2022 Malaysian general election

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

General elections were held in Malaysia on Saturday, 19 November 2022.[2][3] The prospect of snap elections had been considered high due to the political crisis that had been ongoing since 2020; political instability caused by coalition or party switching among members of Parliament, combined with the fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic, contributed to the resignation of two prime ministers and the collapse of each of their respective coalition governments since the 2018 general elections.

Registered21,173,638 (Increase 41.72%)
Turnout74.13% (Decrease 8.19pp)
Quick facts All 222 seats in the Dewan Rakyat 112 seats needed for a majority, Registered ...
2022 Malaysian general election
← 2018
19 November 2022 (2022-11-19)[a]
Next â†’
All 222 seats in the Dewan Rakyat[a]
112 seats needed for a majority
Registered21,173,638 (Increase 41.72%)
Turnout74.13% (Decrease 8.19pp)
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Anwar Ibrahim Muhyiddin Yassin Ahmad Zahid Hamidi[b]
Party PKR BERSATU UMNO
Alliance Pakatan Harapan Perikatan Nasional Barisan Nasional
Leader's seat Tambun Pagoh Bagan Datuk
Last election 41.29%, 100 seats[c] 24.07%, 32 seats[d] 27.79%, 58 seats[e]
Seats won 82[f] 74 30
Seat change Decrease 18 Increase 42 Decrease 28
Popular vote 5,931,519 4,701,906 3,653,069
Percentage 38.00% 30.12% 23.40%
Swing Decrease 3.83pp Increase 6.28pp Decrease 5.43pp
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Abang Johari Hajiji Noor Shafie Apdal
Party PBB GRS Heritage Party
Alliance GPS GRS
Leader's seat Not contesting[g] Not contesting[h] Semporna
Last election 3.82%, 19 seats[i] 0.71%, 2 seats[j] 2.32%, 8 seats
Seats won 23 6 3
Seat change Increase 4 Increase 4 Decrease 5
Popular vote 662,551 202,376 300,497
Percentage 4.12% 1.31% 1.93%
Swing Increase 0.12pp Increase 0.60pp Decrease 0.39pp
  Seventh party Eighth party
 
Leader Peter Anthony Larry Sng[k]
Party KDM PBM
Leader's seat Not contesting[l] Julau
Last election Did not contest Did not contest
Seats won 1 1
Seat change New New
Popular vote 52,054 16,437
Percentage 0.34% 0.11%
Swing New New
Prime Minister before election

Ismail Sabri Yaakob
BN

 Elected Prime Minister

Anwar Ibrahim[1]
PH

Close

The term of the 14th Parliament was due to expire on 16 July 2023, five years after its first meeting on 16 July 2018.[4] However, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King of Malaysia), Abdullah of Pahang, dissolved parliament at the request of Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob on 10 October 2022. Constitutionally, the elections were required to be held within 60 days of the dissolution, making 9 December the last possible polling day.[5]

Historically, general elections for all state legislative assemblies of Malaysia except Sarawak had been held concurrently as a cost-saving measure. However, the states could dissolve their own legislatures independently from Parliament, and several states (Sabah, Malacca and Johor) had held early elections due to the political instability, disrupting their usual electoral cycle. The governments of these states and Sarawak indicated that they would not be holding state elections concurrently. The governments of several other states, primarily those under a Pakatan Harapan or Perikatan Nasional government, stated that they would prefer to complete a full term.[6][7] By 19 October, all Pakatan-led states, Penang, Selangor and Negeri Sembilan, as well as Perikatan-led states, Kedah, Kelantan and Terengganu, already confirmed not to be dissolving their state legislatures.[8][9]

The elections were the first in which 18–20-year-olds were eligible to vote, following a constitutional amendment reducing the voting age from 21 to 18. Additionally, all voters were automatically registered, so the electorate expanded by around six million people or 31%.[10]

Results for 220 out of all 222 contested seats in the Dewan Rakyat were announced by the morning of 20 November 2022, although polling in the constituency of Padang Serai was postponed until 7 December due to the death of the Pakatan Harapan candidate, Karuppaiya Muthusamy, three days before the elections.[11] Voting in Baram was suspended on polling day due to flooding and inclement weather preventing polling workers from reaching the polling stations, and was instead completed on 21 November.[12]

The elections resulted in a hung parliament, the first federal election to have had such a result in the nation's history. Pakatan Harapan remained the coalition with the most seats in the Dewan Rakyat albeit with a reduced share, with its largest losses in Kedah. Perikatan Nasional swept the northwestern and east coastal states of Peninsular Malaysia in a landslide, winning every seat in the states of Perlis, Kelantan and Terengganu, and all but one in Kedah; dubbed by many people as the "Green Wave" (Malay: "Gelombang Hijau").[13][14][15][16][17][18] The historically dominant Barisan Nasional fell to third place, having lost most of its seats to Perikatan Nasional.

A number of prominent incumbent Members of Parliament lost their seats, including former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad in Langkawi, where he also forfeited his deposit. Former Finance Minister Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah was defeated by a narrow margin in Gua Musang, while Trade Minister and former Menteri Besar of Selangor, Azmin Ali, lost in Gombak. Former Housing Minister Zuraida Kamaruddin was defeated in Ampang, and former Domestic Trade Minister Saifuddin Nasution Ismail lost in Kulim-Bandar Baharu.

Also defeated were Nurul Izzah Anwar and Mukhriz Mahathir, the children of Anwar Ibrahim and Mahathir Mohamad, respectively. Former Ministers of the Federal Territories from Barisan Nasional and Pakatan Harapan, Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor and Khalid Abdul Samad, were defeated in Putrajaya and Titiwangsa, respectively.

Incumbent Finance Minister and Senator Tengku Zafrul Aziz failed to secure a seat in the Dewan Rakyat for Kuala Selangor, losing by a narrow margin. Similarly, Health Minister Khairy Jamaluddin, the son-in-law of former Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, was defeated by a slim majority in Sungai Buloh.

After securing support from Barisan Nasional, Gabungan Parti Sarawak, the Heritage Party, Malaysian United Democratic Alliance, Parti Bangsa Malaysia and several independent MPs,[19] Pakatan Harapan chairman Anwar Ibrahim was appointed and sworn in as prime minister on 24 November 2022 by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.[20][21] Gabungan Rakyat Sabah also expressed its support for Anwar,[22] while Perikatan Nasional opted to assume the role of the official opposition.[23]

Background

Previous election

Main article: 2018 Malaysian general election

The 2018 federal election resulted in a change in government for the first time in Malaysian history since direct elections were first held in 1955. Pakatan Harapan, then a centre-left coalition between four parties, won 113 seats in the Dewan Rakyat (a two-seat majority) against the right-wing Barisan Nasional coalition, which won 79 seats. Pakatan Harapan entered government at the federal level with support from the Sabah Heritage Party. The concurrent state elections also saw Pakatan Harapan winning a majority for the first time in Johor, Malacca and Negeri Sembilan. Hung parliaments were recorded in Kedah, Perak and Sabah, but changes in party membership of the legislators after the election allowed Pakatan Harapan (or the Sabah Heritage Party in Sabah) to enter government in these states as well.

