Xinlu He | 1979 | Xiashaximiao Formation (Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic, Bathonian to Oxfordian) |
China (Sichuan) |
Some fossils were destroyed by a composter before they could be studied |  |
| Yangavis[210] | - Min Wang - Zhonghe Zhou |
2019 | Yixian Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) |
China (Liaoning) |
Had an enlarged second hand claw unlike other confuciusornithiforms, the function of which is unknown | |
| Yangchuanosaurus[211] | - Zhiming Dong - Yihong Zhang - Xuanmin Li - Shiwu Zhou |
1978 | Shangshaximiao Formation (Late Jurassic, Oxfordian to Tithonian) |
China (Sichuan) |
The largest theropod known from the Shaximiao Formation |  |
| Yanornis[212] | - Zhonghe Zhou - Fucheng Zhang |
2001 | Jiufotang Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian)* Yixian Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) |
China (Liaoning) |
One specimen of Y. martini was combined with one of a Microraptor to create a fossil chimera |  |
| Yarasuchus[213] | - Kasturi Sen | 2005 | Yerrapalli Formation (Middle Triassic, Anisian) |
India (Telangana) |
Like other aphanosaurs, it was originally mistaken to be another type of archosaur |  |
| Yatenavis[214] | Gerardo Álvarez Herrera - Federico L. Agnolín - Sebastián Rozadilla - Gastón E. Lo Coco - Makoto Manabe - Takanobu Tsuihiji - Fernando E. Novas |
2023 | Chorrillo Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
Argentina ( Santa Cruz) |
The southernmost known enantiornithean and one of the youngest members of the group |  |
| Yaverlandia[215] | - Peter M. Galton | 1971 | Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) |
England ( Isle of Wight) |
Originally misidentified as a pachycephalosaur because of its thick skull roof |  |
| Yehuecauhceratops[216] | - Héctor E. Rivera-Sylva - Eberhard Frey - Wolfgang Stinnesbeck - José Rubén Guzmán-Gutiérrez - Arturo H. González-González |
2017 | Aguja Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
Mexico ( Coahuila) |
One of the smallest known ceratopsids |  |
| Yelaphomte[217] | - Ricardo N. Martínez - Brian Andres - Cecilia Apaldetti - Ignacio A. Cerda |
2022 | Quebrada del Barro Formation (Late Triassic, Norian) |
Argentina (  San Juan) |
Found in terrestrial deposits, suggesting that their absence from northern deposits is an artifact of sampling bias | |
| Yi[218] | - Xing Xu - Xiaoting Zheng - Corwin Sullivan - Xiaoli Wang - Lida Xing - Yan Wang - Xiaomei Zhang - Jingmai K. O'Connor - Fucheng Zhang - Yanhong Pan |
2015 | Tiaojishan Formation (Late Jurassic, Oxfordian) |
China (Hebei) |
Possessed a "styliform element" jutting out from its wrist that supported a bat-like membranous wing |  |
| Yimenosaurus[219] | - Ziqi Bai - Jie Yang - Guohui Wang |
1990 | Fengjiahe Formation (Early Jurassic, Pliensbachian) |
China (Yunnan) |
Much of its skeleton is known, including the entirety of the skull |  |
| Yingshanosaurus[220] | - Songlin Zhu | 1994 | Shangshaximiao Formation (Late Jurassic, Oxfordian to Tithonian) |
China (Sichuan) |
Possessed greatly enlarged shoulder spines |  |
| Yinlong[221] | - Xing Xu - Catherine A. Forster - James M. Clark - Jinyou Mo |
2006 | Shishugou Formation (Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic, Callovian to Oxfordian) |
China (Xinjiang) |
Its skull displays features of ceratopsians, pachycephalosaurs, and heterodontosaurids |  |
| Yixianopterus[222] | - Junchang Lü - Shu-An Ji - Chongxi Yuan - Chunling Gao - Yuewu Sun - Qiang Ji |
2006 | Yixian Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) |
China (Liaoning) |
Most of the skull was fabricated before acquisition | |
| Yixianornis[212] | - Zhonghe Zhou - Fucheng Zhang |
2001 | Jiufotang Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian) |
China (Liaoning) |
Had a retrical bulb that allowed the tail fan to be folded when not in flight |  |
| Yixianosaurus[223] | - Xing Xu - Xiaolin Wang |
2003 | Yixian Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) |
China (Liaoning) |
Had extremely elongated manual elements |  |
| Yizhousaurus[224] | - Qiannan Zhang - Hailu You - Tao Wang - Sankar Chatterjee |
2018 | Lufeng Formation (Early Jurassic, Sinemurian) |
China (Yunnan) |
