List of Brazilian Nobel laureates and nominees

A single individual has won the Nobel Prize who ever held Brazilian citizenship; however, he was not a Brazilian citizen at the time the award was granted:

Year	Image	Laureate	Born	Died	Field	Citation
Citizens
1960		Peter Medawar[a]	28 February 1915 Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	2 October 1987 London, United Kingdom	Physiology or Medicine	"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance." (awarded together with Australian virologist Frank Macfarlane Burnet)

Since 1909, Brazilians have started to receive nominations for the prestigious Swedish prize in different categories. The following list are the nominees with verified nominations from the Nobel Committee and recognized international organizations. There are also other purported nominees whose nominations are yet to be verified since the archives are revealed 50 years after,^[9] among them:

• For Physics: Mário Schenberg^[10] (1914–1990), José Leite Lopes (1918–2006), Jayme Tiomno (1920–2011), Ennio Candotti (born 1942), Celso Grebogi^[11] (born 1947) and Carlos Bertulani (born 1955).
• For Chemistry: Otto Gottlieb,^[12][13] (1920–2011), Blanka Wladislaw (1917–2012), Ângelo da Cunha Pinto (1948–2015), and Elisa Orth (born 1984).
• For Physiology or Medicine: Maurício Rocha e Silva^[14][15] (1910–1983), Maria Carmela Lico (1927–1985), Aristides Leão (1914–1993), Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini^[15] (1912–1993), Nise da Silveira^[15] (1905–1999), Sérgio Henrique Ferreira^[10] (1934–2016), Ivo Pitanguy^[15] (1926–2016), Ruth Sonntag Nussenzweig^[15] (1928–2018), Ivan Izquierdo^[15] (1937–2021), José Eduardo Souza^[15] (1934–2022), Eduardo Krieger^[16] (born 1928), Miguel Nicolelis^[10][17] (born 1961), Celina Turchi^[15] (born 1952), Cesar Victora^[15] (born 1952)
• For Literature: Carolina Maria de Jesus^[18] (1914–1977), Clarice Lispector^[19][18] (1920–1977), Vinicius de Moraes (1913–1980), Cora Coralina (1889–1985), João Cabral de Melo Neto^[20] (1920–1999), Haroldo de Campos (1929–2003), Rachel de Queiroz (1910–2003), Hilda Hilst (1930–2004), Josué Montello (1917–2006), Moacyr Scliar (1937–2011), Rubem Fonseca^[21] (1925–2020), Nélida Piñon^[22] (1937–2022), Adélia Prado^[21] (born 1935), Ignacio de Loyola Brandão^[21] (born 1936), Marina Colasanti^[23][21] (born 1937), Marcia Theophilo (born 1941), Chico Buarque^[24][25] (born 1944), Paulo Coelho^[18] (born 1947), Milton Hatoum (born 1952), Bernardo Carvalho^[21] (born 1960), Daniel Munduruku (born 1964), Paulo Scott (born 1966), Adriana Lisboa (born 1970), and Jeferson Tenório (born 1977).
• For Peace: Marcolino Gomes Candau (1911–1983), Chico Mendes (1944–1988), José "Gentileza" Datrino (1917–1996), José Lutzenberger (1926–2002), Sérgio Vieira de Mello^[26] (1948–2003), Fernando Henrique Cardoso (born 1931), Chico Whitaker (born 1931), Erwin Kräutler, CPpS (born 1939), Frei Betto (born 1944), José Bustani (born 1945), Júlio Lancellotti^[27] (born 1948), Davi Kopenawa Yanomami (born 1956), Izabella Teixeira (born 1961), Sônia Guajajara (born 1974), and Claudelice Silva dos Santos (born 1982).
• For Economic Sciences: André Lara Resende (born 1951), Pérsio Arida (born 1952), Gustavo Franco (born 1956) and Ricardo Amorim (born 1971).