Significant events

In July 2019, the Constitution (Amendment) Act 2019, which contained provisions to lower the voting age to 18 and allow for the automatic registration of voters, was enacted by Parliament.[24] The Election Commission announced in June 2020 that preparations for these changes would be ready by July 2021.[25] The 2022 election marked the first in which the 18–20 age group is entitled to vote.[26]

Since losing re-election in 2018, former prime minister Najib Razak was put on trial, convicted and imprisoned in relation to the 1MDB scandal.[27] The scandal severely impacted UMNO in the previous election and has a continuing legacy in Malaysian politics. Trials and investigations remain ongoing.[28][29]

The COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia emerged as a major health crisis from early 2020. It had significant impacts on Malaysia's economy and society.[30][31]

2020–22 political crisis

Main article: 2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis

A political crisis began in Malaysia in early 2020, leading to the resignation of two prime ministers and significant shifts in parliament over the subsequent two years.[31] In late February 2020, a majority of the 32 members of the Malaysian United Indigenous Party withdrew from the governing Pakatan Harapan-led coalition, causing it to lose its majority in the Dewan Rakyat, and partnered with Barisan Nasional. Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad then resigned, creating a power vacuum in the executive branch.[32] This movement later became known as Sheraton Move. On 1 March, Muhyiddin Yassin was appointed prime minister, and a Malaysian United Indigenous Party-led minority government was formed under new coalition Perikatan Nasional, with confidence and supply from Barisan Nasional.[32] Political instability continued after this, exacerbated by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The crisis escalated in mid-2021, leading to Muhyiddin losing parliamentary support over the COVID-19 response and resigning.[31] On 20 August 2021, Ismail Sabri Yaakob was appointed prime minister as his replacement.[33]

This political instability led to calls for a snap general election from various lawmakers, and there was speculation that one would be held since 2020.[34][35][36] In June 2022, Ismail Sabri said he would not delay the dissolution of parliament, amid continued pressure from his party UMNO to hold a general election as soon as possible. He said he would consult with his allies in the Barisan Nasional alliance on the date, as well as leaders of his party UMNO.[36] Ismail Sabri announced the dissolution on 10 October 2022.[5]

Electoral system

Further information: Elections in Malaysia

Elections in Malaysia are conducted at the federal and state levels. Federal elections elect members of the Dewan Rakyat, the lower house of Parliament, while state elections in each of the 13 states elect members of their respective state legislative assembly. As Malaysia follows the Westminster system of government, the head of government (Prime Minister at the federal level and the Chief Ministers, the so-called Menteri Besar, at the state level) is the person who commands the confidence of the majority of members in the respective legislature – this is normally the leader of the party or coalition with the majority of seats in the legislature.

The Dewan Rakyat consists of 222 members, known as Members of Parliament (MPs), that are elected for five-year terms. Each MP is elected from a single-member constituency using the first-past-the-post voting system. If one party obtains a majority of seats, then that party is entitled to form the government, with its leader becoming the prime minister. In the event of a hung parliament, where no single party obtains the majority of seats, the government may still form through a coalition or a confidence and supply agreement with other parties. In practice, coalitions and alliances in Malaysia generally persist between elections, and member parties do not normally contest for the same seats.

In July 2019, the Constitution (Amendment) Act 2019 was enacted that provided for the voting age to be lowered to 18 and for automatic registration of voters.[24] Previously, the voting age was 21[37][38] although the age of majority in the country was 18.[39] Automatic voter registration and the lowered voting age simultaneously came into effect in early 2022, with this election being the first federal election with the expanded electoral franchise.[25] Malaysia does not currently practice compulsory voting. The Election Commission is under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister's Department.

In late 2022, several news outlets and publishing companies began launching apps and websites to announce the upcoming GE15 results and news.[40]

Timeline

Dissolution of parliament

The 14th Parliament of Malaysia was dissolved on 10 October 2022, during a special televised address by Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob, following an audience with the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Abdullah, a day prior, whereby he provided consent for the dissolution. The election had to be held within 60 days or by 9 December.[41]

The Constitution of Malaysia requires that a general election be held in the fifth calendar year after the first sitting unless it is dissolved earlier by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong following a motion of no confidence, loss of supply or a request by the prime minister.

Dissolution of state legislatures

While any state may dissolve its legislature independently of Parliament, most of them had historically dissolve at around the same time as Parliament such that federal and state elections are held simultaneously. In accordance with Malaysian law, Parliament as well as the legislative assemblies of each state would automatically expire on the fifth anniversary of the first sitting of a term, unless dissolved prior to that date by the relevant heads of state on the advice of their respective heads of government. Elections must be held within sixty days of expiry or dissolution.

More information Dates of the legislature of each state would expire and their actual dissolution dates, Legislature (and term number) ...
Dates of the legislature of each state would expire and their actual dissolution dates
Legislature
(and term number)		 Term began Refs Term ends
(on or before)		 Latest possible
election date		 Actual dissolution
date		 Refs
Perlis Perlis (14th)20 July 2018[42]20 July 202318 September 202314 October 2022 [43]
Pahang Pahang (14th)2 July 2018[44]2 July 202331 August 202314 October 2022 [45]
Perak Perak (14th)3 July 2018[46]3 July 20231 September 202317 October 2022 [47]
Selangor Selangor (14th)26 June 2018[48]26 June 202325 August 2023 Not dissolving[m] [8]
Kelantan Kelantan (14th)28 June 2018[50]28 June 202327 August 2023 [9]
Terengganu Terengganu (14th)1 July 2018[51]1 July 202330 August 2023
Negeri Sembilan Negeri Sembilan (14th)2 July 2018[52]2 July 202331 August 2023 [8]
Kedah Kedah (14th)4 July 2018[53]4 July 20232 September 2023 [9]
Penang Penang (14th)2 August 2018[54]2 August 20231 October 2023 [8]
Sabah Sabah (16th)9 October 2020[55]9 October 20258 December 2025 [56]
Malacca Malacca (15th)27 December 2021[57]27 December 202625 February 2027
Sarawak Sarawak (19th)14 February 2022[58]14 February 202715 April 2027
Johor Johor (15th) 21 April 2022[59]21 April 202720 June 2027
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Pre-nomination events

On 17 October 2022, the Election Commission of Malaysia (SPR) updated the roster of 63 parties and coalitions eligible to contest in its own right. Independents are allowed to contest using symbols predefined by the SPR.[60]

Timetable

More information Dates, Events ...
The key dates are listed below
Dates Events
10 October Dissolution of parliament
20 October Election Commission announcement of Election Day and its timeline
20 October Issue of the Writ of Election
5 November Nomination day
5–18 November Campaigning period
15–18 November Early polling day for postal and advance voters
19 November Polling day (except P017 Padang Serai)
24 November Inauguration of the new prime minister Anwar Ibrahim at Istana Negara[21]
P017 Padang Serai[61]
18 November Issue of the Writ of Election for P017 Padang Serai
24 November Nomination day
24 November – 6 December Campaigning period
3 – 6 December Early polling day for postal, overseas and advance voters
7 December Polling day
P220 Baram
21 November Polling day for remaining 11 polling stations
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Last election pendulum

(Results and status at 9 May 2018) The 14th general election witnessed 124 governmental seats and 98 non-governmental seats filled the Dewan Rakyat. The government side has 49 safe seats and 11 fairly safe seats, while the other side has 21 safe seats and 4 fairly safe seats.