Its skull was very similar to those of sauropods despite being more primitive |  |
| Yongjinglong[225] | - Liguo Li - Daqing Li - Hailu You - Peter Dodson |
2014 | Hekou Group (Early Cretaceous, Valanginian to Albian) |
China (Gansu) |
Possessed an extremely long, broad scapula |  |
| Ypupiara[226] | - Arthur S. Brum - Rodrigo V. Pêgas - Kamila L. N. Bandeira - Lucy G. de Souza - Diogenes A. Campos - Alexander W. A. Kellner |
2021 | Serra da Galga Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
Brazil ( Minas Gerais) |
May have been a piscivore due to the shape of its teeth |  |
| Yuanchuavis[227] | Min Wang - Jingmai K. O'Connor - Tao Zhao - Yanhong Pan - Xiaoting Zheng - Xiaoli Wang - Zhonghe Zhou |
2021 | Jiufotang Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian) |
China (Liaoning) |
Possesses an elaborate "pintail" tail fan longer than its body, which may have had a display function |  |
| Yuanjiawaornis[228] | - Dongyu Hu - Ying Liu - Jinhua Li - Xing Xu - Lianhai Hou |
2015 | Jiufotang Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian) |
China (Liaoning) |
One of the largest enantiornitheans known from decent remains | |
| Yuanmousaurus[229] | - Junchang Lü - Shaoxue Li - Qiang Ji - Guofu Wang - Jiahua Zhang - Zhiming Dong |
2006 | Zhanghe Formation (Middle Jurassic, Aalenian to Callovian) |
China (Yunnan) |
Shares features of its vertebrae with Patagosaurus |  |
| Yuanyanglong[230] | - Mingze Hao - Zhiyu Li - Zhili Wang - Shuqiong Wang - Feimin Ma - Qinggele - James Logan King - Rui Pei - Qi Zhao - Xing Xu |
2025 | Miaogou Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian) |
China (Inner Mongolia) |
The only Early Cretaceous oviraptorosaur known from the Gobi Desert |  |
| Yueosaurus[231] | - Wenjie Zheng - Xingsheng Jin - Masateru Shibata - Yoichi Azuma - Fangming Yu |
2012 | Liangtoutang Formation (Early Cretaceous to Late Cretaceous, Albian to Cenomanian) |
China (Zhejiang) |
Probably closely related to Jeholosaurus |  |
| Yulong[232] | - Junchang Lü - Philip J. Currie - Li Xu - Xingliao Zhang - Hanyong Pu - Songhai Jia |
2013 | Qiupa Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
China (Henan) |
Known from multiple specimens, most of which are juveniles |  |
| Yumenornis[233] | - Yaming Wang - Jingmai K. O'Connor - Daqing Li - Hailu You |
2013 | Xiagou Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian) |
China (Gansu) |
Known from only an isolated wing |  |
| Yunganglong[234] | - Runfu Wang - Hailu You - Shichao Xu - Suozhu Wang - Jian Yi - Lijuan Xie - Lei Jia - Yaxian Li |
2013 | Zhumapu Formation (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian |
China (Shanxi) |
Discovered close to a World Heritage Site |  |
| Yungavolucris[235] | - Luis M. Chiappe | 1993 | Lecho Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
Argentina ( Salta) |
Had a large and unusually wide tarsometatarsus |  |
| Yunmenglong[236] | - Junchang Lü - Li Xu - Hanyong Pu - Xingliao Zhang - Yiyang Zhang - Songhai Jia - Huali Chang - Jiming Zhang - Xuefang Wei |
2013 | Haoling Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian) |
China (Henan) |
May have been exceptionally large | |
| Yunnanosaurus[237] | - Zhongjian Yang | 1942 | Fengjiahe Formation (Early Jurassic, Pliensbachian) Lufeng Formation (Early Jurassic, Hettangian to Sinemurian)* |
China (Yunnan) |
Its teeth were self-sharpening similar to those of sauropods, likely through convergent evolution |  |
| Yunyangosaurus[238] | - Hui Dai - Roger B.J. Benson - Xufeng Hu - Qingyu Ma - Chao Tan - Ning Li - Ming Xiao - Haiqian Hu - Yuxuan Zhou - Zhaoying Wei - Feng Zhang - Shan Jiang - Deliang Li - Guangzhao Peng - Yilun Yu - Xing Xu |
2020 | Xintiangou Formation (Early Jurassic to Middle Jurassic, Toarcian to Aalenian) |
China (Chongqing) |
Potentially an early megalosauroid | |
| Yuornis[239] | - Li Xu - Eric Buffetaut - Jingmai K. O'Connor - Xingliao Zhang - Songhai Jia - Jiming Zhang - Huali Chang - Haiyan Tong |
2021 | Qiupa Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
China (Henan) |
A large, toothless enantiornithean |  |
| Yurgovuchia[240] | - Phil Senter - James I. Kirkland - Donald D. DeBlieux - Scott Madsen - Natalie Toth |
2012 | Cedar Mountain Formation (Early Cretaceous, Berriasian to Valanginian) |