Image	Nominee[28]	Born	Died	Years Nominated	Citation	Nominator(s)
Physics
	César Lattes	11 July 1924 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil	8 March 2005 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil	1949	"for his pioneering discovery and researches of the pion, a composite subatmic particle made of a quark and an antiquark."[29]	Walter Scott Hill Rodríguez (1903–1987) Uruguay
						James Holley Bartlett (1904–2000) United States
				1951		Gleb Wataghin (1899–1986) Italy
				1952		Marcel Schein (1902–1960) United States
				1952, 1953, 1954		Leopold Ružička (1887–1976)  Switzerland
	David Bohm[b]	20 December 1917 Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States	27 October 1992 London, United Kingdom	1958	"for his causal and deterministic interpretation of quantum theory (now known as De Broglie–Bohm theory)."[31]	H. Nakano (?) Japan
Chemistry
	René Wurmser[c]	4 September 1890 Paris, France	9 November 1993 Boulogne-Billancourt, Paris, France	1942	"for his research on blood preservation and transfusion."[32]	Jean Baptiste Perrin[d] (1870–1942) France
	Fritz Feigl[e]	15 May 1891 Vienna, Austria	23 January 1971 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	1955	"for his development of spot analysis (spot test) and luminol."[33]	R. Strebinger (?) Austria
				1957		Felix Machatschki (1895–1970) Austria
				1962		R. Belcher (?) United Kingdom
				1963, 1966		Hanns Malissa (1920–2010) Austria
				1963, 1969		Friedrich Hecht (1903–1980) Austria
				1966, 1967, 1969		P. W. West (?) United States
				1967		Ami Glasner (?) Israel
	Johanna Döbereiner	28 November 1924 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic	5 October 2000 Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	1995, 1997	"for her research on the effectivity of using nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soybean farming."[34][35]
Physiology or Medicine
	Carlos Chagas	9 July 1879 Oliveira, Minas Gerais, Brazil	8 November 1934 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	1913	"for his discovery of a new trypanosome disease (thyroidite parasitaire)."[36]	Pirajá da Silva (1873–1961) Brazil
				1921	"for his research on malaria and paludism, and the discovery of Trypanozoma cruzi.[36]	Hilário de Gouvêa (1843–1929) Brazil
	Antônio Cardoso Fontes	6 October 1879 Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	27 March 1943 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	1934[f]	"for his work on the ultravirus of the tubercle bacillus."[37]	Michel Weinberg (1868–1940) France
	Adolfo Lutz	18 December 1855 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	6 October 1940 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	1938	"for his work on tropical diseases (lepra, sporotrichosis, yellow fever, malaria) and their transmission."	Octávio Coelho de Magalhães (1880–1972) Brazil
	Manuel de Abreu	4 January 1894 São Paulo, Brazil	30 January 1962 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	1946	"for his introduction of collective radiology photography: abreugraphy."[38]	Ugo Pinheiro Guimarães (1901–1992) Brazil
						Arnaldo de Moraes (1893–1961) Brazil
						Alfredo Monteiro (1893–1961) Brazil
						Henrique Roxo (1877–1969) Brazil
				1951	"for his development of a collective systematic X-ray photography."[38]	António Egas Moniz (1874–1955) Portugal
				1953	No motivation given.	Francisco R. d'Ovidio (?) Brazil
Literature
	Henrique Coelho Neto	21 February 1864 Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil	28 November 1934 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	1933	O Rajá de Pendjab (1898) O Morto, Memórias de um Fuzilado (1898) Theatro, vol. I–V (1897–1909) Mano, Livro da Saudade (1924)[39]	Hjalmar Hammarskjöld (1862–1953) Sweden
						20 members of the Brazilian Academy of Letters
	Flávio de Carvalho	10 August 1899 Barra Mansa, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	4 June 1973 Valinhos, São Paulo, Brazil	1939	A Cidade do Homem Nu (1930) Dança do Deus Morto (1933)[40]	Paul V. Shaw (?) Brazil