Political parties and candidates

Main article: List of candidates in the 2022 Malaysian general election

The election saw numerous changes in seats from all political sides, with candidates either announced to be departing from their original constituencies to contest in another constituency, or several high-profile members of parliament being dropped from selection. Those who were dropped or not selected however went on to contest as independent candidates or in opposing parties to defend their seats or seek re-election, resulting in their memberships dropped.

UMNO deputy president Mohamad Hasan announced his intention to contest the Rembau seat, replacing incumbent Khairy Jamaluddin, who was expected to be fielded in an opposition-majority seat,[62] which eventually turned out to be Sungai Buloh, one of the seats that has been a PKR stronghold.[63] In addition, several high-profile incumbent UMNO MPs, including Shahidan Kassim, Annuar Musa and Tajuddin Abdul Rahman, were dropped from contesting following rumors after they were believed to be supporting Ismail Sabri instead of Zahid Hamidi.[64][65] Among those dropped, Zahidi Zainul Abidin, the incumbent Padang Besar MP, contested as an independent while Shahidan contested to defend his Arau seat under the Perikatan banner, resulting in both their and several others' memberships dropped.[66] In a similar move, incumbent PAS Tumpat MP Che Abdullah Mat Nawi contested to defend his seat under the BN ticket after he was dropped from the candidates' list, resulting in him expelled from PAS.[67]

A few of the more notable changes in PKR were Anwar's decision to contest in the Tambun parliamentary seat,[68] with Wan Azizah Wan Ismail contesting the Bandar Tun Razak seat, as part of PKR's plan to field high-ranking members in seats previously held by defected party members.[69] One of the most anticipated seats, Gombak, saw Selangor's Menteri Besar Amirudin Shari nominated as PH candidate to face incumbent Azmin Ali,[70] who was one of the key ringleaders of the ongoing political crisis.[71] PKR also announced several other high-profile direct candidates to contest under the PH banner.[72] Former Batu MP Tian Chua, who was not selected to contest in favor of incumbent Prabakaran Parameswaran, sought to seek re-election by contesting as an independent candidate for his seat, leading to his expulsion from the party.[73]

Meanwhile, DAP had dropped two of its incumbent MPs, Charles Santiago and Wong Tack from their respective parliamentary seats,[74] in place of younger candidates,[75][76] leading both to question the party's reasoning behind their droppings,[77] with Wong later announcing his intention to defend his seat as an independent candidate,[78] thus also resulting in his expulsion from the party.[79]

On 16 November, Padang Serai's incumbent MP Karupaiya Mutusami died three days before the election.[80] This marked the third time in Malaysian election history that a nominated candidate died in between nomination and polling dates.[81] The Election Commission announced that polling for Padang Serai would take place on 7 December following a meeting on Friday (18 November),[82] a day before the elections,[83] after polling for the constituency was postponed.[84] Subsequently, PN candidate for the Tioman state seat in Pahang, Yunus Ramli died hours before polling was due to begin on 19 November.[85] The election for the state seat was also postponed to the same date with Padang Serai.[86]

Parties represented in current legislatures

The election would be the first time Pakatan Harapan, Gabungan Parti Sarawak, Gabungan Rakyat Sabah and Perikatan Nasional use their own respective logos.

DAP announced their intention to use the PH logo for West Malaysia seats on 14 November 2021,[87] while they would continue to use their own logo in Sarawak as they did in the previous election and also in the recent state election.[88][89] However, DAP stated that they would be joining other PH parties in using the PH logo in Sabah, in contrast to using their own logo in the previous election, the 2019 Sandakan by-election and using then-ally Warisan's logo in the 2020 Sabah state election.[90] In September 2022, Pakatan formally decided to consider applications by MUDA and the Socialist Party of Malaysia (PSM) to contest under its name.[91] Pakatan chairman Anwar Ibrahim later stated that the coalition would form an electoral pact with the two parties, citing that the application process would need to go through the Registrar of Societies.[92] However, on 30 October, PSM announced that they ended their pact with PH, after they were denied being allocated seats for the election, in particular Sungai Siput where chairman Michael Jeyakumar Devaraj served two terms but was similarly allocated to PKR in 2018.[93] Therefore, PSM decided to contest alone on 2 November 2022

PN component parties in Pahang (Bersatu, PAS, Gerakan) decided to contest on all parliamentary and state assembly seats there on 28 November 2021.[94] The Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), despite being in the PN coalition, announced that they would be contesting using their own logo in Kelantan, Terengganu and Kedah along with other PN candidates in these three predominant Malay/Muslim states.[95] The move was met with objection from GERAKAN, as their policy was to not contest under other party's logo.[96] Some of PN component parties are also part of Gabungan Rakyat Sabah, who intended to use GRS logo in Sabah.[97] Parti Kesejahteraan Demokratik Masyarakat (KDM), a GRS-friendly party initiated by former Warisan Party members, sought to contest at least three seats in Sabah independently.[98]

In August 2022, Pejuang formed a Malay/Muslim-based coalition called as Gerakan Tanah Air (GTA) with 4 other parties (Berjasa, Putra, Gagasan Bangsa and IMAN) and planned to contest 120 parliamentary seats.[99] Mahathir, who initially hesitated to contest until he changed his mind to defend his Langkawi seat, announced that GTA would be contesting under the Pejuang logo, while GTA contestants in Kelantan contested using the logo of Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia (PUTRA), as the coalition's registration was still pending.[100]

Barisan Nasional contested all parliamentary seats outside Sarawak,[101] while respecting Sabah state liaison office's intention to cooperate with Gabungan Rakyat Sabah.[102][103] On 11 December 2021, PBRS announced that they would contest 3 seats in Sabah under Barisan Nasional.[104] In April 2022, UMNO's Supreme Council proposed that Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob be its Prime Ministerial candidate for GE15.[105] Zahid Hamidi, chairman of Barisan Nasional, has officially considered to accept Makkal Sakti's request to contest the election under Barisan Nasional logo on 19 September 2021.[106] The offer was extended to other Friends of BN parties by June 2022.[107] Gabungan Parti Sarawak, whose component parties were part of BN in 2018 election, formulated its election program and competed independently. GPS postponed any coalition and government formation talks until after election and claimed to maintain the status quo of seat allocation.[108]

In this election, the Heritage Party (WARISAN), previously an ally of Pakatan Harapan in the 2018 general election, for the first time contested outside Sabah. As part of the move, it intended on 24 January 2021 to contest all parliamentary and assembly seats in Penang and considered to run in other states.[109]

Extra-parliamentary parties

On 15 December 2021, a group of independent activists calling themselves Gerak Independent announced their intention to run in the election in no more than 10 seats.[110] Parti Bumi Kenyalang (PBK) initially intended to contest all 31 parliamentary seats in Sarawak on 26 January 2022, claiming that it already made ties with unspecified Sabah based party and still opened possibility of cooperating with other Sarawak-only parties.[111] By June 2022 PBK made negotiations with Sarawakian local opposition parties such as PSB, Aspirasi, PBDS (Baru) and SEDAR to avoid clashes in the election without formally forming a coalition.[112] The negotiation produced a cooperation pact between PSB, PBK and PBDS, with PBK contesting mostly under PSB's logo.[113][114] In June 2022 SEDAR announced their intention to contest in Malay/Muslim (and Melanau)-majority of Sarawak seats.[115]

Parti Rakyat Malaysia announced their intention to contest parliamentary seats in Penang respectively on 15 October 2022.[116] PRM later stated that it would contest 28 parliament and 1 state seats nationally, in cooperation with GERAK 98 NGO.[117][118]

