List of female nominators for the Nobel Prize
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Nobel Prize (Swedish: Nobelpriset) is a set of five different prizes that, according to its benefactor Alfred Nobel in his 1895 will, must be awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind". The five prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace.[1]
Since 1901, numerous nominators have forwarded their nominations of distinguished individuals or organizations for the prize, and most of these nominators were women.[2] The following is a list of the female nominators for the prestigious Nobel Prize:
The Nobel Committee for Physics sends confidential forms to persons who are competent and qualified to nominate.[3] According to the nomination process, the individuals are considered the qualified nominators for the physics prize:[3]
- 1. Swedish and foreign members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences;
- 2. Members of the Nobel Committee for Physics;
- 3. Nobel Prize laureates in physics;
- 4. Tenured professors in the Physical sciences at the universities and institutes of technology of Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway, and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm;
- 5. Holders of corresponding chairs in at least six universities or university colleges (normally, hundreds of universities) selected by the Academy of Sciences with a view to ensuring the appropriate distribution over the different countries and their seats of learning; and
- 6. Other scientists from whom the Academy may see fit to invite proposals.
| Image | Nominator | Born | Died | Nominees | Year(s) Nominated | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physics | ||||||
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Marie Skłodowska-Curie[4] | 7 November 1867 Warsaw, Poland |
4 July 1934 Passy, Haute-Savoie, France |
Joseph John Thompson (1856–1940) | 1905 | |
| Henri Poincaré (1854–1912) | 1910 | |||||
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Hertha Sponer[5] | 1 September 1895 Nysa, Poland |
27 February 1968 Sehnde, Germany |
Samuel Goudsmit (1902–1978) | 1956 | |
| George Uhlenbeck (1900–1988) | ||||||
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Marie-Antoinette Tonnelat[6] | 5 March 1912 Charolles, France |
3 December 1980 Paris, France |
Louis Néel (1904–2000) | 1960 | |
| Alfred Kastler (1902–1984) | 1965 | |||||
_-_Anne_Underhill_smiling,_detail_(cropped).jpg) |
Anne Barbara Underhill[7] | 12 June 1920 Vancouver, Canada |
3 July 2003 Vancouver, Canada |
Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst (1918–2000) | 1964 | |
|
Katharina Boll-Dornberger[8] | 2 November 1909 Vienna, Austria |
27 July 1981 Berlin, Germany |
John Desmond Bernal (1901–1971) | 1966 | |
 |
Maria Goeppert Mayer[9] | 28 June 1906 Katowice, Poland |
20 February 1972 San Diego, California, United States |
Bernd Theodor Matthias (1918–1980) | 1966, 1967, 1970 | |
|
Eleanor Margaret Burbidge[10] | 12 August 1919 Davenport, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom |
5 April 2020 San Francisco, California, United States |
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910–1995) | 1970 | |
 |
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin[11] | 12 May 1910 Cairo, Egypt |
29 July 1994 Ilmington, United Kingdom |
Paul Peter Ewald (1888–1985) | 1970 | |
Chemistry
For the chemistry prize, the following individuals are considered as qualified nominators:[12]
- 1. Swedish and foreign members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences;
- 2. Members of the Nobel Committees for Chemistry and Physics;
- 3. Nobel Prize laureates in chemistry and physics;
- 4. Permanent professors in the sciences of Chemistry at the universities and institutes of technology of Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway, and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm;
- 5. Holders of corresponding chairs in at least six universities or university colleges selected by the Academy of Sciences with a view to ensuring the appropriate distribution over the different countries and their centers of learning; and
- 6. Other scientists from whom the Academy may see fit to invite proposals.