	Manoel Wanderley (prob. Manuel Bandeira (1886–1968))	Brazil	Brazil	1941	[41]	Francisco de Aquino Correia (1885–1956) Brazil
	Pietro Ubaldi*	18 August 1886 Foligno, Perugia, Italy	29 February 1972 São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil	1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1969	A Grande Síntese (1932–35) Ascensio Uma (1951) Ascese Mística (1983)	Academia Santista de Letras
				1964		João de Freitas Guimarães (?) Brazil
				1968		[g]
	Erico Verissimo	17 December 1905 Cruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil	28 November 1975 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil	1963	As Aventuras do Avião Vermelho (1936) O Tempo e o Vento (1949–1961) Noite (1954) O Senhor Embaixador (1965)	Jean Roche (1901–1992) France
				1968		[g]
	Alceu Amoroso Lima	11 December 1893 Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	14 August 1983 Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	1965	Mitos de Nosso Tempo (1943) O Existencialismo e Outros Mitos de Nosso Tempo (1951) Meditações Sobre o Mundo Interior (1953) O Humanismo Ameaçado (1965)[42]	Academia Mineira de Letras
	Carlos Drummond de Andrade	31 October 1902 Itabira, Minas Gerais, Brazil	17 August 1987 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	1967	Sentimento do Mundo (1940) A Rosa do Povo (1945) As Impurezas do Branco (1973) O Amor Natural (1992)[43]	Gunnar Ekelöf (1907–1968) Sweden
				1969		Artur Lundkvist (1906–1991) Sweden
	Jorge Amado	10 August 1912 Itabuna, Bahia, Brazil	6 August 2001 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil	1967	O País do Carnaval (1931) Jubiabá (1935) Capitães da Areia (1937) Terras do Sem Fim (1945) Gabriela, Cravo e Canela (1958) Tieta do Agreste (1977) Farda Fardão Camisola de Dormir (1978)[44]	Sociedade Brasileira de Autores Teatrais
						Fred P. Ellison (1922–2004) United States
						Earl William Thomas (1915–1981) United States
				1967, 1968		Brazilian Writers Association
				1967, 1968, 1969, 1970		Antônio Olinto (1919–2009) Brazil
				1968, 1969		Jean Subirats (?) France
				1969		Joracy Camargo (1898–1973) Brazil
						Vitorino Nemésio (1901–1978) Portugal
				1969, 1971		Laurent Versini (1932–2021) France
				1970		Marcos Almir Madeira (1916–2003) Brazil
	Gerardo Melo Mourão	8 January 1917 Ipueiras, Ceará, Brazil	9 March 2007 Humaitá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	1979	O País dos Mourões (1963) Peripécia de Gerardo (1972) Valete de Espadas (1986) O Bêbado de Deus (2000)[45]
	Ferreira Gullar	10 September 1930 São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil	4 December 2016 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	2002	A Luta Corporal (1954) Poema Sujo (1976) Barulhos (1987) Indagações de Hoje (1989)[46]	Brazilian Academy of Letters
	Ariano Suassuna	16 June 1927 João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil	23 July 2014 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil	2012	O Auto da Compadecida (1955) A Caseira e a Catarina (1962) O Santo e a Porca (1964) A Pedra do Reino (1971)[47][48]	Cássio Cunha Lima (b. 1963) Brazil
	Moniz Bandeira	30 December 1935 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil	10 November 2017 Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Brazil	2015	Retrato e Tempo (1960) O Feudo – A Casa da Torre de Garcia d'Ávila (2001) Formação do Império Americano (2005)[49]	Brazilian Writers Union
	Lygia Fagundes Telles	19 April 1918 São Paulo, Brazil	3 April 2022 São Paulo, Brazil	2016	Ciranda de Pedra (1955) Antes do Baile Verde (1970) As Meninas (1973) Seminário dos Ratos (1998)[50]
	Carlos Nejar	11 January 1939 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil	—N/a	2017	Livro de Silbion (1963) Ordenações (1971) Árvore do Mundo (1977) A Idade da Eternidade (2001)[51]	Brazilian Academy of Letters
	Emanuel Medeiros Vieira	31 March 1945 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil	29 July 2019 Brasília, Brazil	2018	Sexo, Tristeza e Flores (1976) Um Dia Estarás Comigo no Paraíso (1985) No Altiplano: Contemplando o Comandante Ernesto (2000) Olhos Azuis – Ao Sul do Efêmero (2009)[52]	International Writers Association
