HEATリピート

HEATリピートタンパク質の代表例として知られているものには、核-細胞質間輸送因子インポーチンβ (karyopherin βとも呼ばれる) ファミリー^[7]、コンデンシンやコヒーシンの制御サブユニット^[8]、セパレース^[9]、ATM (Ataxia telangiectasia mutated) やATR (Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related)を含むPIKKs (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related protein kinases)^[10][11]、微小管結合タンパク質XMAP215/Dis1/TOG^[12]とCLASP^[13]などがある。このようにHEATリピートをもつタンパク質の細胞内機能は多彩である。

これまでに、構造が解かれているHEATリピートタンパク質には以下のものがある。

• タンパク質修飾・分解
  • PP2AのAサブユニット^[14]とホロ酵素^[15][16]
  • SCFユビキチンリガーゼ複合体の基質識別サブユニットとの複合体形成を阻害するCand1^[17]
  • 26Sプロテアソームの分子集合に関わるシャペロンHsm3^[18]

• 核-細胞質間輸送
  • インポーチンβ^[1][19][20]
  • エクスポーチンCse1^[21]
  • トランスポーチン１^[22]
  • ヌクレオポリンGle1^[23]; Nup188^[24]; Nup192^[25]

• 転写制御
  • 基本転写因子TFIIDのTAF6サブユニット^[26]
  • TBP制御因子Mot1（Modifier of transcription 1）^[27]
  • 転写開始因子Rrn3^[28]

• 翻訳制御
  • 翻訳伸長因子eEF3^[29]
  • 翻訳開始因子eIF4G^[30]
  • アミノアシルtRNAの受け渡しを行うCex1p^[31]

• DNA修復
  • DNA-PK (DNA-dependent protein kinase)^[32][33][34]
  • ファンコーニ貧血原因タンパク質FANCF (FANCF)^[35]
  • 損傷DNA結合活性を有するAlkD (Alkylpurin DNA glycosylase)^[36]
  • PIKKsのコシャペロンとして働くTel2^[37]

• 染色体制御
  • コヒーシンサブユニットSA2^[38]/Scc3^[39][40]
  • コヒーシンローディング因子Scc2^[41][42]
  • コヒーシンローディング因子NIPBL/Mis4 + コヒーシンサブユニットSTAG1/Psm3^[43][44]
  • コヒーシン動態制御因子Wapl^[45][46]
  • コヒーシン動態制御因子Pds5^[47][48][49]
  • コヒーシンローディング因子Scc2^[41][42]
  • コヒーシン切断因子Separase^[50][51][52]
  • コンデンシンサブユニットCAP-G/ycg1^[53][54]
  • コンデンシンサブユニットCAP-D2/ycs4^[55][56]

• 細胞骨格制御
  • 微小管結合タンパク質TOG^[57][58]/Stu2^[59]

• 細胞増殖制御
  • TOR (target of rapamycin)^[60]

• その他
  • API5 (Apoptosis inhibitor 5)^[61]
  • V型ATPaseのHサブユニット^[62]
  • 全身性エリテマトーデスの免疫応答の自己抗原Ro^[63]
  • 細胞質ポリアデニル複合体symplekin^[64]
  • 癌抑制遺伝子Tsc1^[65]
  • COP9シグナロソームのサブユニット7（CSN7）^[66]
  • PI4キナーゼStt4複合体のサブユニットEFR3^[67]
  • レンズ上皮由来増殖因子LEDGFのIBD (HIV-1 integrase binding domain)^[68]

HEATリピートと類似の構造をもつリピート配列として、アルマジロリピート（Armadillo [ARM] repeat）^[69]、やPUFリピート（Pumilio/fem-3 mRNA binding factor [PUF] repeat^[70][71]）がある。