| Image | Nominator | Born | Died | Nominees | Year(s) Nominated | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chemistry | ||||||
|
Marie Reimer[13] | 9 May 1867 United States |
24 February 1947 United States |
Moses Gomberg (1866–1947) | 1928 | |
| Vincent du Vigneaud (1901–1978) | 1945 | |||||
 |
Irène Joliot-Curie[14] | 12 September 1897 Paris, France |
17 March 1956 Paris, France |
George de Hevesy (1885–1966) | 1936 | |
| Georges Urbain (1872–1938) | ||||||
| Jacques Tréfouël (1897–1977) | 1944, 1946 | |||||
| Linus Pauling (1901–1994) | 1954 | |||||
|
Anna Chrząszczewska[15] | Poland | Poland | Wojciech Świętosławski (1881–1968) | 1936 | |
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Pauline Ramart-Lucas[16] | 22 November 1880 Paris, France |
17 March 1953 Paris, France |
Ernest Fourneau (1872–1949) | 1940 | |
| Jacques Tréfouël (1897–1977) | 1940, 1946, 1950 | |||||
| Gabriel Bertrand (1867–1962) | 1948 | |||||
| Thérèse Tréfouël (1892–1978) | 1950 | |||||
| Gladwyn Buttle (1899–1983) | 1950 | |||||
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Clara Benson[17] | 5 June 1875 Port Hope, Ontario, Canada |
24 March 1964 Port Hope, Ontario, Canada |
Donald Van Slyke (1883–1971) | 1941 | |
| Robley Cook Williams (1908–1995) | 1945 | |||||
|
Germaine Cauquil[18] | 1 November 1897 Montpellier, France |
30 January 1983 Montpellier, France |
Ernest Fourneau (1872–1949) | 1949 | |
| Maurice-Marie Janot (1903–1978) | 1957 | |||||
|
Maria Mercedes de Menarfa[19] | Uruguay | Uruguay | Domingo Giribaldo (1876–1950) | 1949 | |
 |
Marguerite Perey[20] | 19 October 1909 Villemomble, France |
13 May 1975 Louveciennes, France |
Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1912–1999) | 1951 | |
| Charles DuBois Coryell (1912–1971) | 1957 | |||||
 |
Gerty Theresa Radnitz-Cori[21] | 15 August 1896 Prague, Czech Republic |
26 October 1957 Glendale, Missouri, United States |
Frederick Sanger (1918–2013) | 1954 | |
| Vincent du Vigneaud (1901–1978) | ||||||
|
Salli Eskola[22] | 12 May 1906 Lammi, Finland |
11 October 1994 Helsinki, Finland |
Johan Arvid Hedvall (1888–1974) | 1956 | |
| Karl Freudenberg (1886–1983) | 1957 | |||||
| Robert Burns Woodward (1917–1979) | 1960, 1962, 1963 | |||||
|
Irena Chmielewska[23] | 13 July 1905 Łódź, Poland |
17 January 1987 Warsaw, Poland |
Melvin Calvin (1911–1997) | 1957 | |
|
Antonia Elisabeth Korvezee[24] | 8 March 1899 Wijnaldum, Netherlands |
17 January 1978 The Hague, Netherlands |
Wilhelm Gerhard Burgers (1897–1988) | 1960 | |
|
Carolina Henriette MacGillavry[25] | 22 January 1904 Amsterdam, Netherlands |
9 May 1993 Amsterdam, Netherlands |
Johannes Martin Bijvoet (1892–1980) | 1961, 1966 | |
|
Maria Lipp[26] | 6 April 1892 Stolberg, Germany |
12 December 1966 Aachen, Germany |
Karl Ziegler (1898–1973) | 1961 | |
|
Eva Philbin[27] | 4 January 1914 Ballina, County Mayo, Ireland |
24 June 2005 Dublin, Ireland |
Christopher Kelk Ingold (1893–1970) | 1964 | |
|
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin[11] | 12 May 1910 Cairo, Egypt |
29 July 1994 Ilmington, United Kingdom |
Johannes Martin Bijvoet (1892–1980) | 1966, 1970 | |
|
Maria Goeppert Mayer[9] | 28 June 1906 Katowice, Poland |
20 February 1972 San Diego, California, United States |
Lars Onsager (1903–1976) | 1966, 1967 | |
| Martin Kamen (1913–2002) | 1970 | |||||
 |
Erika Cremer[28] | 20 May 1900 Munich, Germany |
21 September 1996 Innsbruck, Austria |
Erwin Wilhelm Müller (1911–1977) | 1967 | |
| Ivan Stranski (1897–1979) | ||||||
| Klaus Biemann (1926–2016) | 1970 | |||||
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Inga Fischer-Hjalmars[29] | 16 January 1918 Stockholm, Sweden |
17 September 2008 Lidingö, Sweden |
Gerhard Herzberg (1904–1999) | 1970 | |
Physiology or Medicine
For the physiology or medicine prize, the following individuals are entitled to nominate:[30]
- 1. Members of the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm;
- 2. Swedish and foreign members of the Medicine and Biology classes of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences;
- 3. Nobel Prize laureates in physiology or medicine and chemistry;
- 4. Members of the Nobel Committee not qualified in the first paragraph;
- 5. Holders of established posts as full professors at the faculties of medicine in Sweden and holders of similar posts at the faculties of medicine or similar institutions in Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway;
- 6. Holders of similar posts at no fewer than six other faculties of medicine at universities around the world, selected by the Nobel Assembly, with a view to ensuring the appropriate distribution of the task among various countries.