	Deonísio da Silva	1948 Siderópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil	—N/a	2022	Avante, Soldados: Para Trás (1992) Teresa D'Ávila (1997) Goethe e Barrabás (2008) Stefan Zweig Deve Morrer (2012)[53]	Academia Internacional de Escritores Basileiros
Peace
	Sebastião de Magalhães Lima	30 May 1850 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	7 December 1928 Lisbon, Portugal	1909	No motivation given.[54]	Feio Terenas (1850–1920) Portugal
	José Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco	20 April 1845 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	10 February 1912 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	1911	"for his efforts to secure Brazil's borders through several boundary settlements and to solve the conflicts between Brazil and its neighboring countries, and also for participating in the Brazilian abolitionist movement and directly engaging in 27 arbitration treaties."[55]	Gonzalo de Quesada y Aróstegui (1868–1915) Cuba
						Carlos Peixoto (1845–1928) Brazil J. de Medeinos (?) Brazil
	Érico da Gama Coelho	7 March 1849 Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	26 November 1922 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	1916	No motivation given.[56]	Alcindo Guanabara (1865–1918) Brazil
	Raimundo Teixeira Mendes	5 January 1855 Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil	28 June 1927 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	1924	"for his role as the leader of 'Eglis positiviste' in Brazil."[57]	Joaquim Luís Osório (?) Brazil
	Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute	founded on 21 October 1838 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil		1924	No motivation given.[58]	Clóvis Beviláqua (1859–1944) Brazil
	Afrânio de Melo Franco	25 February 1870 Paracatu, Minas Gerais, Brazil	1 January 1943 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	1935	"for his role as mediator in the conflict between Colombia and Peru."[h][59]	Elihu Root (1845–1937) et al.[i] United States
				1935, 1937		Carlos Concha Cárdenas (1888–1944) Peru
				1937		Léon Brunschvicg (1869–1944) France Lucien Lévy-Bruhl (1857–1939) France
				1938[j]		Philadelpho Azevedo (1894–1951) Brazil Edmundo da Luz Pinto (1898–1963) Brazil
	Oswaldo Aranha	15 February 1894 Alegrete, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil	27 January 1960 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	1948	"for his peace efforts when he was serving as Brazilian ambassador to the United States, and for his work while serving as president of the United Nations General Assembly."[60]	members of the Costa Rican Government
						Americano Jorge (?) Brazil
						Enrique García Sayán (1905–1978) Peru
						Edwin Borchard (1884–1951) United States
						Philadelpho Azevedo (1894–1951) Brazil
						83 members of the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies
						40 members of the Brazilian Senate
						Carlos Saavedra Lamas (1878–1959) Argentina
						Cordell Hull (1871–1955) United States
	Henrique Vasconcellos	Brazil	Brazil	1952	"for his books on World Government."[61]	Saulo Ramos (1929–2013) Brazil
	Josué de Castro	5 September 1908 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil	24 September 1973 Paris, France	1953	"for his work on increase in population and access to food through his book Geography of Hunger (1952)."[62]	E. L. Viana (?) Brazil Victor Nunes Leal (1914–1985) Brazil
						Richard Acland (1906–1990) United Kingdom
						Aneurin Bevan (1897–1960) United Kingdom
				1963	"for his book The Geography of Hunger (1952)."[62]	Lewis Silkin (1889–1972) United Kingdom
				1965	"for his efforts in the pursuit of a world at peace, a world freed from war, and a world freed from hunger."[62]
				1964	"for his outstanding service to the establishment of permanent peace and towards the abolishment of hunger."[62]	Gilbert McAllister (1906–1964) United Kingdom
