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The Chile Portal

The flag of Chile

Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, extending along a narrow strip of land between the Andes Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. According to the 2024 census, Chile had an enumerated population of 18.5 million. The country covers a territorial area of 756,102 square kilometers (291,933 sq mi), sharing borders with Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. It also administers several Pacific islands, including Juan Fernández, Isla Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island, and claims about 1,250,000 square kilometers (480,000 sq mi) of Antarctica as the Chilean Antarctic Territory. The capital and largest city is Santiago, and the official and national language is Spanish.

Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century, replacing Inca rule; however, they failed to conquer the autonomous tribal Mapuche people who inhabited what is now south-central Chile. Chile emerged as a relatively stable authoritarian republic in the 1830s after its 1818 declaration of independence from Spain. During the 19th century, Chile experienced significant economic and territorial growth, putting an end to Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific (1879–83) by defeating Peru and Bolivia.

In the 20th century, until the 1970s, Chile underwent a process of democratization and experienced rapid population growth and urbanization, while relying increasingly on exports from copper mining to support its economy. During the 1960s and 1970s, the country was marked by severe left-right political polarization and turmoil, which culminated in the 11 September 1973 coup d'état, with support from the United States, that overthrew Salvador Allende's democratically elected left-wing government. This was followed by a 16-and-a-half-year right-wing military dictatorship led by Augusto Pinochet, during which the 1980 Constitution was enacted, along with numerous political and economic reforms, and which was marked by widespread human rights violations, including more than 3,000 deaths and disappearances. The regime ended in 1990, following a referendum in 1988, and was succeeded by a center-left coalition, which ruled until 2010. (Full article...)

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José María Caro Martínez (Spanish pronunciation: [xoˈse maˈɾia ˈkaɾo maɾˈtineθ] ⓘ; 1830 – 11 November 1916) was a Chilean politician and civil servant. In May 1894, he was unanimously elected as the first mayor of the commune of Pichilemu, with Pedro Nolasco de Mira and Francisco Reyes made second and third magistrate respectively. Caro Martínez had previously served for several years as administrator or llavero of the San Antonio de Petrel hacienda and, between 1891 and 1892, was the Subdelegate of the 13th Subdelegation of San Fernando Department which comprised the district of Cáhuil.

The eleven-year mayorship of Caro Martínez, which lasted from 1894 and 1905, was described by journalist and local historian José Arraño Acevedo as "the most fruitful" in the history of the commune. In his four terms, Caro Martínez built roads connecting Pichilemu and San Fernando, capital of the department of the same name, and founded several schools in Pichilemu and parts of current Marchigüe. (Full article...)

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Bust of Lautaro

Lautaro (Anglicized as 'Levtaru') (Mapudungun: Lef-Traru "swift hawk") (Spanish pronunciation: [lawˈtaɾo]; c. 1534 – April 29, 1557) was a young Mapuche toqui known for leading the indigenous resistance against Spanish conquest in Chile and developing the tactics that would continue to be employed by the Mapuche during the long-running Arauco War. He is revered among Mapuche and non-Mapuche Chileans for his resistance against foreign conquest, servitude and cruelty.

Captured by Spanish forces in his early youth, Levtaru spent his teenage years as a personal servant of chief conquistador Pedro de Valdivia. He graduated from servant to stableman; in this job he saw that their horses were not godlike creatures like his people thought (the biggest animal they knew was the llama). He escaped in 1551 and told his people that the conquistadores and their horses were just mortals and they could defeat them. Back among his people he was declared Toqui and led Mapuche warriors into a series of victories against the Spaniards, culminating in the Battle of Tucapel in December 1553, where Valdivia was killed. The outbreak of a typhus plague, a drought and a famine prevented the Mapuche from taking further actions to expel the Spaniards in 1554 and 1555. Between 1556 and 1557, a small group of Mapuche commanded by Levtaru attempted to reach Santiago to liberate the whole of Central Chile from Spanish rule. Levtaru's attempts ended in 1557 when he was killed in an ambush by the Spaniards. (Full article...)

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Social Outburst (Spanish: Estallido Social) were a series of massive demonstrations and severe riots occurring mainly between October 2019 and March 2020, in response to a rise in the Santiago Metro's subway fare, a probity crisis, cost of living, university graduate unemployment, privatisation, and inequality prevalent in the country. It originated in Santiago and took place in all regions of Chile, with greater effect in the regional capitals.