- 7. Scientists whom the Nobel Assembly may otherwise see fit to approach.
| Image | Nominator | Born | Died | Nominees | Citation | Year(s) Nominated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physiology or Medicine | ||||||
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Florence Rena Sabin | 9 November 1871 Central City, Colorado, United States |
3 October 1953 Denver, Colorado, United States |
Jacques Loeb (1859–1924) | "for the work Proteins and the theory of colloidal behavior.[31] | 1924 |
| Oswald Avery (1877–1955) | "for his chemo-immunological studies on conjugated carbohydrate proteins."[32] | 1932, 1939 | ||||
| Michael Heidelberger (1888–1991) | "for his work on the chemical nature and immunochemical significance of the polysaccharides in pneumococci."[33] | 1939 | ||||
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Cécile Vogt-Mugnier | 27 March 1875 Annecy, France |
4 May 1962 Cambridge, United Kingdom |
Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866–1945) | "for his work on genetics, gene mutations, phenotypical divergencies, the demonstration of three coupling groups in the genes of Drosophila."[34] | 1932 |
| Hermann Joseph Muller (1890–1967) | "for his work on genetics, "crossing over", lethal factors, the demonstration of a fourth coupling group in the genes of Drosophila, the effect of temperature changes and X-rays on the mutation rate."[34] | |||||
 |
Ellen James Patterson | United States | United States | Chevalier Jackson (1865–1958) | "for his work on bronchoscopy, laryngology, esophagoscopy and gastroscopy.[35] | 1935 |
|
Anne Bourquin | United States | United States | Hans Christian Hagedorn (1888–1971) | "for his work on and discovery of protamine insulinate."[36] | 1937 |
|
Gladys Marchant | India | United Kingdom | William Burridge (?) | "for his work on natural stimulation and excitability."[37] | 1937 |
|
Leslie Webster | United States | United States | John Howard Northrop (1891–1987) | "for the purification, crystallization and method of action of pepsin and trypsin; purification of their pro-enzymes."[38] | 1939 |
| James Batcheller Sumner (1887–1955) | "for the purification and crystallization of the enzyme urease and the study of its action."[38] | |||||
|
Esther Killick | 3 May 1902 Ilford, United Kingdom |
31 May 1960 London, United Kingdom |
John Boyd Orr (1880–1971) | "for his work on nutritional physiology, and the importance of the application of these findings to human health and nutrition."[39] | 1947 |
|
Meredith Fairfax Campbell | 1894 United States |
1968 United States |
Homer William Smith (1895–1962) | "for the new concepts of kidney physiology: quantitative methods for measuring glomerular filtration rate and maximal tubular excretory and re-absorptive capacities."[40] | 1948 |
|
Gerty Theresa Radnitz-Cori | 15 August 1896 Prague, Czech Republic |
26 October 1957 Glendale, Missouri, United States |
Hans Adolf Krebs (1900–1981) | "for the discovery of the mechanism of urea formation in mammals, oxidative decomposition of d-amino acids and carbohydrates."[41] | 1949, 1952, 1953 |
| Chester Hamlin Werkman (1893–1962) | "for the discovery of the fixation of carbon dioxide by cells which do not contain chlorophyll."[42] | 1949 | ||||
| Harland Goff Wood (1907–1991) | ||||||
| Fritz Albert Lipmann (1899–1986) | "for his discovery of the role of phosphate-linked energy in biological synthesis and the role of panthotenic acid as a coenzyme."[43] | 1953 | ||||
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Olga Bridgman | 30 March 1886 Jackson, Michigan, United States |
6 February 1974 San Mateo, California, United States |
Karl Friedrich Meyer (1884–1974) | "for his work on brucellosis, coccidioidomycosis, encephalitis, and botulismus."[44] | 1950 |
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Hanna Hirszfeldowa | 17 July 1884 Wrocław, Poland |
20 February 1964 Wrocław, Poland |
Robert Debré (1882–1978) | [45] | 1953 |
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