Parti Cinta Sabah, Penang Front Party and Sarawak People's Aspiration Party initially declared to their intention to participate but ended up not fielding any candidates.[119][120][121]

Nominated candidates

The election saw a record 945 candidates contesting in all 222 parliamentary seats nationwide, among them a record 108 independent candidates.[122]

More information State, No. ...
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Campaign

Timing of election

Opposition politicians, political analysts and online commentaries criticised the decision to hold the election at the end of 2022 instead of early 2023, which coincides the annual year-end monsoon season.[124][125][126] As Malaysia was already recovering from serious flooding from the previous year, opposition politicians accused the ruling government for being inconsiderate towards flood victims. This condition was also seen by opposition parties as a deliberate tactic to discourage a high voter turnout that could potentially benefit opposition parties.[127][128][129] In response, UMNO president Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, who remarked that the election was to proceed despite concerns of nationwide floods,[125] accused opposition parties as "cowards" and "wanting them to buy time" to garner extra support, further adding that his remarks were taken out of context.[130][131] Despite these remarks, authorities began preparations in the event flooding occurs during polling day.[132][133]

The decision to dissolve parliament early was also seen by several other opposition politicians as an attempt to prevent more BN politicians from being charged with corruption, or in an effort towards pardoning jailed politicians such as former prime minister Najib Razak who was found guilty for his role in the 1MDB scandal.[134] This was evidenced by a video online showing Zahid Hamidi speaking at a Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC) general meeting in which he warned other BN politicians that they would be the next ones to be charged should BN lose the election.[135][136] Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob said he dissolved Parliament because it was impossible to go on some issues, and that UMNO was pushing for it ever since BN won big in the 2022 Johor state election in March.[137]

Youth vote

The 2022 election was the first Malaysian federal election in which the voting age is over 18 as opposed to over 21 previously. Around 6 million new voters, either young or previously unregistered, were expected to participate in the election.[138] The 18–20 age group represented 1.39 million first-time voters, and voters aged 18–39 account for about 50% of Malaysia's 21 million registered voters.[26]

Endorsements

Main article: Endorsements in the 2022 Malaysian general election

Newspapers, organisations and individuals endorsed parties or individual candidates for the election.

Outgoing members of parliament

The seats of Gerik and Batu Sapi were left vacant due to the deaths of their respective MPs, Hasbullah Osman (BN-UMNO) and Liew Vui Keong (WARISAN) in 2020.[139][140] By-elections were due to be held, but did not materialise due to the declaration of the state of emergency during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021.[141] The declarations were later revoked by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong following the dissolution of parliament.[142]

More information No., Constituency ...
Members of the 14th Parliament who were not contesting the 2022 election
No. Constituency Departing MP First elected Party Date announced Reason Refs
P054 Gerik Hasbullah Osman 2013 BN (UMNO) 16 November 2020 Died in office [139]
P139 Jasin Ahmad Hamzah 2008 20 December 2020 Not seeking re-election [143]
P061 Padang Rengas Mohamed Nazri Abdul Aziz 1995 28 August 2021 [144]
P085 Pekan Najib Razak 1976 23 August 2022 Criminal conviction [145]
P033 Besut Idris Jusoh 1995 24 October 2022 Not seeking re-election [146]
P081 Jerantut Ahmad Nazlan Idris 2013 31 October 2022 [147]
P026 Ketereh Annuar Musa 1990 1 November 2022 Dropped by party [65]
P067 Kuala Kangsar Mastura Mohd Yazid 2016
P073 Pasir Salak Tajuddin Abdul Rahman 2008 Membership suspended[148]
P155 Tenggara Adham Baba 2004 Dropped by party
P156 Kota Tinggi Halimah Mohamed Sadique 2008
P127 Jempol Mohd Salim Shariff 2018 3 November 2022 [149]
P095 Tanjong Karang Noh Omar 1995 [150]
P162 Iskandar Puteri Lim Kit Siang 1969 PH (DAP) 20 March 2022 Retiring from politics [151]
P102 Bangi Ong Kian Ming 2013 9 May 2022 Not seeking re-election [152]
P046 Batu Kawan Kasthuriraani Patto 2013 20 October 2022 [153]
P208 Sarikei Wong Ling Biu 2013 23 October 2022 Dropped by party [154]
P110 Klang Charles Santiago 2008 26 October 2022 [155]
P106 Damansara Tony Pua Kiam Wee 2008 26 October 2022 Not seeking re-election [155]
P060 Taiping Teh Kok Lim 2018 28 October 2022 Transferred to Aulong state seat [156]
P070 Kampar Thomas Su Keong Siong 2013 28 October 2022 Transferred to Ketari state seat [157]
P048 Bukit Bendera Wong Hon Wai 2018 30 October 2022 Transferred to Paya Terubong state seat [158]
P116 Wangsa Maju Tan Yee Kew 1995 PH (PKR) 18 October 2022 Not seeking re-election [159]
P009 Alor Setar Chan Ming Kai 2018 22 October 2022 Dropped by party [160]
P015 Sungai Petani Johari Abdul 2008 28 October 2022 [161]
P071 Gopeng Lee Boon Chye 2008 28 October 2022 Not seeking re-election [162]
P094 Hulu Selangor June Leow Hsiad Hui 2018 28 October 2022 Dropped by party [163]
P105 Petaling Jaya Maria Chin Abdullah 2018 28 October 2022
P107 Sungai Buloh Sivarasa Rasiah 2018 28 October 2022 Dropped by party [164]
P141 Sekijang Natrah Ismail 2018 28 October 2022 Dropped by party [163]
P219 Miri Michael Teo Yu Keng 2013 1 November 2022 [165]
P017 Padang Serai Karupaiya Mutusami 2018 16 November 2022 Died during campaigning period [80]
P133 Tampin Hasan Bahrom 2018 PH (AMANAH) 18 October 2022 Not seeking re-election [166]
P088 Temerloh Mohd Anuar Mohd Tahir 2018 25 October 2022 Health issues [167]
P101 Hulu Langat Hasanuddin Mohd Yunus 2018 30 October 2022 Dropped by party [168]
P113 Sepang Mohamed Hanipa Maidin 2013 30 October 2022 Health issues
P042 Tasek Gelugor Shabudin Yahaya 2013 PN (BERSATU) 18 June 2022 Not seeking re-election [169][170]
P167 Kudat Abdul Rahim Bakri 2004 12 August 2022
P177 Beaufort Azizah Mohd Dun 2004 12 August 2022
P154 Mersing Abdul Latiff Ahmad 1999 16 October 2022
P058 Bagan Serai Noor Azmi Ghazali 2013 1 November 2022 Dropped by party [171]
P030 Jeli Mustapa Mohamed 1995 2 November 2022 Health issues [172]
P178 Sipitang Yamani Hafez Musa 2018 2 November 2022 Dropped by party [173]
P184 Libaran Zakaria Edris 2018 2 November 2022
P025 Bachok Nik Mohamed Abduh Nik Abdul Aziz 2013 PN (PAS) 2 November 2022 Not seeking re-election [174]
P112 Kuala Langat Xavier Jayakumar Arulanandam 2018 PBM 20 October 2022 [175]
P188 Lahad Datu Mohamaddin Ketapi 2018 4 November 2022 [176]
P158 Tebrau Steven Choong Shiau Yoon 2018 4 November 2022 [177]
P140 Segamat Edmund Santhara Kumar 2018 5 November 2022 [177]
P193 Santubong Wan Junaidi 1990 GPS (PBB) 30 October 2022 [178]
P201 Batang Lupar Rohani Abdul Karim 1990 3 November 2022 Dropped by party [179]
P204 Betong Robert Lawson Chuat 2018 3 November 2022
P185 Batu Sapi Liew Vui Keong 2008 WARISAN 2 October 2020 Died in office [140]
P149 Sri Gading Shahruddin Md Salleh 2018 GTA (PEJUANG) 2 November 2022 Dropped by party [180]
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More information No., Constituency ...
Members of the 14th Parliament who lost reelection in the 2022 election
No. Constituency Departing MP First elected Party
P007 Padang Terap Mahdzir Khalid 2013 BN (UMNO)
P016 Baling Abdul Azeez Abdul Rahim 2013
P019 Tumpat Che Abdullah Mat Nawi 2018
P029 Machang Ahmad Jazlan Yaakub 2013
P032 Gua Musang Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah 1964
P041 Kepala Batas Reezal Merican Naina Merican 2013
P069 Parit Mohd Nizar Zakaria 2008
P087 Kuala Krau Ismail Mohamed Said 2004
P125 Putrajaya Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor 2004
P131 Rembau Khairy Jamaluddin 2008[n]
P181 Tenom Noorita Sual 2018 PH (DAP)
P002 Kangar Noor Amin Ahmad 2018 PH (PKR)
P010 Kuala Kedah Azman Ismail 2013
P014 Merbok Nor Azrina Surip 2018
P018 Kulim-Bandar Baharu Saifuddin Nasution Ismail 2008
P044 Permatang Pauh Nurul Izzah Anwar 2008
P083 Kuantan Fuziah Salleh 2008
P109 Kapar Abdullah Sani Abdul Hamid 2008
P136 Tangga Batu Rusnah Aluai 2018
P137 Hang Tuah Jaya Shamsul Iskandar Md. Akin 2013[o]
P151 Simpang Renggam Maszlee Malik 2018
P173 Putatan Awang Husaini Sahari 2018
P190 Tawau Christina Liew Chin Jin 2018
P008 Pokok Sena Mahfuz Omar 1999 PH (AMANAH)
P057 Parit Buntar Mujahid Yusof Rawa 2008
P074 Lumut Mohd Hatta Ramli 2008
P108 Shah Alam Khalid Samad 2008[p]
P047 Nibong Tebal Mansor Othman 2013 PN (BERSATU)
P063 Tambun Ahmad Faizal Azumu 2018
P098 Gombak Mohamed Azmin Ali 2008
P119 Titiwangsa Rina Harun 2018[q]
P124 Bandar Tun Razak Kamaruddin Jaffar 1999
P129 Kuala Pilah Eddin Syazlee Shith 2018
P135 Alor Gajah Mohd Redzuan Md Yusof 2018
P150 Batu Pahat Mohd Rashid Hasnon 2018
P203 Lubok Antu Jugah Muyang 2018
P099 Ampang Zuraida Kamaruddin 2008 PBM
P004 Langkawi Mahathir Mohamad 1964 GTA (PEJUANG)
P005 Jerlun Mukhriz Mahathir 2008
P006 Kubang Pasu Amiruddin Hamzah 2018
P166 Labuan Rozman Isli 2013 WARISAN
P171 Sepanggar Azis Jamman 2018
P174 Penampang Ignatius Dorell Leiking 2013
P175 Papar Ahmad Hassan 2018
P168 Kota Marudu Maximus Ongkili 2004 GRS (PBS)
P214 Selangau Baru Bian 2018[r] PSB
P001 Padang Besar Zahidi Zainul Abidin 2008 Independent
P089 Bentong Wong Tack 2018
P202 Sri Aman Masir Kujat 2008
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Opinion polls