The protests began in Chile's capital, Santiago, as a coordinated fare evasion campaign by secondary school students which led to spontaneous takeovers of the city's main train stations and open confrontations with the Carabineros de Chile (the national gendarmerie). On 18 October, the situation escalated as a group of people began vandalizing Santiago's infrastructure; seizing, vandalizing, and burning down many stations of the Santiago Metro network and disabling them with extensive infrastructure damage; and for a time causing the closure of the network in its entirety. Eighty-one stations sustained major damage, including seventeen burned down. On the same day, president of Chile Sebastián Piñera announced a state of emergency, authorizing the deployment of Chilean Army forces across the main regions to enforce order and prevent the destruction of public property, and invoked before the courts the Ley de Seguridad del Estado ("State Security Law") against dozens of detainees. A curfew was declared on 19 October in the Greater Santiago area. (Full article...)

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Recognized content

Good articles

  • 360-degree Panorama of the Southern Sky edit
    360-degree Panorama of the Southern Sky edit
  • A 360 degree panorama of a unique cloudscape over La Silla
    A 360 degree panorama of a unique cloudscape over La Silla
  • American kestrel (Falco sparverius cinnamominus) male Leona Amarga
    American kestrel (Falco sparverius cinnamominus) male Leona Amarga
  • Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) male Farellones
    Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) male Farellones
  • Black-necked swan (Cygnus melancoryphus) Santiago
    Black-necked swan (Cygnus melancoryphus) Santiago
  • Blanco's Open Dome (Cerro-Tololo-Drone-Pic 15-CC) - edit1
    Blanco's Open Dome (Cerro-Tololo-Drone-Pic 15-CC) - edit1
  • Chiloe wigeon (Mareca sibilatrix) male Tricao 3
    Chiloe wigeon (Mareca sibilatrix) male Tricao 3
  • Chimango caracara (Daptrius chimango temucoensis) female Puerto Varas
    Chimango caracara (Daptrius chimango temucoensis) female Puerto Varas
  • Culpeo MC
    Culpeo MC
  • FCAB EMD GT22CU-3 San Pedro - Ascotan
    FCAB EMD GT22CU-3 San Pedro - Ascotan
  • Gauchowheat edit2
    Gauchowheat edit2
  • Guanaco (Lama guanicoe) Leona Amarga 2
    Guanaco (Lama guanicoe) Leona Amarga 2
  • Géiseres del Tatio, Atacama, Chile, 2016-02-01, DD 03-05 HDR
    Géiseres del Tatio, Atacama, Chile, 2016-02-01, DD 03-05 HDR
  • Laguna Miñiques, Chile, 2016-02-08, DD 33-38 PAN
    Laguna Miñiques, Chile, 2016-02-08, DD 33-38 PAN
  • Laser Towards Milky Ways Centre
    Laser Towards Milky Ways Centre
  • Lesser rhea (Rhea pennata pennata) Torres del Paine
    Lesser rhea (Rhea pennata pennata) Torres del Paine
  • Long-tailed meadowlark (Leistes loyca loyca) breeding male Leona Amarga
    Long-tailed meadowlark (Leistes loyca loyca) breeding male Leona Amarga
  • Miscanti Lagoon near San Pedro de Atacama Chile Luca Galuzzi 2006
    Miscanti Lagoon near San Pedro de Atacama Chile Luca Galuzzi 2006
  • Moai Rano raraku
    Moai Rano raraku
  • Paranal and the Pacific at sunset (dsc4088, retouched, cropped)
    Paranal and the Pacific at sunset (dsc4088, retouched, cropped)
  • Puma (Puma concolor concolor) female Leona Amarga
    Puma (Puma concolor concolor) female Leona Amarga
  • SQM GE 289A Boxcab Carmelita - Reverso
    SQM GE 289A Boxcab Carmelita - Reverso
  • The European Extremely Large Telescope
    The European Extremely Large Telescope
  • Volcanos Lascar left and Aguas Calientes right
    Volcanos Lascar left and Aguas Calientes right
  • Volcán Aucanquilcha, Chile, 2016-02-10, DD 11
    Volcán Aucanquilcha, Chile, 2016-02-10, DD 11
  • Volcán San Pedro, Chile, 2016-02-09, DD 18
    Volcán San Pedro, Chile, 2016-02-09, DD 18
  • Vortex-street-1
    Vortex-street-1

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