United States ( Utah) |
May have had a flexible tail due to the structure of its caudal vertebrae |  |
| Yutyrannus[241] | - Xing Xu - Kebai Wang - Ke Zhang - Qingyu Ma - Lida Xing - Corwin Sullivan - Dongyu Hu - Shuqing Cheng - Shuo Wang |
2012 | Yixian Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) |
China (Liaoning) |
The largest known dinosaur to preserve direct evidence of feathers |  |
| Yuxisaurus[242] | - Xi Yao - Paul M. Barrett - Lei Yang - Xing Xu - Shundong Bi |
2022 | Fengjiahe Formation (Early Jurassic, Pliensbachian) |
China (Yunnan) |
Had more than one hundred osteoderms |  |
| Yuzhoulong[243] | - Hui Dai - Chao Tan - Can Xiong - Qingyu Ma - Ning Li - Haidong Yu - Zhaoying Wei - Ping Wang - Jian Yi - Guangbiao Wei - Hailu You - Xinxin Ren |
2022 | Xiashaximiao Formation (Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic, Bathonian to Oxfordian) |
China (Chongqing) |
One of the oldest known macronarians |  |
| Zalmoxes[244] | - David B. Weishampel - Coralia-Maria Jianu - Zoltán Csiki-Sava - David B. Norman |
2003 | Densuș-Ciula Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) Sânpetru Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian)* Sebeș Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
Romania (Alba Hunedoara)* |
Two species of contrasting sizes have been named |  |
| Zanabazar[245] | - Mark A. Norell - Peter J. Makovicky - Gabe S. Bever - Amy M. Balanoff - James M. Clark - Rinchen Barsbold - Timothy B. Rowe |
2009 | Nemegt Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
Mongolia ( Ömnögovi) |
Originally named as a species of Saurornithoides |  |
| Zapalasaurus[246] | - Leonardo Salgado - Ismar S. Carvalho - Alberto C. Garrido |
2006 | La Amarga Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian to Aptian) |
Argentina ( Neuquén) |
Known from an incomplete skeleton, including several caudal vertebrae |  |
| Zapsalis[247] | - Edward D. Cope | 1876 | Judith River Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
United States ( Montana) |
Some teeth referred to this genus actually belong to Saurornitholestes |  |
| Zaraapelta[248] | - Victoria M. Arbour - Philip J. Currie - Demchig Badamgarav |
2014 | Baruungoyot Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) |
Mongolia ( Ömnögovi) |
Had an intricate pattern of osteoderms on its skull | |
| Zby[249] | - Octávio Mateus - Philip D. Mannion - Paul Upchurch |
2014 | Lourinhã Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian) |
Portugal (Lisbon) |
Originally believed to be a specimen of Turiasaurus |  |
| Zephyrosaurus[250] | - Hans-Dieter Sues | 1980 | Cloverly Formation (Early Cretaceous, Albian) |
United States ( Montana) |
Currently only known from fragmentary remains but several undescribed specimens exist |  |
| Zhanghenglong[251] | - Hai Xing - Deyou Wang - Fenglu Han - Corwin Sullivan - Qingyu Ma - Yiming He - David W. E. Hone - Ronghao Yan - Fuming Du - Xing Xu |
2014 | Majiacun Formation (Late Cretaceous, Coniacian to Santonian) |
China (Henan) |
Reconstructed by its describers with a straight, rectangular back, although no complete neural spines are known | -with-Transitional-Features-from-the-Late-pone.0098821.g002.jpg){kind=spacer} |
| Zhejiangopterus[252] | - Zhengquan Cai - Feng Wei |
1994 | Tangshang Formation (Late Cretaceous, Turonian to Campanian) |
China (Zhejiang) |
One of the most completely known azhdarchids |  |
| Zhejiangosaurus[253] | - Junchang Lü - Xingsheng Jin - Yiming Sheng - Yihong Li - Guoping Wang - Yoichi Azuma |
2007 | Chaochuan Formation (Early Cretaceous to Late Cretaceous, Albian to Cenomanian) |
China (Zhejiang) |
Has no diagnostic features | _(16411826393).jpg) |
| Zhenyuanlong[254] | - Junchang Lü - Stephen L. Brusatte |
2015 | Yixian Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) |
China (Liaoning) |
Possessed large wings with long feathers, but was most likely flightless |  |
| Zhenyuanopterus[255] | - Junchang Lü | 2010 | Yixian Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) |
China (Liaoning) |
May have fed similar to Platanista dolphins, which have similar dentition |  |
| Zhongjianornis[256] | - Zhonghe Zhou - Fucheng Zhang - Zhiheng Li |
2010 | Jiufotang Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian) |