More information National polls, Polling firm ...

National polls

2022

Polling firm Dates conducted Sample size PH BN PN GPS W MUDA GTA Ind Und Lead Ref
Vodus 12 – 18 November 2022 7,937 35% 28% 30% 3% 2% – 1% 1% 0% PH +5% [181]
YouGov 8 – 14 November 2022 2,687 35% 18% 21% 3% 1% – 1% 3% 20% PH +14% [182]
Merdeka Center 19 – 28 October 2022 1,209 26% 24% 13% – – – – 2% 35% PH +2% [183]
IDE-Toyo University 21 – 28 October 2022 2,423 31% 28% 13% – – – – – 29% PH +3% [184]
O2 Malaysia 5 – 10 October 2022 1,105 39% 26% 17% 4% 3% 4% 1% 7% – PH +13% [185]
ISEAS/YouGov 5 – 30 September 2022 805[s] 11% 19% 11% – – 9% 1% – 43% BN +8% [186]
Merdeka Center as of 30 September 2022 – 27% 27% 9% – – – – – 33% Tie [187]
Ilham Centre 1 Aug – 30 September 2022 1,622 18% 35% 12% – – – – 15% 21% BN +17% [188]
Merdeka Center as of 30 July 2022 – 23% 28% 13% – – – – – 37% BN +5% [187]
as of 31 May 2022 26% 29% 14% – – – – – 31% BN +3%

2018–2021

Polling firm Dates conducted Sample size PH BN PN GPS W MUDA GTA Ind Und Lead Ref
Emir Research August 2020 2,096 10% 47% 27% 2% 2% – 6% – 6% BN +20% [189]
Emir Research[t] 15 Jan – 25 February 2020 2,002 30% 53% – – – – – – – BN +23% [190]
Emir Research[t] 5 Sep – 10 October 2019 1,992 43% 39% – – – – – 17% – PH +3% [191]

Results of the 14th Malaysian general election, 9 May 2018

Polling firm Dates conducted Total votes PH BN GS USA W – – Ind Und Lead Ref
General election 9 May 2018 12,299,514 46% 34% 17% 0.5% 2% – – 0.5% – PH +12%
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More information Region polls, Polling firm ...

Region polls

2022

Polling firm Dates conducted Region Sample size PH BN PN GPS W MUDA GTA Ind Und Lead Ref
Vodus 12 – 18 November 2022 Peninsula 7,937 37% 30% 33% – – – – 0% 0% PH +4% [181]
Sabah 21% 48% 13% – 17% – – 1% 0% BN / GRS +27%
Sarawak 23% 0% 9% 54% – – – 14% 0% GPS +31%
Merdeka Center 16 – 18 November 2022 Peninsula 5,497 34% 15% 20% – – – – – 22% PH +14% [192]
Endeavour-MGC 7 – 15 November 2022 Peninsula 1,068 34% 34% 30% – – – – – 8% Tie [193]
Merdeka Center 5 – 8 November 2022 Peninsula 1,067 35% 21% 22% – – – – – 22% PH +13% [194]
Vodus 21 Jul – 21 August 2022 Peninsula 74,582 20% 23% 16% – – – – 5% 37% BN +3% [181]
Sabah 14% 17% 13% – 14% – – 5% 37% BN +3% [195]
Sarawak 17% 13% 14% 33% – – – 4% 20% GPS +16%
Johor state election 12 March 2022 Johor 1,391,162 26% 43% 24% – <1% 3% 1% <1% – BN +17%