				1965	"for his relentless work to eradicate hunger."[62]	R. B. Vieilleville (?) France
				1970	"for his active part in all organizations working for world peace."[62]	John Boyd Orr (1880–1971) United Kingdom
				1973	[63]	David Wismark (?) Sweden
	Raul Fernandes	24 October 1877 Valença, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	6 January 1968 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	1953, 1954	"for his contribution in establishing The International Court of Justice."[64]	Haroldo Valladão (1901–1987) Brazil
				1953		Sousa Arruda (?) Brazil
	Cândido Rondon	5 May 1865 Santo Antônio do Leverger, Mato Grosso, Brazil	19 April 1958 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	1953	"for promoting peace in the territorial dispute between Colombia and Peru and working with the Indian Protection Service."[65]	Emily Greene Balch (1867–1961) United States
						Álvaro Pereira de Sousa Lima (1890–1968) Brazil
						Damião Peres (1889–1976) Portugal
						Jean Silvandre (1896–1960) France
				1957	"for his outstanding devotion to protect the Indians of Brazil, and his contribution to creating peace in the conflict between Peru and Columbia, concerning Leticia."[65]	Nereu Ramos (1888–1958) Brazil
					"for his splendid work for the civilization of Indians in Brazil, in addition he did much for cordiality and world peace as in de conflicts of Leticia between Peru and Colombia."[65]	Mario Faria[k] (?) Brazil
					"for his outstanding work for the civilization of Indians in Brazil, among whom he had lived for many years and having done much for cordiality and world peace as in the conflicts of Leticia between Peru and Columbia."[65]	Henry P. De Vries (1911–1986) United States
					"for his activities in favour of the Indians of Brazil and for promoting peace while acting as a president of the Arbitration Committee in the conflict between Columbia and Peru, concerning Leticia."[65]	Raul Jobim Bittencourt (1902–1985) Brazil
					"for his lengthy work in Brazil where he demonstrated extraordinary qualities by helping to ensure Peace."[65]	Damião Peres (1889–1976) Portugal
					"for his extraordinary humanitarian work on behalf of the indigenous people in Brazil, and his efforts to restore peace during the conflicts of Leticia between Peru and Columbia."[65]	Cesar Salay (?) Cuba
	Hélder Câmara	7 February 1909 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil	27 August 1999 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil	1970	"for his work to promote development as a foundation for peace and his belief that progress must be made in a non-violent way."[66]	Brendan Corish (1918–1990) Ireland
						14 members of the Irish Parliament
	Cláudio Villas-Bôas	8 December 1916 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil	1 March 1998 São Paulo, Brazil	1971,[l] 1972, 1973[63]	"in recognition of their lifelong struggle to save the Indians in Amazonia, and their unique achievements in approaching and pacifying primitive tribes and protecting them in Brazil's first national park."[67][68]	Alan Lennox-Boyd (1904–1983) United Kingdom
	Orlando Villas-Bôas	12 January 1914 Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, Brazil	12 December 2002 São Paulo, Brazil
	Abdias do Nascimento	14 March 1914 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil	23 May 2011 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	1978	"for his important contributions to black civil rights and Afro-Brazilian culture for several decades in Brazil through art and education."[69]	Gerardo Melo Mourão (1917–2007) Brazil
				2004	"for his dedications to combat racism in the diverse realms of social and political activism as well as culture and the arts."	Institute of Racial and Environmental Advocacy[m]
				2009	"for his major contributions to Négritude and Pan-African movements, and for his efforts to end and resist racial discrimination in Brazil."[70]	Clóvis Brigagão[n] (?) Portugal