China (Liaoning) |
Possibly one of the most primitive toothless birds | |
| Zhongjianosaurus[257] | - Xing Xu - Zichuan Qin |
2017 | Yixian Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) |
China (Liaoning) |
Distinguishable by its characteristically elongated legs |  |
| Zhongornis[258] | - Chunling Gao - Luis M. Chiappe - Qinjing Meng - Jingmai K. O'Connor - Xuri Wang - Xiaodong Cheng - Jinyuan Liu |
2008 | Yixian Formation (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) |
China (Liaoning) |
Usually thought to be a basal avialan but one hypothesis is that it is a non-avian scansoriopterygid | |
| Zhongyuansaurus[259] | - Li Xu - Junchang Lü - Xingliao Zhang - Songhai Jia - Weiyong Hu - Jiming Zhang - Yanhua Wu - Qiang Ji |
2007 | Haoling Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian to Albian) |
China (Henan) |
Potentially a synonym of Gobisaurus, although the describers of the second species, Z. junchangi, noted various features that could distinguish it from the former taxon |  |
| Zhouornis[260] | - Zihui Zhang - Luis M. Chiappe - Gang Han - Anusuya Chinsamy |
2013 | Jiufotang Formation (Early Cretaceous, Aptian) |
China (Liaoning) |
A large bohaiornithid with a well-preserved braincase |  |
| Zhuchengceratops[261] | - Xing Xu - Kebai Wang - Xijin Zhao - Corwin Sullivan - Shuqing Chen |
2010 | Wangshi Group (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
China (Shandong) |
Had a particularly deep mandible |  |
| Zhuchengtitan[262] | - Jinyou Mo - Kebai Wang - Shuqing Chen - Peiye Wang - Xing Xu |
2017 | Wangshi Group (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
China (Shandong) |
The proportions of its humerus suggest a close relationship with Opisthocoelicaudia |  |
| Zhuchengtyrannus[263] | - David W. E. Hone - Kebai Wang - Corwin Sullivan - Xijin Zhao - Shuqing Chen - Dunjin Li - Shu-An Ji - Qiang Ji - Xing Xu |
2011 | Wangshi Group (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
China (Shandong) |
Closely related to Tarbosaurus and Tyrannosaurus |  |
| Zhyraornis[264] | - Lev A. Nessov | 1984 | Bissekty Formation (Late Cretaceous, Turonian) |
Uzbekistan (Navoiy) |
Two species are known, both from isolated synsacra | |
| Ziapelta[265] | - Victoria M. Arbour - Michael E. Burns - Robert M. Sullivan - Spencer G. Lucas - Amanda K. Cantrell - Joshua Fry - Thomas L. Suazo |
2014 | Kirtland Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
United States ( New Mexico) |
Many specimens are known, most from the front part of the animal |  |
| Zigongosaurus[266] | - Lianhai Hou - Shiwu Zhou - Xijin Zhao |
1976 | Shangshaximiao Formation (Late Jurassic, Oxfordian to Tithonian) |
China (Sichuan) |
May be a species of Mamenchisaurus | |
| Zizhongosaurus[267] | - Zhiming Dong - Shiwu Zhou - Yihong Zhang |
1983 | Ziliujing Formation (Early Jurassic, Sinemurian to Toarcian) |
China (Sichuan) |
Poorly known but was most likely basal for a sauropod | |
| Zuniceratops[268] | - Douglas G. Wolfe - James I. Kirkland |
1998 | Moreno Hill Formation (Late Cretaceous, Turonian to Coniacian) |
United States ( New Mexico) |
Carried a pair of brow horns despite not being a member of the Ceratopsidae |  |
| Zuolong[269] | - Jonah N. Choiniere - James M. Clark - Catherine A. Forster - Xing Xu |
2010 | Shishugou Formation (Middle Jurassic to Late Jurassic, Callovian to Oxfordian) |
China (Xinjiang) |
Known from both cranial and postcranial remains |  |
| Zuoyunlong[270] | - Runfu Wang - Hailu You - Suozhu Wang - Shichao Xu - Jian Yi - Lijuan Xie - Lei Jia - Hai Xing |
2017 | Zhumapu Formation (Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian |
China (Shanxi) |
May have been close to the separation between North American and Asian hadrosauroids |  |
| Zupaysaurus[271] | - Andrea B. Arcucci - Rodolfo A. Coria |
2003 | Los Colorados Formation (Late Triassic, Norian) |
Argentina (  La Rioja) |
Although commonly depicted with head crests, they may in fact be misplaced lacrimal bones |  |
| Zuul[272] | - Victoria M. Arbour - David C. Evans |
2017 | Judith River Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) |
United States ( Montana) |
Preserves several osteoderms, keratin, and skin remains |  |