Xianyou dialect
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pu–Xian Min Chinese dialect
NativetoSouthern China
Early forms
| Putian | |
|---|---|
| Sing-iú-uā / 仙遊話 | |
| Native to | Southern China |
| Region | Xianyou, Putian, Fujian |
Early forms | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | xian1252 |
| Linguasphere | 79-AAA-ida |
| This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. | |
| Xianyou dialect | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 仙遊話 | ||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 仙游话 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
The Xianyou dialect (Pu–Xian Min: Sing-iú-uā / 仙遊話; [ɬiŋ˨ iu˨˦ ua˨˩]) is a dialect of Pu–Xian Min Chinese spoken in Xianyou, Putian in the southeast coast of Fujian province, China.
Initials
The Xianyou dialect has 15 initials, 45 rimes and 7 tones.
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Lateral | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | Unaspirated voiceless | p 巴 | t 打 | k 家 | ʔ 烏 | |
| Aspirated voiceless | pʰ 彭 | tʰ 他 | kʰ 卡 | |||
| Nasal | m 麻 | n 拿 | ŋ 雅 | |||
| Fricative | Voiceless | ɬ 沙 | h 下 | |||
| Voiced | β* | ɣ* | ||||
| Affricate | Unaspirated voiceless | ts 渣 | ||||
| Aspirated voiceless | tsʰ 査 | |||||
| Approximant | l 拉 | |||||
Rimes
| a 鴉 | ã 平 | au 拗 | aŋ 江 | aʔ 壓 | |
| ɒ 奥 | ɒ̃ 泛 | ɒŋ 王 | ɒʔ 屋 | ||
| o 科 | ɔu 烏 | ||||
| e 裔 | ai 愛 | ɛŋ 煙 | ɛʔ 黑 | ||
| ø 改 | |||||
| ŋ 伓 | |||||
| i 衣 | ĩ 反 | iu 油 | iũ 張 | iŋ 引 | iʔ 益 |
| ia 夜 | iã 丙 | ieu 要 | iɛŋ 鹽 | iɛʔ 葉 | |
| u 夫 | ui 位 | uĩ 風 | |||
| ua 画 | uoi 歪 | uã 搬 | uaŋ 碗 | uoʔ 活 | |
| y 余 | ỹ 頓 | yŋ 恩 | yʔ 役 | ||
| ya 鵝 | yã 然 | yøŋ 羊 | yøʔ 藥 |
Tones
| No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tones | dark level 陰平 |
light level 陽平 |
rising 上聲 |
dark departing 陰去 |
light departing 陽去 |
dark entering 陰入 |
light entering 陽入 |
| Tone contour | ˥˦˦ (544) | ˨˦ (24) | ˧˧˨ (332) | ˥˨ (52) | ˨˩ (21) | ʔ˨ (ʔ2) | ʔ˦ (ʔ4) |
| Example Hanzi | 詩巴 | 時爬 | 始把 | 試霸 | 寺罷 | 濕北 | 實拔 |
Assimilation
| Coda of the Former Syllable |
Initial of the Latter Syllable |
Assimilation | Coda of the Former Syllable |
Initial of the Latter Syllable | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group A | Open syllable | /p/, /pʰ/ | → | remain unchanged | /β/, /ɣ/ |
| /t/, /tʰ/, /ts/, /tsʰ/, /ɬ/ | /l/ | ||||
| /k/, /kʰ/, /h/ | /ɣ/ | ||||
| Group B | /-ŋ/ (nasal coda) | /p/, /pʰ/ | /-m/ | /m/ | |
| /t/, /tʰ/, /ts/, /tsʰ/, /l/, /ɬ/ | /-n/ | /n/, remain unchanged | |||
| /k/, /kʰ/, /h/, null initial | remain unchanged, or /-n/ | /ŋ/, /n/ | |||
| /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ | /-m/, /-n/, /-ŋ/ | remain unchanged | |||
| Group C | /-ʔ/ (glottal coda) | /p/, /pʰ/, /m/ | /-p̚/ | remain unchanged | |
| /t/, /tʰ/, /ts/, /tsʰ/, /ɬ/, /l/, /n/ | /-t̚/ | ||||
| /k/, /kʰ/, /ŋ/, /h/ | /-k̚/ | ||||
| null initial | /-ʔ/ | ||||
| Group E | Open syllable | /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ | nasalization | remain unchanged | |
| nasalized rime | nasalization | ||||
| nasalized rime | remain unchanged | /n/ | |||
Tone sandhi
The Xianyou dialect has extremely extensive tone sandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules.
The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the rows give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the columns give the citation tone of the second syllable):
| dark level 544 |
light level 24 |
rising 332 |
dark departing 52 |
light departing 21 |
dark entering ʔ2 |
light entering ʔ4 | |
| dark level 544 |
24 | 22 | 24 | 22 | |||
| light level 24 |
22 | 44 | 52 | 22 | |||
| rising 332 |
24 | 44 | 24 | ||||
| dark departing 52 |
44 | 33 | 44 | 52 | 44 | ||
| light departing 21 |
22 | 44 | 52 | 22 | |||
| dark entering ʔ2 |
ʔ4 | ||||||
| light entering ʔ4 |
ʔ2 | ʔ4 | ʔ2 | ||||
Notes
References
- ↑ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
- ↑ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- Compilation Commission of Chorography of Xianyou County 仙游县地方志编纂委员会 (1995). Xianyou xianzhi 仙游县志 ["Chorography of Xianyou County"]. Vol. 34. Beijing: Fangzhi chubanshe 方志出版社 ["Chorography Press"]. ISBN 7-80122-007-2. Archived from the original on 2018-04-06. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
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