1. 1 2 Cingolani G, Petosa C, Weis K, Müller CW (1999). “Structure of importin-beta bound to the IBB domain of importin-alpha”. Nature 399 (6733): 221-229. PMID 10353244. 
2. ↑ Yoshimura SH, Hirano T (2016). “HEAT repeats - versatile arrays of amphiphilic helices working in crowded environments?”. J. Cell Sci. 129 (21): 3963-3970. PMID 27802131. 
3. ↑ Grinthal A, Adamovic I, Weiner B, Karplus M, Kleckner N (2010). “PR65, the HEAT-repeat scaffold of phosphatase PP2A, is an elastic connector that links force and catalysis”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 107 (6): 2467-2472. PMID 20133745. 
4. ↑ Kappel C, Zachariae U, Dölker N, Grubmüller H (2010). “An unusual hydrophobic core confers extreme flexibility to HEAT repeat proteins”. Biophys. J. 99 (5): 1596-1603. PMID 20816072. 
5. ↑ Yoshimura SH, Kumeta M, Takeyasu K (2014). “Structural mechanism of nuclear transport mediated by importin β and flexible amphiphilic proteins”. Structure 22 (12): 1699-1710. PMID 25435324. 
6. ↑ Andrade MA, Bork P (1995). “HEAT repeats in the Huntington's disease protein”. Nat. Genet. 11 (2): 115-116. PMID 7550332. 
7. ↑ Malik HS, Eickbush TH, Goldfarb DS (1997). “Evolutionary specialization of the nuclear targeting apparatus”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94 (25): 13738-13742. PMID 9391096. 
8. ↑ Neuwald AF, Hirano T (2000). “HEAT repeats associated with condensins, cohesins, and other complexes involved in chromosome-related functions”. Genome Res. 10 (10): 1445-52. PMID 11042144. 
9. ↑ Jäger H, Herzig B, Herzig A, Sticht H, Lehner CF, Heidmann S (2004). “Structure predictions and interaction studies indicate homology of separase N-terminal regulatory domains and Drosophila THR”. Cell Cycle 3 (3): 182-188. PMID 14712087. 
10. ↑ Perry J, Kleckner N (2003). “The ATRs, ATMs, and TORs are giant HEAT repeat proteins”. Cell 112 (2): 151-155. PMID 12553904. 
11. ↑ Baretić D, Williams RL (2014). “PIKKs--the solenoid nest where partners and kinases meet”. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 29: 134-142. PMID 25460276. 
12. ↑ Ohkura H, Garcia MA, Toda T (2001). “Dis1/TOG universal microtubule adaptors - one MAP for all?”. J. Cell Sci. 114 (Pt 21): 3805-3812. PMID 11719547. 
13. ↑ Al-Bassam J, Kim H, Brouhard G, van Oijen A, Harrison SC, Chang F (2010). “CLASP promotes microtubule rescue by recruiting tubulin dimers to the microtubule”. Dev. Cell 19 (2): 245-258. PMID 20708587. 
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15. ↑ Xu Y, Xing Y, Chen Y, Chao Y, Lin Z, Fan E, Yu JW, Strack S, Jeffrey PD, Shi Y (2006). “Structure of the protein phosphatase 2A holoenzyme”. Cell 127 (6): 1239-1251. PMID 17174897. 
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17. ↑ Goldenberg SJ, Cascio TC, Shumway SD, Garbutt KC, Liu J, Xiong Y, Zheng N (2004). “Structure of the Cand1-Cul1-Roc1 complex reveals regulatory mechanisms for the assembly of the multisubunit cullin-dependent ubiquitin ligases”. Cell 119 (4): 517-528. PMID 15537541. 
18. ↑ Takagi K, Kim S, Yukii H, Ueno M, Morishita R, Endo Y, Kato K, Tanaka K, Saeki Y, Mizushima T (2012). “Structural basis for specific recognition of Rpt1p, an ATPase subunit of 26 S proteasome, by proteasome-dedicated chaperone Hsm3p”. J. Biol. Chem. 287 (15): 12172-12182. PMID 22334676. 
19. ↑ Chook YM, Blobel G (1999). “Structure of the nuclear transport complex karyopherin-beta2-Ran x GppNHp”. Nature 399 (6733): 230-237. PMID 10353245. 
20. ↑ Bayliss R, Littlewood T, Stewart M (2000). “Structural basis for the interaction between FxFG nucleoporin repeats and importin-beta in nuclear trafficking”. Cell 102 (1): 99-108. PMID 10929717. 
21. ↑ Matsuura Y, Stewart M (2004). “Structural basis for the assembly of a nuclear export complex”. Nature 432 (7019): 872-877. PMID 15602554. 
22. ↑ Imasaki T, Shimizu T, Hashimoto H, Hidaka Y, Kose S, Imamoto N, Yamada M, Sato M (2007). “Structural basis for substrate recognition and dissociation by human transportin 1”. Mol. Cell 28 (1): 57-67. PMID 17936704. 
23. ↑ Montpetit B, Thomsen ND, Helmke KJ, Seeliger MA, Berger JM, Weis K (2011). “A conserved mechanism of DEAD-box ATPase activation by nucleoporins and InsP6 in mRNA export”. Nature 472 (7342): 238-242. PMID 21441902. 
24. ↑ Andersen KR, Onischenko E, Tang JH, Kumar P, Chen JZ, Ulrich A, Liphardt JT, Weis K, Schwartz TU (2013). “Scaffold nucleoporins Nup188 and Nup192 share structural and functional properties with nuclear transport receptors”. eLife 11 (2): e00745. PMID 23795296. 
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26. ↑ Scheer E, Delbac F, Tora L, Moras D, Romier C (2012). “TFIID TAF6-TAF9 complex formation involves the HEAT repeat-containing C-terminal domain of TAF6 and is modulated by TAF5 protein”. J. Biol. Chem. 287 (33): 27580-27592. PMID 22696218. 
27. ↑ Wollmann P, Cui S, Viswanathan R, Berninghausen O, Wells MN, Moldt M, Witte G, Butryn A, Wendler P, Beckmann R, Auble DT, Hopfner KP (2011). “Structure and mechanism of the Swi2/Snf2 remodeller Mot1 in complex with its substrate TBP”. Nature 475 (7356): 403-407. PMID 21734658. 
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30. ↑ Marcotrigiano J, Lomakin IB, Sonenberg N, Pestova TV, Hellen CU, Burley SK (2001). “A conserved HEAT domain within eIF4G directs assembly of the translation initiation machinery”. Moll. Cell 7 (1): 193-203. PMID 11172724. 
31. ↑ Nozawa K, Ishitani R, Yoshihisa T, Sato M, Arisaka F, Kanamaru S, Dohmae N, Mangroo D, Senger B, Becker HD, Nureki O (2013). “Crystal structure of Cex1p reveals the mechanism of tRNA trafficking between nucleus and cytoplasm”. Nucleic Acids Res. 41 (6): 3901-3914. PMID 23396276. 
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