2018–2021

Polling firm Dates conducted Region Sample size PH BN PN GPS W MUDA GTA Ind Und Lead Ref
Sarawak state election 18 December 2021 Sarawak 746,349 11% – – 61% – – – 28% – GPS +42% [196]
Malacca state election 20 November 2021 Malacca 319,689 36% 38% 24% – – – – 2% – BN +2% [197]
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Results

Main article: Results of the 2022 Malaysian general election by parliamentary constituency
More information Party or alliance, Votes ...
Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Pakatan HarapanPeople's Justice Party2,442,03815.7231–16
Democratic Action Party2,422,57715.5940–2
National Trust Party884,3845.698–3
Malaysian United Democratic Alliance74,3920.481New
United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation72,7510.472+1
Total5,896,14237.9582–18
Perikatan NasionalPan-Malaysian Islamic Party2,259,35314.5443+25
Malaysian United Indigenous Party2,102,15113.5331+17
Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia305,0251.9600
Total4,666,52930.0474+42
Barisan NasionalUnited Malays National Organisation2,549,34116.4126–28
Malaysian Chinese Association665,4364.282+1
Malaysian Indian Congress172,1761.111–1
Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah23,8770.1510
Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress21,4680.1400
Malaysia Makkal Sakti Party10,6600.0700
All Malaysian Indian Progressive Front7,3870.0500
Love Malaysia Party5,4170.0300
Total3,455,76222.2430–28
Gabungan Parti SarawakParti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu343,9542.2114+1
Sarawak United Peoples' Party167,0631.082+1
Progressive Democratic Party84,0450.5420
Parti Rakyat Sarawak67,5390.435+2
Total662,6014.2623+4
Heritage Party300,4971.933–4
Gabungan Rakyat SabahDirect members of GRS94,0850.614+4
United Sabah Party65,3110.4210
Homeland Solidarity Party29,8740.1910
Sabah Progressive Party5,0540.0300
Total194,3241.256+4
Gerakan Tanah AirHomeland Fighter's Party88,7260.570–4
Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia12,0610.0800
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front4,2520.0300
National Indian Muslim Alliance Party4,1360.0300
Total109,1750.700–4
Sarawak United
People's Alliance		Parti Sarawak Bersatu57,5790.370–1
Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak Baru3,0530.0200
Parti Bumi Kenyalang2,3110.0100
Total62,9430.410–1
Social Democratic Harmony Party52,0540.341New
Parti Bangsa Malaysia16,4370.111–5
PSM–PRM
informal coalition		Parti Rakyat Malaysia5,8650.0400
Socialist Party of Malaysia7790.0100
Total6,6440.0400
Sarawak People's Awareness Party1,0360.0100
Sabah People's Unity Party5410.0000
People's First Party2640.0000
Independents111,0430.712–1
Total15,535,992100.002220
Valid votes15,535,99298.98
Invalid/blank votes160,3401.02
Total votes15,696,332100.00
Registered voters/turnout21,173,63874.13
Source: Election Commission of Malaysia[198] The Star[199]
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By alliance

More information State or federal territory, PH + MUDA ...
State or federal territory PH + MUDA PN BN + GRS GPS Other Total
Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes %
Perlis 29,317 19.77 80,287 54.15 35,365 23.85 – n/a 3,308 2.23 148,277
Kedah 281,523 23.28 664,720 54.96 235,353 19.46 – n/a 27,943 2.31 1,209,539
Kelantan 87,293 8.80 631,201 63.66 265,666 26.79 – n/a 7,411 0.75 991,571
Terengganu 40,645 5.50 460,789 62.34 234,392 31.71 – n/a 3,270 0.44 739,096
Penang 566,245 59.99 226,173 23.96 143,398 15.19 – n/a 8,155 0.86 943,971
Perak 641,205 43.29 456,751 30.84 369,848 24.97 – n/a 13,414 0.91 1,481,218
Pahang 199,918 22.90 330,912 37.91 335,048 38.38 – n/a 7,010 0.80 872,888
Selangor 1,547,385 52.85 806,717 27.55 509,852 17.41 – n/a 63,815 2.18 2,927,769
Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur 535,527 62.62 166,056 19.42 136,720 15.99 – n/a 16,891 1.98 855,194
Putrajaya Putrajaya 5,988 16.34 16,002 43.67 13,692 37.37 – n/a 961 2.62 36,643
Negeri Sembilan 295,449 44.80 144,835 21.96 212,167 32.17 – n/a 6,969 1.06 659,420
Malacca 199,267 38.69 159,238 30.92 152,613 29.63 – n/a 3,923 0.76 515,041
Johor 825,182 42.26 519,661 26.62 598,244 30.64 – n/a 9,371 0.48 1,952,458
Labuan Labuan 5,307 18.67 8,124 28.59 7,416 26.10 – n/a 7,572 26.64 28,419
Sabah 294,676 27.58 11,303 1.06 403,295 37.74 – n/a 359,259 33.62 1,068,533
Sarawak Sarawak 376,592 31.95 35,397 3.00 – n/a 662,601 56.21 104,278 8.85 1,178,868
Total 5,931,519 38.00 4,701,906 30.12 3,653,069 23.40 662,601 4.24 643,551 4.12 15,608,906
Source: Election Commission of Malaysia (SPR)[200]
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By parliamentary seats

More information State or federal territory, PH + MUDA ...
State or federal territory PH + MUDA PN BN + GRS GPS Other Total
Seats % +/– Seats % +/– Seats % +/– Seats % +/– Seats % +/–
Perlis 0 n/a Decrease 1 3 100 Increase 3 0 n/a Decrease 2 – n/a 0 0 n/a 0 3
Kedah 1 6.67 Decrease 9 14 93.33 Increase 11 0 n/a Decrease 2 – n/a 0 0 n/a Decrease 3 15
Kelantan 0 0 0 14 100 Increase 3 0 n/a Decrease 3 – n/a 0 0 n/a 0 14
Terengganu 0 0 0 8 100 Increase 2 0 n/a Decrease 2 – n/a 0 0 n/a 0 8
Penang 10 76.92 Steady 3 23.08 Increase 1 0 n/a Decrease 1 – n/a 0 0 n/a 0 13
Perak 11 45.83 Decrease 1 10 41.67 Increase 6 3 12.50 Decrease 5 – n/a 0 0 n/a 0 24
Pahang 2 14.29 Decrease 2 7 50.00 Increase 6 5 35.71 Decrease 4 – n/a 0 0 n/a 0 14
Selangor 16 72.72 Steady 6 27.28 Increase 3 0 n/a Decrease 1 – n/a 0 0 n/a Decrease 2 22
Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur 10 90.90 Increase 1 0 n/a Decrease 2 1 9.10 Increase 1 – n/a 0 0 n/a 0 11
Putrajaya Putrajaya 0 n/a 0 1 100 Increase 1 0 n/a 0 1 – n/a 0 0 n/a 0 1
Negeri Sembilan 3 37.50 Decrease 1 0 n/a Decrease 1 5 62.50 Increase 2 – n/a 0 0 n/a 0 8
Malacca 3 50.00 0 3 50.00 Increase 1 0 n/a Decrease 1 – n/a 0 0 n/a 0 6
Johor 15 57.69 Increase 3 2 7.69 Decrease 1 9 34.62 Increase 1 – n/a 0 0 n/a Decrease 3 26
Labuan Labuan 0 n/a 0 1 100 Increase 1 0 n/a Decrease 1 – n/a 0 0 n/a 0 1
Sabah 5 20.00 Decrease 1 1 4.00 Increase 1 13 52.00 Increase 8 – n/a 0 6 24.00 Decrease 8 25
Sarawak Sarawak 6 19.35 Decrease 1 1 3.23 Steady 0 n/a Steady 23 74.19 Increase 4 1 3.23 Decrease 3 31
Total 82 36.94 Decrease 9 73 32.88 Increase 36 30 13.51 Decrease 11 23 10.36 Increase 4 7 3.15 Decrease 17 222
Source: Election Commission of Malaysia (SPR)[200]
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State assemblies