	Chico Xavier	2 April 1910 Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, Brazil	30 June 2002 Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil	1981, 1982	"for his contributions to Spiritist movement and for his outstanding charity towards the poor in Brazil."[71][72]
	Dulce de Souza Pontes, S.M.I.C.	26 May 1914 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil	13 March 1992 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil	1988, 1992	"for her tireless caring of the poor and defending the rights of workers in Bahia."[73][72]	José Sarney (b. 1930) Brazil
	Paulo Evaristo Arns, O.F.M.	14 September 1921 Forquilhinha, Santa Catarina, Brazil	14 December 2016 São Paulo, Brazil	1989	"for his courageous struggle and relentless opposition against the Brazilian military dictatorship and its human rights abuses."[72]
	Paulo Freire	19 September 1921 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil	2 May 1997 São Paulo, Brazil	1993	"for helping people both through his philosophy and his practice of critical pedagogy."[74]
	Herbert de Souza	3 November 1935 Bocaiúva, Minas Gerais, Brazil	9 August 1997 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	1994	"for having carried out various activities in defense of human rights and action against economic injustices and government corruption."[72]
	52 Brazilian women (part of the 1000 PeaceWomen)[o]	began in 2003 in Bern, Switzerland		2005	"in recognition of women's efforts and visibility in promoting peace all over the world."[76]	Ruth-Gaby Vermont-Mangold (b. 1941)  Switzerland
	Zilda Arns Neumann	25 August 1934 Forquilhinha, Santa Catarina, Brazil	12 January 2010 Port-au-Prince, Haiti	2005	being part of the 1000 PeaceWomen
				2006	"for her humanitarian work on behalf of Pastoral da Criança."[72]
	Augusto Boal	16 March 1931 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	2 May 2009 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	2008	"for the importance of his work, considerably helping expand the use and practice of Theatre of the Oppressed techniques for the benefit of many oppressed people and communities."[77]
	Flávio Duncan	12 September 1979 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	—N/a	2012	"in recognition of his social engagements and innovative projects benefitting thousands of youths and children."[78][79]
	Gaetano Brancati Luigi[p]	Italy	—N/a	2015	"for his work in sowing the culture of peace on all continents."[72][80]
	Maria da Penha	1 February 1945 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil	—N/a	2017	"for her courageous commitment to end domestic violence against women."[72][81]
	Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva	27 October 1945 Caetés, Pernambuco, Brazil	—N/a	2018	"for throughout his social commitments to trade unions and as a politician, he has developed public policies to overcome hunger and poverty in his country."[82][83][84]	Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (b. 1931) Argentina
	Luiz Gabriel Tiago	—N/a	—N/a	2018	"for his social actions in Brazil and abroad on behalf of his enterprise, Pontinho de Luz."[85][86]	Célio Celli de Oliveira Lima (?) Brazil
	Raoni Metuktire	c. 1932 Kapot Indigenous Territory, Mato Grosso, Brazil	—N/a	2020	"for a lifetime of work protecting the Amazon rainforest."[87][88]	Darcy Ribeiro Foundation
	Moura Ribeiro	28 September 1953 Santos, São Paulo, Brazil	—N/a	2020	"for his application of humanistic capitalism in the judicial activity."[89][90]	Ricardo Sayeg (b. 1967) Brazil
	Alysson Paolinelli	10 July 1936 Bambuí, Minas Gerais, Brazil	—N/a	2021	"for his efforts, as an agronomist, to reduce hunger in the country and in the world."[91][92]	Durval Dourado Neto (?) Brazil
Economic Sciences
	Celso Furtado	26 July 1920 Pombal, Paraíba, Brazil	20 November 2004 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	2004	"for his research on development and underdevelopment and on the persistence of poverty in peripheral countries throughout the world – a key contribution to economic structuralism."[93][94]	Eduardo Campos (1965–2014) Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (b. 1945) Brazil