Main article: 2022 Malaysian state elections
More information State / Federal Territory, Barisan Nasional ...
State /
Federal Territory		 Barisan Nasional Pakatan Harapan + Malaysian United Democratic Alliance Perikatan Nasional Gerakan Tanah Air Others / Independents
Votes%Seats%±! Votes%Seats%±! Votes%Seats%±! Votes%Seats%±! Votes%Seats%±!
Pahang 337,53338.751738.10Decrease 8188,23021.61819.05Decrease 1340,37839.071740.48Increase 94,9290.5800.00Steady2,1250.2500.00Steady
Perak 380,81620.38915.25Decrease 18624,59442.352440.68Decrease 4456,03430.922644.07Increase 224,2770.0000.00Steady9,2440.0000.00Steady
Perlis 36,30124.4900.00Decrease 1027,85618.7916.67Decrease 277,50452.291493.33Increase 129050.0000.00Steady5,6460.0000.00Steady
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Seats that changed allegiance

More information No., Seat ...
No. Seat Previous Party (2018) Current Party (2022)
P001 Perlis Padang Besar Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P002 Perlis Kangar Pakatan Harapan (PKR) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P003 Perlis Arau Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P004 Kedah Langkawi Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P005 Kedah Jerlun Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P006 Kedah Kubang Pasu Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P007 Kedah Padang Terap Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P008 Kedah Pokok Sena Pakatan Harapan (AMANAH) Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P009 Kedah Alor Setar Pakatan Harapan (PKR) Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P010 Kedah Kuala Kedah Pakatan Harapan (PKR) Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P014 Kedah Merbok Pakatan Harapan (PKR) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P016 Kedah Baling Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P017 Kedah Padang Serai Pakatan Harapan (PKR) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P018 Kedah Kulim-Bandar Baharu Pakatan Harapan (PKR) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P026 Kelantan Ketereh Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P027 Kelantan Tanah Merah Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P029 Kelantan Machang Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P030 Kelantan Jeli Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P032 Kelantan Gua Musang Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P033 Terengganu Besut Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P038 Terengganu Hulu Terengganu Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P041 Penang Kepala Batas Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P042 Penang Tasek Gelugor Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P044 Penang Permatang Pauh Pakatan Harapan (PKR) Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P054 Perak Gerik Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P056 Perak Larut Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P057 Perak Parit Buntar Pakatan Harapan (AMANAH) Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P058 Perak Bagan Serai Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P059 Perak Bukit Gantang Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P061 Perak Padang Rengas Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P063 Perak Tambun Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P067 Perak Kuala Kangsar Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P069 Perak Parit Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P073 Perak Pasir Salak Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P074 Perak Lumut Pakatan Harapan (AMANAH) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P081 Pahang Jerantut Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P082 Pahang Indera Mahkota Pakatan Harapan (PKR) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P083 Pahang Kuantan Pakatan Harapan (PKR) Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P086 Pahang Maran Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P087 Pahang Kuala Krau Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P088 Pahang Temerloh Pakatan Harapan (AMANAH) Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P091 Pahang Rompin Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P092 Selangor Sabak Bernam Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P093 Selangor Sungai Besar Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P094 Selangor Hulu Selangor Pakatan Harapan (PKR) Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P095 Selangor Tanjong Karang Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P109 Selangor Kapar Pakatan Harapan (PKR) Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P112 Selangor Kuala Langat Pakatan Harapan (PKR) Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P115 Kuala Lumpur Batu Independent Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P119 Kuala Lumpur Titiwangsa Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) Barisan Nasional (UMNO)
P125 Putrajaya Putrajaya Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P129 Negeri Sembilan Kuala Pilah Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) Barisan Nasional (UMNO)
P133 Negeri Sembilan Tampin Pakatan Harapan (AMANAH) Barisan Nasional (UMNO)
P134 Malacca Masjid Tanah Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P135 Malacca Alor Gajah Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) Pakatan Harapan (AMANAH)
P136 Malacca Tangga Batu Pakatan Harapan (PKR) Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P139 Malacca Jasin Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P143 Johor Pagoh Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P146 Johor Muar Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) MUDA
P149 Johor Sri Gading Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) Pakatan Harapan (AMANAH)
P151 Johor Simpang Renggam Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) Barisan Nasional (UMNO)
P154 Johor Mersing Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P165 Johor Tanjung Piai Pakatan Harapan (BERSATU) Barisan Nasional (MCA)
P167 Sabah Kudat Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Independent
P168 Sabah Kota Marudu Barisan Nasional (PBS) KDM
P170 Sabah Tuaran Barisan Nasional (UPKO) Pakatan Harapan (UPKO)
P171 Sabah Sepanggar WARISAN Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P173 Sabah Putatan Pakatan Harapan (PKR) Barisan Nasional (UMNO)
P174 Sabah Penampang WARISAN Pakatan Harapan (UPKO)
P175 Sabah Papar WARISAN Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (Direct member)
P178 Sabah Sipitang Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (Direct member)
P179 Sabah Ranau Pakatan Harapan (PKR) Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (Direct member)
P180 Sabah Keningau United Sabah Alliance (STAR) Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (STAR)
P181 Sabah Tenom Pakatan Harapan (DAP) Independent
P183 Sabah Beluran Barisan Nasional (UMNO) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P185 Sabah Batu Sapi WARISAN Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (Direct member)
P190 Sabah Tawau Pakatan Harapan (PKR) Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (PBS)
P191 Sabah Kalabakan WARISAN Barisan Nasional (UMNO)
P198 Sarawak Puncak Borneo Pakatan Harapan (PKR) Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PBB)
P203 Sarawak Lubok Antu Independent Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PRS)
P205 Sarawak Saratok Pakatan Harapan (PKR) Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P208 Sarawak Sarikei Pakatan Harapan (DAP) Gabungan Parti Sarawak (SUPP)
P209 Sarawak Julau Independent Parti Bangsa Malaysia
P214 Sarawak Selangau Pakatan Harapan (PKR) Gabungan Parti Sarawak (PRS)
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Aftermath

Formation of federal government

In the general election, no individual alliance won the required 112 seats needed for a majority in the Dewan Rakyat to form the next government.[201]

On 19 November, Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS) leader Abang Johari said that his party would work together with Perikatan Nasional (PN), Barisan Nasional (BN) and Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS) to form the government.[202] PN leader Muhyiddin Yassin also claimed to have a sufficient majority to be appointed as prime minister, citing support from PN, BN, GPS and GRS.[203] However, BN leader Ahmad Zahid Hamidi said that BN had not negotiated with GPS or PN on forming a government with BN, while also stating that BN MPs already agreed to let him decide who BN would ally with to form a government.[204]

On 20 November, In a press conference at around 3:00 a.m. Pakatan Harapan (PH) leader Anwar Ibrahim claimed to have secured a simple majority of 111 seats a to form the next government, but refused to mention which other parties were cooperating. This came not long after Perikatan Nasional chairman Muhyiddin Yassin hinted at being able to form a coalition government but rejected working with PH.[205][206]

On 21 November, PH leaders and BN leaders met at the Seri Pacific Hotel.[207] Also on 21 November, the deadline for political parties to prove their majority in Parliament to form a government and nominate a prime minister was extended for 24 hours by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, shifting the deadline to the next day.[208] Meanwhile, Hamzah Zainudin of PN said that PN submitted over 112 statutory declarations from MPs supporting Muhyiddin for prime minister.[209]

On 22 November, Ismail Sabri Yaakob of BN stated that BN would not support either PH or PN to form a government and was prepared to sit in opposition.[210] Meanwhile, after discontent from Sarawak over GPS working with PN, GPS stated that it was up to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to appoint the Prime Minister; while Parti Warisan voiced support for a government with PH and BN.[211][212] Also that day, the royal palace stated that after the Yang di-Pertuan Agong reviewed the nominations for prime minister, he found that "no member of parliament has the majority support to be appointed prime minister", so the Yang di-Pertuan Agong summoned Anwar and Muhyiddin to meet him.[213][214] After the meeting, Muhyiddin said that the Yang di-Pertuan Agong proposed a unity government between Pakatan Harapan and Perikatan National, but Muhyiddin rejected it as Perikatan National "will not cooperate" with Pakatan Harapan; while Anwar acknowledged that the prime minister had yet to be determined, while stating that "given time, I think we will secure a simple majority".[215][216]

On 23 November, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong met with BN and GPS leaders in the royal palace.[217] Meanwhile, some members of BN and PN met in St Regis Hotel.[218]

On 24 November, Ahmad Maslan of UMNO stated that the party's supreme council has agreed to follow the wishes of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for BN to join a unity government not led by PN.[219] Meanwhile, Perikatan Nasional would consider forming a unity government, stated its secretary-general Hamzah Zainudin; while GRS leader Hajiji Noor stated that GRS would abide by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong's wishes on forming a new government, including if a unity government was formed.[220][221] Also, DAP secretary-general Anthony Loke publicly apologised on behalf of his party to the Sarawak government and Sarawak people for any offensive statement by a DAP leader, while DAP chairman Lim Guan Eng apologised as well for "my remarks that may have offended the Sarawak Premier and the GPS Sarawak state government", calling for "a fresh start to cooperate together".[222]

Later on 24 November, the royal palace announced that PH chairman Anwar Ibrahim was appointed as prime minister by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Al-Sultan Abdullah, after the Agong conducted a consultation with the Conference of Rulers of Malaysia.[1][20] Anwar was sworn in at 5 pm that day, making him Malaysia's 10th prime minister.[21] However, Muhyiddin continued to insist that he had the support of a majority of 115 MPs to form the next government and called on Anwar to prove Anwar's majority; this led to former prime minister Najib Razak calling for Muhyiddin himself to prove his 115 MP majority.[223] As of 24 November, Anwar has received support from MPs from PH, BN, GPS, Warisan, MUDA and PBM, as well as independent MPs.[19] Anwar has pledged to hold a vote of confidence on 19 December 2022, once MPs are sworn into Parliament.[19]

On 25 November, both Anwar and GRS leader Hajiji Noor stated that GRS had joined the unity government, supporting Anwar; this resulted in Anwar becoming the first prime minister since Abdullah Ahmad Badawi in 2008 to have two-thirds majority support in Parliament.[22][224] Meanwhile, Muhyiddin congratulated Anwar and acknowledged him as prime minister, thanked Anwar for inviting PN to join the unity government, and declined Anwar's invitation, stating that PN would play the role of a "credible opposition" to ensure "corruption-free governance".[23][225]

Anwar Ibrahim received the vote of confidence of the parliament on 19 December.[226]

International reactions

Following the formation of unity government and the appointment of Anwar as prime minister, organisations such as the European Union,[227] the United Nations,[227] as well as various head of states and their representative including from Afghanistan,[228] Australia,[229] Austria,[230] Bahrain,[231] Bangladesh,[232] Brazil,[230] Canada,[233] China,[234] East Timor,[235] Finland,[227] Germany,[236] India,[237] Iran,[238] Japan,[239] Maldives,[227] New Zealand,[240] Pakistan,[241] Qatar,[242] Russia,[230] Saudi Arabia,[243] Somalia,[227] South Korea,[244] Sri Lanka,[245] Sudan,[246] Taiwan,[247] Turkey,[248] the United Arab Emirates,[249] the United Kingdom,[230] the United States,[250] and Yemen[251] sent their congratulatory messages.

Some of the head of states of neighbouring ASEAN countries also congratulated Anwar:

See also

Notes

  1. [a]
    Polling in 11 stations within the Baram constituency was delayed to 21 November due to flooding, while polling in Padang Serai was also delayed to 7 December due to the death of a candidate.
  2. [b]
    Barisan Nasional named Ismail Sabri Yaakob as its Prime Ministerial candidate, however Ahmad Zahid Hamidi was the central leading figure throughout the election.
  3. [c]
    Excludes BERSATU, which was part of the coalition in the 2018 election but subsequently left and later joined Perikatan Nasional in 2020. The original number of seats and vote share held by Pakatan Harapan as it was in 2018 was 113 seats and 45.68%, respectively.
  4. [d]
    New coalition formed in 2020. These numbers are the total seats and vote share of BERSATU, PAS and GERAKAN in the last election. The parties were previously part of Pakatan Harapan, Gagasan Sejahtera and Barisan Nasional.
  5. [e]
    Total seats and vote share of the parties currently in Barisan Nasional (UMNO, MCA, MIC and PBRS). The total seats and vote share of Barisan Nasional as it was in the last election was 79 seats and 33.77%, respectively.
  6. [f]
    Includes MUDA.
  7. [g]
    Abang Johari is the GPS and PBB president, but is not contesting federal seat (MLA for Gedong and Premier of Sarawak.)
  8. [h]
    Hajiji is the GRS president, but is not contesting federal seat (MLA for Sulaman and Chief Minister of Sabah.)
  9. [i]
    New coalition formed in 2018. These numbers are the total seats and vote share of PBB, PRS, SUPP, PDP, and PPSS United in the last election. All parties were previously part of Barisan Nasional and Independent politicians.
  10. [j]
    New coalition officially formed in 2022. These numbers are the total seats and vote share of BERSATU Sabah, PBS, STAR, LDP, PHRS, USNO, SAPP and PCS in the last election. The parties were previously part of Barisan Nasional, United Sabah Alliance and United Borneo Alliance.
  11. [k]
    PBM was in a leadership dispute, with incumbent president Larry Sng claiming he remained party president, while Zuraida Kamaruddin claimed to have been elected president at a general assembly in October 2022. She had been the president-designate since June 2022.
  12. [l]
    Peter is the KDM president, but is not contesting federal seat (MLA for Melalap.)
  13. [m]
    The lifting of the state of emergency in the Sabah seat of Bugaya (N66) on 12 October 2022 meant that a state by-election was held simultaneously with the federal election.[49]
  14. [n]
    Contested at Sungai Buloh.
  15. [o]
    Contested in Bagan Datuk.
  16. [p]
    Contested at Titiwangsa.
  17. [q]
    Contested at Sepang.
  18. [r]
    Contested at Lawas.
  19. [s]
    Involves ages 18–24 only.
  20. [t]
    Barisan Nasional was tallied as Muafakat Nasional.

References

External links

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